Abakirisu bo mu ntango mu bantu bavuga ikigiriki

ABANTU nka bose bo mu karere abakirisu bo mu kinjana ca mbere babwira inkuru nziza, bavuga ikigiriki. Ivyanditswe bakoresha mu gushigikira ubutumwa bwerekeye Yezu bashikiriza vyariko birakwiragira mu kigiriki. Igihe abanditsi bahumekerwa ngo bandike ivyahavuye bicika Ivyanditswe vy’ikigiriki, benshi muri bo banditse mu kigiriki, bakaba bakoresha imvugo n’ibigereranyo vyatahurwa bitagoranye n’abantu baba mu turere twarangwamwo imico kama y’Abagiriki. Yamara, yaba Yezu, zaba intumwa ziwe, canke uwo ari we wese mu banditse Ivyanditswe vy’ikigiriki, nta n’umwe yari Umugiriki. Nkako, bose bari Abayuda.​—Abaroma 3:1, 2.

None vyagenze gute ngo ikigiriki kigire uruhara ruhambaye cane gutyo mu gukwiragiza ubukirisu? Ni gute abanditsi be n’abamisiyonari bakirisu bo mu kinjana ca mbere bashikiriza ubutumwa ku buryo bukwegēra abantu bavuga ikigiriki babumviriza? Kandi kwitaho ivyo bintu vyabaye muri kahise bitumarira iki?

Ukuntu imico kama y’Abagiriki yakwiragiye

Mu kinjana ca kane B.G.C., Alegizandere Mukuru yaratembagaje inganji nganzasi y’Ubuperesi, maze aca atangura kwigarurira igice kitari gito c’isi. Kugira ngo we hamwe n’abami bamukurikiye batume uturere twose yari yigaruriye twunga ubumwe, bararemesheje ivyo kuvuga ikigiriki no gukurikiza imico kama y’Abagiriki.

Mbere n’inyuma yaho Uburoma bwigaruriye Ubugiriki bukabwaka ububasha bwose bwari bufise mu vya politike, imico kama y’Abagiriki yabandanije kugira akosho gakomeye ku bantu bo mu micungararo yaho. Mu kinjana ca kabiri n’ica mbere B.G.C., abantu b’abakire batwara Uburoma, bari baratwawe umutima n’ibintu vyo mu Bugiriki, uri ubuhinga bwaho, uburyo bwaho bwo kwubaka, ibitabu vyaho, be na filozofiya yaho. Ivyo vyatumye umuryoshamvugo yitwa Horace yandika ati: “Naho Ubugiriki bwari bwarigaruriwe, bwarigaruriye ruburakigongwe yari yarabwigaruriye.”

Ku ntwaro y’Uburoma, ibisagara bikomakomeye vyari hirya no hino muri Aziya Ntoyi, muri Siriya be no mu Misiri vyarangwamwo imico kama y’Abagiriki. Kubera ko imico kama y’Abagiriki yatumye haba iterambere, yaragize ico ikoze mu mice yose y’ubuzima, uhereye mu nzego z’intwaro no mu vy’amategeko ugashika mu vy’urudandaza, mu mahinguriro, eka mbere no mu vy’inyambaro. Muri rusangi, wasanga ibisagara nka vyose vyo mu Bugiriki birimwo ikibanza co kwinonoreramwo imitsi, aho imisore yigishirizwa, be n’ikibanza c’ibirori kigirirwamwo ibikino vy’ikigiriki.

Umutohozakahise yitwa Emil Schürer avuga ati: “Muri ico kiringo cari ciganziwemwo n’imico kama y’Abagiriki, Abayuda na bo nyene bagiye buhorobuhoro barakwegerwa n’iyo mico yamara basuha mugabo bikabananira kuyigobotora.” Mu ntango, Abayuda b’ishaka rirenze urugero mu vy’ugusenga bararwanya ikintu cose ca gipagani giteye akaga caba kizananye n’ivyiyumviro vy’Abagiriki, ariko ivyo vyiyumviro vyahavuye bitandukira imice myinshi y’ubuzima bw’Abayuda. Nkako, Schürer avuga ati: “Akarere gatoyi kabamwo Abayuda kari gakikujwe impande nka zose n’uturere turangwamwo imico y’Abagiriki, ako karere kakaba kategerezwa kuguma gafitaniye imigenderanire n’utwo tundi kubera urudandaza.”

