“Bahamagaza Abanyekombe”

UMUHEREZI mukuru be n’abakuru b’Abayuda bari bataye umutwe. Bari gukora iki none kugira ngo bahagarike ibintu biteye umunezero vyerekeye Yezu Kirisitu vyariko birakorwa? Hari haciye igihe gitoyi bashoboye kwicisha Yezu, yamara ico gihe abigishwa biwe bariko baruzuza Yeruzalemu inyigisho zijanye n’ukuzuka kwiwe. None bari kubanumya gute? Kugira ngo bafate ingingo y’ukuntu bobanumya, umuherezi mukuru be n’abafasha biwe baciye “bahamagaza abanyekombe”, ni ukuvuga sentare nkuru y’Abayuda.​—Ivyakozwe n’intumwa 5:21.

Ico gihe muri Isirayeli, Buramatari w’Umuroma Ponsiyo Pilato ni we yica agakiza. Ariko none abagize Ikombe bakorana gute na Pilato? Ububasha bwaryo bwagarukira hehe? Ni bande bari barigize? Kandi ryakora gute?

Ukuntu Ikombe ryatanguye

Ijambo ry’ikigiriki ryahinduwe ngo “Ikombe” risobanura ijambo ku rindi “kwicarana na”. Yari imvugo yo muri rusangi yakoreshwa mu kwerekeza kw’ikoraniro canke ku nama. Mu migenzo y’Abayuda, iryo jambo ryakunda kwerekeza ku rwego rwo mu vy’idini rujejwe guca imanza, ari rwo sentare.

Abanditse igitabu citwa Talimudi, icatunganijwe mu binjana vyakurikiye isangangurwa rya Yeruzalemu mu 70 G.C., bavuze ko Ikombe ryari nk’urwego runaka rwa kera. Biyumvira ko ryamye rigizwe n’incabwenge zahurira hamwe kugira ngo zihanahane ivyiyumviro ku bijanye n’amategeko y’Abayuda. Vyongeye, bemera yuko ryatanguye igihe Musa yakoranya abakuru 70 bo kumufasha kurongora ihanga rya Isirayeli (Guharūra 11:16, 17). Abatohozakahise ntibemera ico ciyumviro. Bobo bavuga yuko igihe Abaperesi baganza Isirayeli ari ho ikintu cagomba gusa na rya Kombe ryo mu kinjana ca mbere catangura kubaho. Abatohozakahise babona kandi yuko uwo mugwi w’incabwenge, umuntu aravye uburyo udondorwa n’abanditsi ba Talimudi, usa cane n’inama z’abarabi zo mu kinjana ca kabiri n’ica gatatu kuruta uko usa n’Ikombe ryo mu kinjana ca mbere. None Ikombe ryatanguye ryari?

Bibiliya ihishura yuko abagarutse i Buyuda bavuye mu bunyagano i Babiloni mu 537 B.G.C. bari bafise inzego z’igihugu zungunganije zo kubayobora. Nehemiya na Ezira baravuga ivy’abakuru, ivy’abashingantahe, be n’ivy’abaganza, abo bakaba kumbure ari bo bari bagize urwego rwahavuye ruba Ikombe.​—Ezira 10:8; Nehemiya 5:7.

Ikiringo cahaciye kuva aho Ivyanditswe vy’igiheburayo birangiriye kwandikwa gushika igihe Injili ya Matayo yariko iratunganywa cabaye igihe c’uruhagarara mu Bayuda. Mu 332 B.G.C., Alegizandere Mukuru yarigaruriye Ubuyuda. Inyuma y’urupfu rwiwe, Ubuyuda bwaciye butwarwa na bubiri mu bwami bw’Abagiriki bwo mu nganji yiwe, hatanguye ubw’aba Ptolémée hasubira ubw’aba Séleucide. Mu nkuru zanditse zivuga ivy’ubutegetsi bw’aba Séleucide, ubwatanguye mu 198 B.G.C., haravugwamwo ari bwo bwa mbere ibijanye n’inama nkenguzamateka y’Abayuda. Birashoboka yuko iyo nama yari ifise ububasha buri n’aho bugarukira, yamara, yatuma Abayuda babona ko na bo nyene mu vy’intwaro basa n’abitegeka.

Mu 167 B.G.C., Umwami Séleucide Antiochus (Épiphane) wa gatanu yaragerageje guhatira Abayuda ku mico kama y’Ubugiriki. Yarahumanije urusengero rw’i Yeruzalemu mu gushikanira ikigirwamana Zeyu ikimazi c’ingurube ku gicaniro caho. Ivyo vyarateye umugumuko watumye aba Makabe biyonkora ku butegetsi bwa Séleucide maze bashinga ubwami bwatwarwa n’abo mu muryango wa Asimonia. Muri ico gihe nyene, abanyabwenge b’ivyanditswe n’Abafarizayo, abari barongoye isinzi ry’abantu bagumutse, baciye baronka ububasha mu vy’intwaro ubwari bufiswe n’umugwi w’abaherezi.

