Amabarabara y’Abaroma arerekana ubuhinga bwa kera bw’ivy’ukwubaka

IKINTU gikomeye cane kuruta ibindi Abaroma bubatse cibukiriza kahise kabo, wewe wovuga ko ari ikihe? Wovuga ko ari ya nyubakwa y’ibikino yitwa Colisée, ibisigarira vyayo n’ubu bikiboneka i Roma? Hamwe twoba tugomba gufatira ku vyo Abaroma bubatse vyamaze igihe kirekire kuruta ibindi canke vyagize ico bikoze kuri kahise, twokwiyumvira ibijanye n’amabarabara baciye.

Ababa batwaye ibidandazwa be n’ingabo si bo gusa baca mu mabarabara y’Abaroma. Umuhinga mu vy’inyandiko za kera yitwa Romolo A. Staccioli avuga yuko amabarabara yafashije mu bijanye n’“ikwiragizwa ry’ivyiyumviro, ivy’utugenegene, inyigisho z’ivya filozofiya be n’iz’idini”, ushizemwo n’iz’ubukirisu.

Mu bihe vya kera, amabarabara y’Abaroma yabonwa ko ari ibintu bihambaye vyibukiriza kahise kabo. Mu binjana n’ibindi, Abaroma bagiye baraca urunyurangane ngirakamaro rw’amabarabara rwagiye ruraguka gushika n’aho rusigara runyuragira mu karere kangana n’ibilometero birenga 80.000, muri iki gihe ako karere kakaba kegukira ibihugu birenga 30.

Ibarabara rya mbere rihambaye ryari iryitwa Via Appia, bisobanura ngo Ibarabara rya Apiyo. Ryari ryo barabara rikuru mu yandi yose, rikaba ryava i Roma rigashika i Brundisium (ubu hitwa Brindisi), ico na co kikaba cari igisagara co ku nkengera y’ibahari gifise ikivuko, abantu bacako bagiye canke bavuye amaja mu Buseruko. Iryo barabara ryitiriwe umutegetsi w’Umuroma yitwa Appius Claudius Caecus, uno akaba ari we yatanguye kurica nko mu 312 B.G.C. Ayandi mabarabara yaca i Roma ni iryitwa Via Salaria be n’iryitwa Via Flaminia, ayo yompi akaba yaja amaja mu Buseruko agenda agana ku Kiyaga Adiriya, ivyo bigatuma umuntu ashobora kuja mu karere ka Balkans be no mu karere k’Uruzi Rhin be n’ak’Uruzi Danube. Iryitwa Via Aurelia ryaja amaja mu Buraruko, rikagenda rigana mu gihugu ca Gaule be no mu karere kagizwe ubu n’igihugu ca Esupanye n’ica Porotigali. Hariho kandi iryitwa Via Ostiensis ryaja amaja i Ositiya, ico kikaba cari igisagara c’i Roma carimwo ikivuko abantu bashima gucako bagomba kuja muri Afirika canke bavuyeyo.

Abaroma bagira umugambi amahanga wo guca amabarabara

Amabarabara yaragirira akamaro igisagara ca Roma n’imbere y’uko abakibamwo batangura guca ayandi mashasha. Ico gisagara cubatswe aho amabarabara ya kera yahurira, ku cambu kimwe rudende c’Uruzi Tibure cariho ico gihe. Nk’uko amasôko y’ivya kera avyerekana, ubuhinga Abaroma bakoresheje mu kuryohora ayo mabarabara yari asanzwe yaraciwe, babukuye ku bantu baba mu gisagara c’i Karataje. Ariko, abatanguje neza na neza ubwo buhinga bwo guca amabarabara abo bantu b’i Karataje bakoresha, bashobora kuba ari abitwa aba Etrusques. Ibisigarira vy’amabarabara abo ba Etrusques baciye n’ubu biracariho. Vyongeye, n’imbere y’igihe c’Abaroma, hariho amayira menshi abantu bakunda gucamwo mu karere abo ba Etrusques babamwo. Ayo mayira ashobora kuba yacamwo ibitungwa vyakurwa mw’iragiriro rimwe bijanwa mu rindi. Ariko rero, ayo mayira yari agoye gucamwo kubera ko yaba arimwo inkungugu nyinshi mu ci canke ivyondo vyinshi mu rushana. Abaroma bakunda gucisha amabarabara ahari mwene ayo mayira.