Uruhara impinduro yitwa Septante yagize

Kubera ko Abayuda benshi bimuka bakaja kuba hirya no hino mu karere ka Mediterane, basanze basigaye baba mu bisagara birangwamwo imico kama y’Abagiriki, aho wasanga ururimi rwaho ari ikigiriki. Abo bene kwimuka babandanije basenga mw’idini ryabo ry’Abayuda kandi barashobora gufata urugendo baja i Yeruzalemu mu misi mikuru y’Abayuda yagirwa uko umwaka utashe. Ariko rero, benshi muri bo bahavuye baheba ururimi rwabo rw’igiheburayo.a Vyari bikenewe rero ko Ivyanditswe vy’igiheburayo bihindurwa mu kigiriki cari gisigaye kivugwa na benshi. Incabwenge z’Abayuda, izishobora kuba zaba i Alegizanderiya mu Misiri, aho imico kama y’Abagiriki yari yarashinze imizi, zaratanguye ico gikorwa nko mu 280 B.G.C. Ivyo vyatumye haboneka ya mpinduro yitwa Septante.

Iyo mpinduro Septante yiswe ikintu c’intibagirwa. Ni yo ahanini yatumye ubutunzi bwo mu Vyanditswe vy’igiheburayo bushika mw’iterambere ry’ikibano n’imico kama vy’Abanyaburaya. Iyo hataba iyo mpinduro, ubumenyi bwerekeye ivyo Imana yagiraniye n’Abisirayeli bwari kuguma bwugaraniwe mu vyandikano vyasa n’ibitazwi vyo mu rurimi rutari rugitahurwa na benshi, bikaba ata kintu kinini vyari gushobora gufasha mu gikorwa co kwamamaza carangurwa kw’isi yose. Kukaba nkako, impinduro Septante yarashikiriza ibivugwa mu Vyanditswe vy’igiheburayo kandi ikabivuga mu buryo butuma bishoboka ko abantu bo mu moko atandukanye baronswa ubumenyi bwerekeye Yehova Imana. Kuba ikigiriki cari kizwi hose vyatumye kiba co gikoresho ruheta mu bijanye no kumenyekanisha mw’isi ukuri kweranda.

Abinjiye idini ry’Abayuda be n’abitwa abatinya Imana

Nko mu kinjana ca kabiri B.G.C., Abayuda bari baramaze guhindura ibitabu vyinshi vyabo mu kigiriki kandi bariko barandika ibindi bishasha muri urwo rurimi nyene. Ivyo vyaragize ikintu kinini bikoze mu gutuma ubumenyi bujanye na kahise k’Abisirayeli be n’idini ryabo bushikira abanyamahanga. Abatohozakahise bavuga ko muri ico gihe abanyamahanga benshi “hari ukuntu baza barifatanya cane n’ibibano vy’Abayuda, bakagira uruhara mu vy’ugusenga kw’Abayuda bakongera bakubahiriza amabwirizwa y’Abayuda, igihe kimwe bakabigira cane ikindi gihe bakabigira mu buryo budafashe.”​—The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ.

Abanyamahanga bamwebamwe barabandanije gushika naho baja mw’idini ry’Abayuda, baremera kugenyerwa, baba abinjiye iryo dini. Abandi baremera imice minaka yaryo ariko bakirinda kurijamwo. Mu bitabu vy’Abagiriki, abantu nk’abo bakunda kwitwa abatinya Imana. Koruneliyo yitwa “umuntu yubaha Imana kandi akayitinya.” Intumwa Paulo yarabonana n’abatinya Imana benshi bifatanya n’Abayuda baba mu turere two muri Aziya Ntoyi no mu Bugiriki. Nk’akarorero, igihe yari i Antiyokiya h’i Pisidiya yabwiye abari bakoraniye mw’isinagogi ati: “Bagabo, yemwe Bisirayeli namwe bandi mutinya Imana.”​—Ibikorwa 10:2; 13:16, 26; 17:4; 18:4.

Ukwo ni ko ibintu vyari vyifashe igihe abigishwa ba Yezu batangura kwamamaza inkuru nziza mu Bayuda bataba i Yudaya, abenshi mu bayumvise bakaba bakomoka canecane mu Bugiriki. Bene abo Bayuda ni bo babaye vy’ukuri ikiraro ubukirisu bwaciyeko mu gukwiragira. Igihe vyagaragara ko Imana yariko iratanga icizigiro c’ukuronka agakiza, mbere no ku banyamahanga, abigishwa baciye batahura yuko mu nyonga z’Imana, ata “Muyuda ariho canke Umugiriki.”​—Abagalatiya 3:28.

