Nguva Yemberi Yorudzidziso Pakurangarirwa Kwenguva Yarwo Yakapfuura

Chikamu 5: c. 1000-31 P.N.V—VaMwari Vengano Vasina Rumbidzo

“Rudzidziso rwose rune mviromviro yarwo muAsia.”—Chirevo chechiJapan

MAJAPAN akarurama. Mviromviro dzorudzidziso dzinorondwa kusvikira kuAsia. Nomutoo wakananga zvikuru, dzidziso nemiitiro zvehwaro zvorudzidziso zvinowanwa mumarudzidziso enyika zvakabva muBhabhironi rekare, rakanga riri muAsia.

Mukusimbisa, bhuku rinonzi The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria rinoti: “Egipita, Persia, uye Girisi dzakanzwa tapuro yorudzidziso rweBhabhironi . . . muvhenganiswa wakasimba wemiitiro wechiJudha mose muri muviri mungano dzapakuvamba dzechiGiriki nemiitiro yechiGiriki unobvumwa zvikurukuru navazivi sousingadi imwe tsinhiro. Iyi miitiro yechiJudha mumwero mukuru zvikuru ndeyeBhabhironi chaizvoizvo.”

Miitiro yeBhabhironi yengano dzechiGiriki yakapinzwa nyore nyore murudzidziso rwechiGiriki, urwo, mukuwirirana neThe Encyclopedia of Religion, rwakanga “rusina bhuku dzvene umo zvokwadi yakanyorwa mariri kwechigarire . . . Kwakaringanira munhu anoita miitiro kudavira rudungwe rukurusa rwenhau dzakadzidzwa muuhwana. Imwe neimwe yeidzi nhau yaiva mushanduro zhinji, ichibvumira rutivi rwakafara rwedudziro.”

Dzakafanana nenhau dzakadaro dzakanga dziri dziya dzakaziviswa muIliad neOdyssey yaHomer, wezvenhetembwa akakurumbira muchiGiriki zvimwe womuzana ramakore rechisere kana kuti rechipfumbamwe P.N.V. Mabhuku ake, achisimbisa wirirano iri pakati pavamwari vengano veMount Olympus navanhu, kubatanidza navanhu vari pakati penzvimbo vakafanana namwari vanoremekedzwa samagamba, akava manyuko ari nyore umo murudzidziso rwechiGiriki rwaigona kutorwa maari. Ndokusaka, munyori G. S. Kirk, achitsanangura, kuti “ngano norudzidziso zvakafanana.”

Rudzidziso rwechiGiriki rwakatorwawo muna mamwe manyuko. The New Encyclopædia Britannica rinoratidzira kuti “nyika yechiHereni, iyo yaida marudzidziso akavandika kupfurikidza neshingairo chaiyo, yakatora [kuEgipita] miitiro yaOsiris, Isis, naHorus.” Kubvira ipapo “iyo yaparadzirwa muUmambo hwose hweRoma. Ko ikoko kwakaitika sei?

Ngano dzechiGiriki Dzinotapa Roma

Madzisekuru ekare avaRoma aishandisa rudzidziso rwakapfava rwaidavira vamwari kuva midzimu isati iri vanhu yaigara muzvimiro zvezvinhu zvamarudzi ose. Rwakanga rwuri rudzidziso rwokudavira mashura nezvinhu zvamashiripiti ezvirimwa kana kuti mhuka. Rwaiita mitambo yegore negore, yakadai seSaturnalia muna December, panguva apo vanhu vaitsinhana zvipo. Bhuku rinonzi Imperial Rome rinokurondedzera so“rudzidziso rwechimiro, rwomuitiro, rwakanga rwusitongorina simbiso pane zvomudzimu. Munhu weRoma akaita rangano navamwari vake—unondiitira chimwe chinhu uye ini ndichakuitira chimwe chinhu—uye rudzidziso rwake zvikurukuru rwakanga rwuri rwokuchengetwa zvikurukuru kwerangariro iyeyo.” Ikoko kwakaparira rudzidziso rusingabereki zvibereko mumudzimu, kuchiparira vaRoma kundotsvaka tsigiro yomudzimu kune imwe nzvimbo.