Amabarabara y’Abaroma bayacapurira imigero bitonze maze bakayaca ku buryo akomera, aba ngirakamaro kandi akaba meza. Mu guca ayo mabarabara, bashima ayatazigura, akaba ari co gituma menshi muri yo usanga afise ibice birebire bigoroye. Yamara, akenshi ayo mabarabara bayaca bakurikije ukuntu akarere yacamwo kameze. Mu turere turimwo uturambi n’imisozi, abahinga mu vy’ubwubatsi b’Abaroma wasanga aho bishoboka baca amabarabara hagati ku nkike y’umusozi, ku ruhande rurasirwako cane n’izuba. Ivyo vyatuma abaca muri ayo mabarabara badashikirwa n’ingorane nyinshi zashobora guterwa n’ukumera nabi kw’ikirere.

None neza na neza Abaroma baca gute ayo mabarabara? Bakoresha uburyo butari bumwe, yamara ehe raba ahanini ico ivyacukuwe bihishura.

Babanza kwiga aho ibarabara rinaka rizoca. Ico gikorwa cashingwa abahinga mu vy’ubutaka bo mu karere iryo barabara rizocamwo. Igikorwa kivuna umugongo co kwimba na co cakorwa n’abo mu migwi mininiminini y’ingabo z’Abaroma, abakozi bakora akazi k’inguvu canke abagurano. Mu kwimba ayo mabarabara, baraca imifurege ibiri ibangabanganye. Umwanya mutoyi rwose basigaza hagati y’iyo mifurege ibiri waba ungana n’imetero 2 na santimetero 40, ariko akenshi bakunda gusigaza uwungana n’imetero 4. N’ikindi kandi, uwo bagenda barasigaza mu makorosi y’ibarabara wasanga mbere wagutse gusumba. Ibarabara ryaba ryamaze kurangira gukorwa wasanga rishobora kugira ubwaguke bw’imetero 10, ushizemwo n’utuyira two ku mpande zompi zaryo abantu bagenda n’amaguru bacamwo. Ivu ryaba riri hagati y’iyo mifurege ibiri baca baryimba hakaba ikinogo. Bamaze gushikira ivu rigumye, ico kinogo baca bacuzuzamwo ibintu vy’ubwoko butatu canke bune mu kuza barabigerekeranya. Ubwa mbere, barashobora gusasa amabuye maninimanini canke ibimanyagu vy’amabuye kibure vy’amatafari. Ubwa kabiri, baca bagerekako mwene arya mabuye matomato yiburungushuye canke na ho bagasasa amabuye abase, kumbure bakayafatanisha ibeto. Inyuma y’ivyo baca bagerekako igaraviye bakayitsindagira canke bagashirako urucekebuye.

Amabarabara amwamwe y’Abaroma wasanga hejuru ashasheko gusa igaraviye itsindagiye. Ariko amabarabara ashasheko amabuye ni yo abantu bo muri ico gihe wasanga batangarira cane. Mwene ayo mabarabara yaba ashasheko amabuye maninimanini abase, ano akenshi akaba yari ayo baba bakuye mu bitandara vy’aho baba bariko baraca ayo mabarabara. Ayo mabarabara yakorwa ku buryo ataba ateze. Ivyo vyatuma amazi y’imvura aca atembera mu mifurege yo ku mpande zompi z’ayo mabarabara. Ayo mabarabara yibukiriza kahise k’Abaroma, ubwo buryo bayaca bwatuma aramba, kandi hari n’ayakiriho no muri iki gihe.

Haciye nk’imyaka 900 Ibarabara rya Apiyo riciwe, umutohozakahise wo muri Bizanse yitwa Procopius yavuze ko iryo barabara ryari “ryiza igitangaza”. Ku bijanye n’amabuye abase yari ashashe kuri ryo, yanditse ati: “Naho amaze igihe kirekire, kandi imikogote myinshi ikaba yagiye irayacako uko bukeye uko bwije, ntiyononekaye kandi yagumye akayangana”.