Abagiriki babwirwa inkuru nziza

Aho abanyamahanga baronkeye ingingo mfatirwako zijanye no gusenga be n’ivy’ukwigenza runtu, abakirisu bamwebamwe b’Abayuda bo mu ntango babanje kugira amakenga, ntibashoka babareka ngo binjire mw’ishengero rya gikirisu. Ku bw’ivyo, igihe vyagaragara ko Imana yari yiteguriye kwemera abanyamahanga, intumwa be n’abagabo b’inararibonye b’i Yeruzalemu baciye berekana mu buryo butomoye yuko bene abo bantu bacitse abakirisu basabwa kwirinda amaraso, ubusambanyi be n’ugusenga ibigirwamana. (Ibikorwa 15:29) Ivyo vyari ntahara ku muntu uwo ari we wese yari yakurikije uburyo bwo kubaho bw’Abagiriki, kubera ko ikibano c’Abagiriki n’Abaroma carekerana “inambu z’umubiri z’agaterasoni” be n’ukwimara inambu y’umubiri kw’abasangiye igitsina. Ingeso nk’izo nta kibanza zari zifise mu bakirisu.​—Abaroma 1:26, 27; 1 Abakorinto 6:9, 10.

Mu bamisiyonari bakirisu bo mu kinjana ca mbere bamamaje mu bantu bavuga ikigiriki, nta n’umwe amenyekana cane kuruta intumwa Paulo. N’uno musi, ingenzi zija i Atene mu Bugiriki, zirashobora kubona ku mushinge wa Areyopago igisate c’umujumbu kibase kiriko ivyandikano vyibutsa insiguro rurangiranwa Paulo yashikirije muri ico gisagara. Iyo nkuru iri muri Bibiliya mu gitabu c’Ibikorwa mu kigabane ca 17. Yatanguye iyo nsiguro yiwe ati: “Bagabo b’i Atene,” ayo akaba yari amajambo Abagiriki bavuga ijambo bakoresha, kandi ata gukeka yaratumye abariko baramwumviriza boroherwa, muri abo hakaba harimwo abafilozofe b’Abepikuri be n’Abasitoyiko. Aho gushavurira abariko baramwumviriza canke ngo abanebagure mu bijanye n’ukwizera kwabo, Paulo yarondeye kubafata neza mu kwemera icese yuko basa n’abakunda cane ivy’ugusenga. Yaravuze ibijanye n’igicaniro cabo canditsweko ngo “Ku Mana Itazwi,” araheza arondera ico bahurizako mu kuvuga ko iyo Mana nyene ari yo ashaka kubabarira.​—Ibikorwa 17:16-23.

Paulo yarakoze ku mutima abamwumviriza mu gukoresha ivyiyumviro bashobora kwemera. Abasitoyiko barashobora kwemeranya na we ko Imana ari yo Sôko ry’ubuzima bw’umuntu, ko abantu bose ari bamwe, ko Imana itari kure yacu, be n’uko ubuzima bw’umuntu buri mu minwe y’Imana. Paulo yarashigikiye ico ciyumviro ca nyuma mu gusubiramwo amajambo yo mu bitabu vy’umuryoshamvugo w’Umusitoyiko yitwa Aratus (les Phaenomena) be n’uwitwa Cléanthe (l’Hymne à Zeus). Abepikuri na bo nyene bosanze hari vyinshi bahuriyeko na Paulo, kuko bemera yuko Imana ari nzima be n’uko umuntu ashobora kuyimenya. Bemera kandi ko yikwije ata kintu na kimwe abantu bashobora kuyikorera, kandi ko itaba mu nsengero zubatswe n’amaboko y’abantu.

Abari bateze ugutwi Paulo bari bamenyereye amajambo yakoresha. Nkako, nk’uko igitabu kimwe kibivuga, amajambo “isi (kosmos),” “uruvyaro,” be n’“Imana,” yarakunda gukoreshwa n’abafilozofe b’Abagiriki. (Ibikorwa 17:24-29) Paulo ntiyakoresha ayo majambo ngo ni uko ashaka kudohoka ku kuri kugira abakwegēre. Ahubwo riho, amajambo yavuze mu kurangiza ajanye n’izuka be n’urubanza yari ateye kubiri n’ivyo bemera. Naho vyari ukwo, abigiranye ubuhanga yarahuje ubutumwa bwiwe n’ukuntu ibintu vyari vyifashe kugira akwegēre abari bamuteze yompi, bano bakaba bari baranyuzwe na filozofiya.