Kuchengeta kwakatanhamara zvikuru kworudzidziso, uyewo kushandiswa kwamatembere, zvidhori, uye mufananidzo, gare gare kwakavambwa navaEtruscan.a Bhuku rimwe chetero rinoti vakanga variwo “vakaita kuti Roma ive neonano yayo yakatanhamara yokutanga navamwari uye vamwarikadzi vamaGiriki, vazhinji vavo vaRoma pakupedzisira vakavatora savakadaro chaizvoizvo.” Nokukurumidza kwaigona kutaurwa kuti “rudzidziso muRoma rwakava nezvimiro zvizhinji uye rwakava namazita mazhinji: vanhu vatsva vamwe navamwe vakasangana navaRoma kupfurikidza norukundo kana kuti neshavo vanoratidzika kuva vakawedzerwa kuboka ravamwari veRoma.”

Vafundisi vapakuvamba veRoma vakanga vasingakarirwi kuva vatungamiriri vomudzimu kana kuti vetsika. Kwairinganira, rinodaro Imperial Rome, kwavari kuziva “zvimiro zvakakodzera zvokutaura kuna mwari, zvinhu zvinoregwa zvakabatana nokunamatwa kwake, uye miitiro yakaoma kunzwisiswa.” Mukusiana navanhuwo zvavo, vanozivikanwa savanhu venhando uye vasingakodzeri kuwana yakakwirira, vafundisi vanotungamirira vaikwanisa kuwana masimba anoorora ezvamatongerwe enyika neenzanga.

Nokudaro, anenge makore ane chiuru, kubvira munguva yaHomer zvichienda mberi, ngano dzamaGiriki dzakapesvedzera zvikuru kwazvo marudzidziso avose vari vaviri maGiriki navaRoma zvokuti The New Encyclopædia Britannica inoti: “Ukoshi hwengano dzavaGiriki munhau youngwaru, younyanzvi neyendangariro yomunhu wokuMadokero haungatongogoni kunyanyosimbiswa.” Zvisinei achitaura pamusoro porudzidziso, Horace, wezvenhetembwa wechiLatin womuzana rokutanga ramakore P.N.V., akanga akarurama apo iye akati: “Girisi yakatapwa yakatapa Roma.”

Mwari wamaGiriki Anofora

Alexander III akaberekwa muna 356 P.N.V. paPera muMakedhonia. Arererwa mumhoteredzo yeimba youmambo, uyo akafarikanya kudzidzisa kwomuzivi akakurumbira wechiGiriki Aristotle, uyo akamubetsera kukudziridza fariro muuzivi, mushonga, uye sayenzi. Tambanuko iyo dzidzo dzouzivi dzaAristotle dzakaumba nzira yokufunga yaAlexander yenhau yokurangarira. Asi hapana panikiro pamusoro petapuro yaHomer paari, nokuti Alexander, muravi anoshingaira, akanga ane chishuvo chaicho nokuda kwamanyoro engano aHomer. Chokwadi, kunotaurwa kuti iye akaziva Iliad nomusoro, rakanga risati riri basa duku, zvokuti ikoku kwaida kuziva nomusoro mitsetse ine 15 693 yenhetembwa.

Pazera ramakore 20, pashure pokunge baba vake vapondwa, Alexander akatevera pachigaro choUmambo cheMakedhonia. Iye pakarepo akatanga nhimbe yokukurira iyo pakupedzisira yakamuwanira chiratidzo chokuti Alexander Mukuru. Aiwanzozivikanwa somumwe wavarume vehondo vakurusa vakambovapo, hukuru hwayo hwakamusimudzira kukuva anorangarirwa samwari. Iye akanga achinamatwa pose pari paviri, pamberi porufu rwake napashure.