Uti none ayo mabarabara yarengana gute ibitangirizi vyo mu bidukikije, nk’inzuzi? Uburyo nyamukuru bumwe bwakoreshwa kwari ugutarura ibiraro. Bimwebimwe muri ivyo biraro biracariho n’ubu, ivyo bikaba vyerekana ko Abaroma bo mu gihe ca kera bari bafise ubuhinga budasanzwe bwo kwubaka. Muri urwo runyurangane rw’amabarabara y’Abaroma, ibice vy’amabara vyaca munsi y’imisozi bishobora kuba bitari bizwi cane. Ariko kubica wasanga ari urugamba uravye ubuhinga bwari busanzwe bukoreshwa ico gihe. Igitabu kimwe kivuga giti: “Ubuhinga bwo mu vy’ukwubaka bw’Abaroma . . . bwarashitse ku bintu vyamaze ibinjana n’ibindi ata wundi arabishikako”. Akarorero kamwe kavyerekana, ni igice c’ibarabara ryitwa Via Flaminia gica munsi y’umusozi ahitwa Furlo. Mu 78 G.C., inyuma y’aho abahinga mu vy’ubwubatsi bamariye kwiga bitonze ukuntu iryo barabara ryociye munsi y’umusozi, harimbwe mu gitandara c’amabuye igice caryo gipima uburebure bw’imetero 40, ubwaguke bw’imetero 5 be n’uburebure bw’amaduga bw’imetero 5 nyene. Vy’ukuri, ico cari igikorwa gitangaje cane bashitseko uravye ibikoresho vyari bihari ico gihe. Guca mwene ayo mabarabara cari kimwe mu bintu bikomeye cane abantu bashoboye gukora.

Abaca muri ayo mabarabara be n’ivyerekeye ikwiragizwa ry’ivyiyumviro

Baba abasoda canke abadandaza, baba abamamazanjili canke ingenzi, baba abakinyi b’ibikino canke abantu bagira ibikino vyo kurwana, abo bose baraca muri ayo mabarabara. Abagira ingendo n’amaguru barashobora kugenda ibilometero nka 25 gushika ku bilometero nka 30 ku musi. Abaca muri ayo mabarabara bashobora kumenya ibijanye n’uburebure bw’urugendo runaka mu kuraba ku bibuye vyagenda birerekana uburebure bw’ibarabara vyaba bishinze kuri ryo. Ivyo bibuye vy’imero zitandukanye, ivyo akenshi wasanga bifise imero y’ikigegene c’igiti, vyagenda birashingwa ku metero 1. 480, izo metero zikaba ari zo zafatwa ko ari ikilometero kimwe ku Baroma. Hariho n’ahantu ho kuruhukira, aho abaca muri ayo mabarabara bashobora guhindurira amafarasi, kugura ico bashira ku munwa, canke rimwe na rimwe kurara. Hamwehamwe muri aho hantu ho kuruhukira hahavuye hacika udusagara.

Imbere gato y’uko ubukirisu butangura, Kayisari Augusito yaratanguje umugambi wo kubungabunga amabarabara. Yaragena abategetsi bo kwitwararika ibarabara rimwe canke arenga. Yarubakishije mu kibanza nyamukuru c’ihuriro c’i Roma igikingi citwa miliarium aureum, bisobanura ngo ikibuye c’izahabu cerekana uburebure bw’ibarabara. Ku bwa ngingo, ico gikingi cariko indome z’umujumbu zikuyengejeko izahabu ni co cari ryo shikiro ry’amabarabara yose y’Abaroma yo mu Butaliyano. Ni ho havuye ya mvugo ngo “Tout chemin mène à Rome” (bisobanura ngo, amabarabara yose ashikana i Roma). Vyongeye, hariho amakarata y’urwo runyurangane rw’amabarabara yo mu nganji y’Abaroma Augusito yashize aho abantu bose bashobora kubona. Biboneka ko ico gihe ayo mabarabara yari akimeze neza, uravye ivyari bikenewe be n’ubuhinga bwari bugezweko.