Menshi mu makete Paulo yanditse, yayandikiye amashengero yo mu bisagara vy’Ubugiriki canke ayari mu turere twatwarwa n’Uburoma, utwari twaratwawe buhere n’imico kama y’Abagiriki. Muri ayo makete, ayari yanditse mu kigiriki coroshe kandi gikora ku mutima, Paulo yarakoresha neza ivyiyumviro be n’uburorero bimenyerewe mu mico kama y’Abagiriki. Paulo aravuga inkino zo kwinonora imitsi, agashimwe uwutahukanye intsinzi aronka, umurezi aherekeza agahungu kw’ishure, be n’izindi mvugo ngereranyo zo mu mico kama y’Abagiriki (1 Abakorinto 9:24-27; Abagalatiya 3:24, 25) Naho Paulo yakoresha amajambo amwamwe yo mu rurimi rw’ikigiriki, yariyamiriza yivuye inyuma ukuntu abo Bagiriki bigenza be n’ivyiyumviro vyabo bijanye n’ivy’ugusenga.

Gucika vyose ku bantu b’uburyo bwose

Intumwa Paulo yari azi ko kugira abwire inkuru nziza abandi, yari akwiye “[gucika] vyose ku bantu b’uburyo bwose.” Yanditse ko ‘ku Bayuda yacitse nk’Umuyuda, kugira aronke Abayuda,’ kandi ku Bagiriki yacika Umugiriki, kugira ngo abafashe gutahura imigambi y’Imana. Vy’ukuri, ivyo Paulo yari abishoboye cane kubera ko yari Umuyuda wo mu gisagara kirangwamwo imico kama y’Abagiriki. Abakirisu bose muri iki gihe bategerezwa kubigenza ukwo nyene.​—1 Abakorinto 9:20-23.

Muri kino gihe abantu benshi cane barimuka, bava mu gihugu kimwe baja mu kindi, bava mu mico kama kanaka baja mu yindi. Ivyo bituma abakirisu barwana urugamba rudasanzwe mu gukora uko bashoboye kwose kugira bamamaze inkuru nziza y’Ubwami bw’Imana bongere bashitse ibwirizwa Yezu yabahaye ryo “[guhindura] abantu bo mu mahanga yose abigishwa.” (Matayo 24:14; 28:19) Akatari gake, babonye ko igihe abantu bumvise inkuru nziza mu rurimi rwabo kavukire ari ho bakorwa ku mutima kandi bakayakira neza.

Ni co gituma iki kinyamakuru, Umunara w’Inderetsi Utangaza Ubwami bwa Yehova gisohorwa buri kwezi mu ndimi 169, kigenzi caco na co, ari co Réveillez-vous!, kigasohorwa mu ndimi 81. N’ikindi kandi, kugira ngo Ivyabona vya Yehova babwire inkuru nziza abantu bimukiye mu karere iwabo, benshi muri bo baragira akigoro ko kwiga izindi ndimi, ushizemwo n’izo usanga zitoroshe nk’icarabu, igishinwa be n’ikirusiya. No muri iki gihe intumbero ni nk’imwe yo mu kinjana ca mbere. Intumwa Paulo yarabiseruye neza igihe yavuga ati: “Nacitse vyose ku bantu b’uburyo bwose, kugira ngo uko bishoboka kwose nkize bamwe.”​—1 Abakorinto 9:22.

[Akajambo k’epfo]

[Ifoto ku rup. 18]

Roma

UBUGIRIKI

Atene

AZIYA

Antiyokiya (h’i Pisidiya)

SILISIYA

SIRIYA

YUDAYA

Yeruzalemu

MISIRI

Alegizanderiya

Sireni

IKIYAGA MEDITERANE

[Ifoto ku rup. 19]

Impinduro yitwa “Septante” yarafashije gukwiragiza ubumenyi bwerekeye Yehova mu kinjana ca mbere

[Abodukesha ifoto]

Israel Antiquities Authority

[Ifoto ku rup. 20]

Igisate c’umujumbu kibase c’i Areyopago kiriko ivyandikano vyibutsa insiguro rurangiranwa ya Paulo