Alexander akatanda vaPersia muEgipita, umo iye akarumbidzwa somununuri. Bhuku rinonzi Man, Myth & Magic rinoti: “Iye akagamuchirwa saFarao uye apo iye akashanyira nzvimbo inoyera yamwari Amoni . . . iye akarumbidzwa mumuitiro nomuprista ‘mwanakomana waAmoni.’” Ichi chinoitika sezvinooneka chakaparira nhau yokuti iye akanga ari mwanakomana waZeus, mwari mukuru wavamwari vazhinji vamaGiriki.

Alexander akaenderera mberi nechokumabvazuva, pakupedzisira achisvika mativi eIndia. Parwendo rwake iye akakurira Bhabhironi, iro rakanga rapa mizhinji yemifungo inowanwa mungano norudzidziso zvokumusha kwake. Naizvozvo kwakanga kwakakodzera kuti iye akarongedzera kuriita dzimbahwe roumambo hwake. Asika pana June 13, 323 P.N.V., pashure pokutonga kwaanoti pfuurei makore 12, mwari mukuru wamaGiriki akakotama—akafa ane zera ramakore 32!

Mwari Anokudzwa wamaRoma

Guta reRoma rakanga rakateiwa pakamusvasvavira kavavakidzana neItaly mukati mezana ramakore rechisere P.N.V., mazana amakore Girisi isati yasvika ukwiriri hwayo hwoudzori hwenyika mukutungamirira kwaAlexander. Pashure porufu rwaAlexander, ubati ushe hwenyika pashoma napashoma hwakaenda kunzvimbo yeRoma. Mukuru mukuru Julius Caesar, musoro wenyika yeRoma, akapondwa muna 44 P.N.V., uye pashure pamakore ane 13 okusagadzikana, mwana wake wokurera Octavian akakurira vavengi vake ndokupfuurira kugadza Umambo hweRoma muna 31 P.N.V.

Bhuku Imperial Rome rakaidza Octavian kuti “mambo mukurusa wamadzimambo mazhinji ose eRoma,” richiti “vaRoma vakamuidza kuti Augustus, rinoreva kuti ‘anoremekedzwa’, uye vatungamiriri vakamurumbidza samwari. Sokunge kuti kusimbisa iyi mifungo, Augustus akaita kuti batamunwe dzechisimbiso dziitwe dzeine mufananidzo wake nowaAlexander, uyo akanga amutangira. Augustus gare gare akanamatwa neDare reRoma, uye zvitembere zvakavakwa muumambo hwose kuti akudzwe.

Ko Ivo Vakafanirwa Nezitaro Here?

Nhasi, hakuna munhu angaisa kariro dzake dzorugare rwenyika nechengeteko mumaoko avamwari vavaRoma kana kuti maGiriki—kwete muvamwari vengano vakabata ushe kubvira Mount Olympus, kana kuti muna vanhu chaivoivo vakabata ushe pazvigaro zvezvamatongerwe enyika. Asika, mviromviro dzawo dzeAsia kuburukira kuzuva redu rimene, marudzidziso enhema anopfuurira kunyengedza vanhu mukuisa chivimbo chawo muvamwari vengano vane zita rinoshaiwa rumbidzo. Nomutoo wakakodzera, Homer mudikanwa waAlexander akanyora muIliad, kuti: “Haiwa, harina maturo sei zitaro, kana risingafaniri.”

Kwakataurwa kuti maGiriki ekare airangarira Iliad “samanyuko omuraidzo wetsika, uye kuti kunyange anoshanda.” Nhasi, kuna mamwe manyoro mazhinji anorangarirwa nenzira yakafanana. Mutoo wakakodzera zvikuru wokunzvera nawo mabhuku anotengwa zvikurusa akadaro orudzidziso uchava musoro wenyaya yedu inotevera muchinyorwa chino.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

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KUZVIPIRA KUNOSHATSA KWAMAGIRIKI

MaGiriki ekare akanga asina shoko chairoiro nokuda kworudzidziso irwo rumene. Vaishandisa shoko rokuti eu·seʹbei·a, iro rinogona kushandurwa kuva “kuzvipira,” “mufambiro wakarurama mukurangarira vamwari,” “kusanokudza,” uye “kuzvipira kwoumwari.”b