Ukwo ni ko Ikombe nk’uko ridondorwa mu Vyanditswe vy’ikigiriki ryatanguye. Ryohavuye riba inama nkuru y’igihugu yo mu vy’intwaro rikaba na sentare nkuru ijejwe gusigura amategeko agenga Abayuda.

Ububasha bwaryo bwari n’aho bugarukira

Mu kinjana ca mbere, Uburoma ni bwo bwatwara Ubuyuda. Ariko rero, Abayuda bari bafise umwidegemvyo ku rugero runaka. Abaroma, muri politike yabo, bari basanzwe baha abo batwara uburenganzira bwo kwihitiramwo uburyo bwo kwitegeka. Kubera ico, abategetsi b’Abaroma ntibaja mu bikorwa vyarangurwa na sentare z’intango, kandi baririnda ingorane zohava zaduka kubera ukudahuza kw’imico kama. Ico barondera kwari ugutuma ababa mu ntara zaganzwa n’Uburoma bagira amahoro kandi ntibabuhemukire, mu kureka bagakurikiza imico yabo gutyo bagasa n’abitegeka. Uretse ko Abaroma bagena umuherezi mukuru canke bakamukura mu mabanga yiwe, uno akaba ari na we yari umukuru w’Ikombe, bakongera bagashinga amakori, baja mu vy’Abayuda igihe gusa bibaye ngombwa ko bahaseruka ku bw’ineza y’ubutegetsi bwabo n’inyungu zabo. Nk’uko ivyabaye bijanye n’urubanza rwa Yezu bivyerekana, biboneka ko Uburoma bwirinze gukoresha ububasha bwari bufise bwo gucira abantu urwo gupfa.​—Yohana 18:31.

Ikombe rero ni ryo ryaraba vyinshi mu bibazo vyega Abayuda. Ryari rifise abagendanyi bo gufata abantu (Yohana 7:32). Sentare z’intango zaraca imanza z’ivyaha bitobito be n’izerekeye ingorane z’abanyagihugu, Abaroma batiriwe barahaseruka. Mu gihe sentare z’intango zaba zidashoboye guca urubanza runaka, rwaca rwungururizwa mw’Ikombe, rino rikaba ari ryo ryafata ingingo ya nyuma.

Kugira ngo Ikombe rigumane ubwo bukuru ryari rifise, ryategerezwa kubungabunga amahoro no gushigikira ubutegetsi bw’Uburoma. Ariko rero, Abaroma bicuze ko hari abagomba guhungabanya intwaro yabo, baca bahaseruka maze bagakora ivyo bo babona ko bibereye. Ikintu nk’ico carashitse igihe intumwa Paulo yafatwa.​—Ivyakozwe n’intumwa 21:31-40.

Abari bagize Ikombe

Ikombe ryari rigizwe n’abantu 71, ni ukuvuga umuherezi mukuru be n’abantu 70 bo mu bakuru bo muri iryo hanga. Mu gihe c’Abaroma, ryari rigizwe n’abaherezi b’abanyacubahiro (abari bagizwe ahanini n’abasadukayo), abantu bakunda ivy’idini kandi bafise ikibanza gihambaye mu kibano be n’abanyabwenge b’ivyanditswe bo mu mugwi w’Abafarizayo. Abaherezi bafise ikibanza gihambaye, bafashwe mu mugongo n’abantu bakunda ivy’idini kandi bafise ikibanza gihambaye mu kibano, ni bo bari bagize iyo sentare, ari yo Kombeb. Mu gihe Abasadukayo bari abantu bumira ku vyiyumviro vya kera, Abafarizayo bo bari abantu batumira ku vyiyumviro vya kera kandi ahanini bari abategetsi basanzwe bakaba baragira akosho gakomeye ku bantu. Nk’uko umutohozakahise yitwa Josèphe abivuga, ivyo Abafarizayo basaba, Abasadukayo baragonanwa kubikurikiza. Paulo yarafatiye ku kutumvikana kwari hagati y’iyo migwi yompi be no ku kudahuza mu vyo bemera igihe yisigura imbere y’Ikombe.​—Ivyakozwe n’intumwa 23:6-9.