Abaca muri ayo mabarabara muri ico gihe baranakoresha ivyandikano vy’inzira vyabafasha igihe baba bari ku rugendo. Ivyo vyandikano vy’inzira vyarabafasha kumenya ibilometero biri hagati y’ahantu ho kuruhukira hatandukanye be n’ivyahakorerwa. Ariko rero, ivyo vyandikano vyari bizimvye, akaba ari co gituma atari bose bashobora kuvyironsa.

Naho vyari ukwo, abamamazanjili b’abakirisu barategura bakongera bagafata ingendo ndende cane. Intumwa Paulo, cokimwe n’abo mu gihe ciwe, yarakunda kugira ingendo mu guca mu kiyaga agiye amaja mu Buseruko, akisunga imiyaga ihuhuta mu kiyaga (Ivyakozwe n’intumwa 14:25, 26; 20:3; 21:1-3). Mu Kiyaga Mediterane, mu gihe c’ici umuyaga uhuhuta uvuye amaja mu Burengero. Ariko igihe yaba agiye amaja mu Burengero, akenshi yaca i musozi, agaca muri rwa runyurangane rw’amabarabara y’Abaroma. Paulo, yisunze ubwo buryo bwo kwiyunguruza, yarateguye urugendo rwiwe rwa kabiri rw’ubumisiyonari be n’urwa gatatu (Ivyakozwe n’intumwa 15:36-41; 16:6-8; 17:1, 10; 18:22, 23; 19:1)a. Nko mu 59 G.C., Paulo yaragiye i Roma aciye mw’Ibarabara rya Apiyo, aho yahuriye n’abakirisu bagenziwe ku Kaguriro ka Apiyo, aho hakaba hari ku bilometero 74 mu Bumanuko bushira Ubuseruko bw’i Roma. Hari abandi bakirisu bamurindiririye ahantu ho kuruhukira hitwa Amaduka Atatu, ku bilometero 14 uriko wegereza i Roma (Ivyakozwe n’intumwa 28:13-15). Nko mu 60 G.C., Paulo yarashoboye kuvuga ko inkuru nziza yari imaze kwamamazwa “mw isi yose” yari izwi ico gihe (Ab’i Kolosayi 1:6, 23). Uca ubona rero ko urwo runyurangane rw’amabarabara rwafashije kugira ngo ivyo bishoboke.

Ku bw’ivyo rero, amabarabara y’Abaroma yaragaragaye ko ari ibintu bidasanzwe biguma vyibukiriza kahise kabo, kandi yarabaye bimwe mu bintu vyafashije mw’ikwiragizwa ry’inkuru nziza y’Ubwami bw’Imana.​—Matayo 24:14.

[Akajambo k’epfo]

[Ifoto ku rup. 14]

Iki ni ikibuye c’Abaroma cerekana uburebure bw’ibarabara

[Abo dukesha ifoto ku rup. 15]

Iri ni rya barabara ryitwa Via Appia amaja ku mpera z’igisagara ca Roma

[Ifoto ku rup. 15]

Iri ni ibarabara ry’i Ositiya ha kera, mu Butaliyano

[Ifoto ku rup. 15]

Ibi ni ibice vy’ibarabara vyagiye birimbururwa n’amakurudumu y’imikogote ya kera, muri Otirishe

[Ifoto ku rup. 15]

Iki ni igice c’ibarabara ry’Abaroma kiriko vya bibuye vyerekana uburebure bwaryo, muri Yorodaniya

[Ifoto ku rup. 16]

Ibi ni ibisigarira vy’imva, kuri rya barabara ryitwa Via Appia inyuma y’igisagara ca Roma

[Ifoto ku rup. 16]

Iki ni ca gice ca rya barabara ryitwa Via Flaminia gica munsi y’umusozi ahitwa Furlo, mu ntara ya Marches

[Ifoto ku rup. 17]

Iki ni ikiraro citiriwe Tiberiyo co kw’ibarabara ryitwa Via Emilia i Rimini, mu Butaliyano

[Ifoto ku rup. 17]

Aha ni igihe Paulo yahurira n’abakirisu bagenziwe ku Kaguriro ka Apiyo

[Abo dukesha ifoto ku rup. 15]

Hirya kure ibubamfu, muri Ositiya: ©danilo donadoni/Marka/age fotostock; hirya kure iburyo, ibarabara ririko vya bibuye vyerekana uburebure bwaryo: Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est.