The New Encyclopædia Britannica rinoti: “Rudzidziso rwechiGiriki, muchimiro charwo chakakudziridzika, chakagara kwaanopfuura makore ane chiuru chimwe, kubvira munguva yaHomer (zvimwe muzana ramakore rechi 9 kana kuti rechi 8 BC) kusvikira kukutonga kwamambo Julian (zana ramakore rechi 4 AD), kunyange zvazvo mviromviro dzarwo dzingarongwa kusvikira kumazera ari kuresa. Mukati menhambo iyeyo pesvedzero yarwo yakapararira kusvika kuSpain, kumabudazuva kusvikira kuIndus, uye munyika yose yeMediterranean. Tapuro yarwo yakanga ichioneka zvikuru pavaRoma, avo vaifananidza vamwari vavo navaGiriki. MuchiKristu, mhare dzechiGiriki uye kunyange vamwari vakapukunyuka savasande, apo vanaMaria vanokwikwidza venzanga dzokumaodzanyemba kweEurope vairatidzira kuzvimirira kwetsika dzomunzvimbomo.”

MaKristu apakuvamba aitofanira kunangana navanamati vavamwari venhema vamaGiriki navavaRoma. Nhauro yeBhaibheri inotiudza, kuti: “Uye mapoka, achiona izvo Pauro akanga aita, akasimudza manzwi awo, achitaura norurimi rwavaRikaonia, kuti: ‘Vamwari vakafanana navanhu uye vakaburukira kwatiri!’ Uye vakapfuurira kuidza Bharnabhasi kuti Jupiteri [mwari anotungamirira wavamwari vazhinji vamaGiriki], asi Pauro Mekurio [mwari aibatira senhume nokuda kwavamwe vamwari], sezvo iye aiva uyo aitungamirira mukutaura. Uye muprista weJupiteri, ane tembere yakanga iri pamberi peguta, akaunza nzombe namaruva okushonga kumasuo uye akanga achishonga kupira zvibairo aina mapoka. Zvisinei, apo vaapostora Bharnabhasi naPauro vakanzwa nezvazvo, vakabvarura nguvo dzavo vakapinda muboka, vachidanidzira vachiti: ‘Varume, muri kuitireko zvinhu izvozvi? Isu tiri vanhuwo vane hurema humwe chetehwo, uye tinokuparidzira mashoko akanaka, kuti mubve pane izvi zvinhu zvisina maturo mutendeuke kuna Mwari mupenyu, uyo wakaita denga napasi negungwa nezvinhu zvose zviri mazviri.’”—Mabasa 14:11-15.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

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VAMWARI VAMAGIRIKI NAVAVAROMA

Vamwari vazhinji navamwarikadzi vengano dzamaGiriki vaiva nenzvimbo dzakafanana mungano dzavaRoma. Rudungwe rwuri pasi apa runoronga vamwari vanokosha vamaGiriki navavaRoma.

MaGiriki VaRoma Nzvimbo

Aphrodite Venus Mwarikadzi worudo

Apollo Apollo Mwari wechiedza, mushonga, nenhetembwa

Ares Mars Mwari wehondo

Artemis Diana Mwarikadzi wokuvhima nokubereka vana

Asclepius Aesculapius Mwari wokuporesa

Demeter Ceres Mwarikadzi wezvinhu zvinokura

Eros Cupid Mwari worudo

Hestia Vesta Mwarikadzi wechoto

Hypnos Somnus Mwari wehope

Rhea Ops Mudzimai kana kuti hanzvadzi yaCronus

Zeus Jupiter Mubati ushe wavamwari

Manyuko: “The World Book Encyclopedia,” chinyorwa cha 1987, Volume 13, peji 820

[Mifananidzo]

Hermes

Diana

Asclepius

Jupiter

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Photo Sources: Hermes, Diana, and Jupiter—Courtesy of British Museum, London

Asclepius—National Archaeological Museum, Athens, Greece

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 24]

Athena, mwarikadzi wehondo nouchenjeri—chifananidzo chiri pasuo reguta, Wesel, Germany