Ukuba Ikombe ryari rigizwe ahanini n’abantu bafise ikibanza gihambaye mu kibano, vyatuma bishoboka ko abarigize bama bahari igihe cose rikoranye kandi ababa bapfuye canke batagishoboye kurangura amabanga bajejwe baca basubirirwa n’abandi baba bagenywe n’abasigaye. Nk’uko igitabu kimwe citwa Mishnah kibivuga, abashasha bategerezwa kuba ari “abaherezi, Abalewi canke Abisirayeli bafise abakobwa bemerewe kwubakana n’abaherezi”, ni ukuvuga Abayuda bari gushobora kwerekana yuko, biciye ku nkuru zivuga ukuntu imiryango yagiye irakurikirana, bakomoka vy’ukuri mu Bayuda. Kubera ko iyo sentare nkuru yitwararika ukuntu imanza zicibwa mu gihugu cose, bica vyumvikana ko abantu bo muri sentare z’intango bazwi neza bashobora kuduzwa igiti bakaba abo mu bagize Ikombe.

Ububasha be n’ubukuru bwaryo

Abayuda barubaha cane Ikombe, kandi abacamanza bo muri sentare z’intango bategerezwa kwemera ukuntu ritegeka atari aho na ho bagacirwa urwo gupfa. Iyo sentare yari ijejwe canecane ibijanye no kuraba abakwije ibisabwa kugira babe abaherezi be n’ibibazo bijanye n’igisagara ca Yeruzalemu, urusengero rwaho be n’ugusenga kwagirirwa muri rwo. Mu vy’ukuri, ububasha Ikombe ryari rifise ku banyagihugu bwagarukira ku baba i Yudaya gusa. Yamara rero, kubera ko Ikombe ryabonwa ko ari ryo rivuga irya nyuma mu vyo gusigura Ivyagezwe, ryarakoresha ububasha ryari rifise mu gushinga amategeko agenga ikibereye n’ikitabereye mu Bayuda aho baba bari hose kw’isi. Nk’akarorero, umuherezi mukuru be n’inama nkuru yari ahagarikiye, basavye abakuru b’amasinagogi y’i Damasiko ngo baje inama y’ukuntu bofata abayoboke ba Kirisitu (Ivyakozwe n’intumwa 9:1, 2; 22:4, 5; 26:12). N’ikindi kandi, birashoboka ko Abayuda baba baje i Yeruzalemu ku bw’imisi mikuru basubira inyuma batwaye amakuru y’ivyo Ikombe ryaba ryashikirije.

Nk’uko ca gitabu Mishnah kibivuga, Ikombe ni ryo ryonyene ryari rifise ububasha mu bijanye n’ibibazo bihambaye vyerekeye igihugu, mu vy’ugufatira ibihano abacamanza banse ingingo ryafashe be no mu vyo gucira imanza abahanuzi b’ibinyoma. Yezu na Sitefano bararengukijwe imbere y’iyo sentare bagirizwa ngo barogose, Petero na Yohana na bo ngo bateye umugumuko mu gihugu, Paulo na we ngo yahumanije urusengero.​—Mariko 14:64; Ivyakozwe n’intumwa 4:15-17; 6:11; 23:1; 24:6.

Urubanza rwaciriwe Yezu n’abigishwa biwe

Ikombe ryarakoranira mu cumba ryagiriramwo amanama imisi yose guhera ku kimazi co mu gitondo gushika ku co ku mugoroba kiretse gusa ku misi y’Isabato no ku misi mikuru. Imyiherero yagirwa mu masaha yo ku mutaga gusa. Kubera ko imanza z’abacirwa urwo gupfa zamenyeshwa bukeye haraye hagizwe umwiherero, umwiherero nk’uwo ntiwagirwa buca ari kw’Isabato canke ari ku musi mukuru. Amasura yari yaragabishijwe cane ku bijanye n’ukuntu bihambaye kudacisha agatwe abantu ata co bazira. Ku bw’ivyo rero, umwiherero wabaye mw’ijoro be n’urubanza rwaciriwe Yezu mu nzu kwa Kayafa buca hari umusi mukuru, ntiwari uhuye n’amategeko. N’ikirushirije kuba kibi, abacamanza ubwabo barondeye amasura y’ibinyoma maze bajijura Pilato ngo atange itegeko ry’uko Yezu yicwa.​—Matayo 26:57-59; Yohana 11:47-53; 19:31.

Ca gitabu Talimudi kivuga yuko abaca imanza zo gupfa bakora uko bashoboye kwose kugira bakize uwuburanywa mu gihe baba bari mu mwiherero w’urwo rubanza. Yamara Sitefano, co kimwe na Yezu uwaciriwe urubanza imbere yiwe, ntiyagiriwe mwene uwo mwiherero. Ukwiregura kwiwe imbere y’Ikombe kwatumye yicishwa amabuye n’abantu bari bashangashiwe. Iyo Abaroma batahaseruka, intumwa Paulo na we nyene yari gushobora kwica muri ubwo buryo. Nkako, abacamanza bo mw’Ikombe bari bagiye inama yo kumwica.​—Ivyakozwe n’intumwa 6:12; 7:58; 23:6-15.

Hariho n’imiburiburi abantu bakeyi mu bari bagize Ikombe basa n’abakurikiza amategeko. Umutegetsi umwe w’Umuyuda akiri muto yavuganye na Yezu, ashobora kuba yari uwo mu bagize Ikombe. Naho ubutunzi bwari intambamyi kuri uwo musore, ashobora kuba yari afise kamere nziza kubera ko Yezu yamusavye ngo acike umuyoboke wiwe.​—Matayo 19:16-22; Luka 18:18, 22.

Gutinya ukuntu abandi bacamanza bari kuvyakira bishobora kuba ari vyo vyatumye Nikodemu, “umukuru wo mu Bayuda”, aja kugendera Yezu yikinze ijoro. Yamara, Nikodemu yaraburaniye Yezu imbere y’Ikombe mu kuvuga ati: “Mbeg’ivyagezwe vyacu biratsindisha umuntu batabanje kumwumva no kumenya ico yakoze?”. Mu nyuma yaratanze “ikivange c’isenga n’imbazi” kugira ngo bategure ikiziga ca Yezu ngo bagihambe.​—Yohana 3:1, 2; 7:51, 52; 19:39.

Yozefu w’i Arimataya, uno akaba ari uwundi wo mu bagize Ikombe, abigiranye umutima rugabo yarasavye Pilato ikiziga ca Yezu maze agihamba mu mva yiwe nshasha. Yozefu yari “areretse ubgami bg’Imana”, ariko ugutinya Abayuda kwatumye atimenyekanisha ko ari umwe mu bigishwa ba Yezu. Ariko rero, ico twoshimira Yozefu ni uko atashigikiye umugambi Ikombe ryagize wo kwicisha Yezu.​—Mariko 15:43-46; Matayo 27:57-60; Luka 23:50-53; Yohana 19:38.

Gamaliyeli, umwe mu bagize Ikombe, abigiranye ubukerebutsi yarahanuye abacamanza bagenziwe ngo bareke abigishwa ba Yezu. Yavuze ati: “Mwoye kuzosanga murwanya Imana” (Ivyakozwe n’intumwa 5:34-39). Ni igiki cabujije iyo sentare nkuru gutahura ko Yezu n’abigishwa biwe bari bafashwe mu mugongo n’Imana? Aho kwemera ibitangaro Yezu yariko arakora, abagize Ikombe bavuze bati: “Mbega, tugire dute? K’uyu muntu akora ibimenyetso vyinshi. Ni twamurekeraho durtyo, bose bazohava bamwizera, kand’Abaroma bazoza batikize igisagara cacu n’ubgoko bgacu” (Yohana 11:47, 48). Kunohokera cane ubutegetsi vyatumye ubutungane bw’iyo sentare nkuru y’Abayuda bwononekara. N’ikindi kandi, aho guhimbarwa n’uko abigishwa ba Yezu bakiza abantu, izo ndongozi z’idini zaciye “[z]uzura ishari” (Ivyakozwe n’intumwa 5:17). Kubera ko bari abacamanza, bari bakwiye gutinya Imana kandi bagakurikiza ubutungane, yamara benshi muri bo bari abantu bononekaye kandi b’abanyabugunge.​—Kuvayo 18:21; Gusubira mu vyagezwe 16:18-20.

Urubanza Imana yaciye

Kubera ko Isirayeli itumviye Ivyagezwe vy’Imana kandi igatera akagere Mesiya, Yehova amaherezo yarahevye iryo hanga ntiryaba rikiri igisata yitoranirije. Mu 70 G.C., Abaroma barasanganguye igisagara c’i Yeruzalemu be n’urusengero rwaho bongera baraherengeteza urunkwekwe rwose rw’ivy’Abayuda, amaherezo n’Ikombe riraherengetera.

Wa Mucamanza yagenywe na Yehova, ari we Yezu Kirisitu, azoraba nimba mu bari bagize Ikombe ryo mu kinjana ca mbere hari abazoba babereye kuzuka be n’aboba baracumuye kuri mpwemu yera (Mariko 3:29; Yohana 5:22). Turashobora kwizigira tudakeka yuko mu guca izo manza, Yezu azokoresha ubutungane butagira agahaze.​—Yesaya 11:3-5.

[Utujambo tw’epfo]