Ikintu ca kera kuruta ibindi cemeza ibitabu vyemewe bigize Bibiliya

“UMURONGO umwumwe wose bisa n’uko wanditswe neza na neza kugira ngo utume abasanzwe bitaho kahise k’abakirisu bo mu ntango, barondera kumenya vyinshi”. Ukwo ni ko icandikano kimwe ca kera cadondowe. Woba ushobora kumenya ico candikano ico ari co?

Ni icandikano woba umaze kwumva ivyaco canke ukaba utaravyumva, na co kikaba ari Urutonde rw’ibitabu rwa Muratori. Uko biri kwose, woshobora kwibaza uti: ‘Ni igiki gituma urwo Rutonde rw’ibitabu rwa Muratori ruba urudasanzwe?’. Ni rwo rutonde rwa kera kuruta izindi rw’ibitabu vyemewe bigize Ivyanditswe vy’ikigiriki vya gikirisu.

Ushobora kuba usanzwe wemera ko ibitabu kanaka ari ivyo muri Bibiliya. Yamara, wari uzi ko higeze kuba igihe aho abantu bamwebamwe bibaza ibitabu bikwiye gushirwa mu bigize Bibiliya ivyo ari vyo? Urutonde rw’ibitabu rwa Muratori rurimwo ivyandikano vyemerwa ko vyahumetswe. Nk’uko ushobora kuba ubizi, birahambaye cane kumenya ibitabu nyezina bigize Bibiliya. None ico candikano coba cahishuye iki ku bijanye n’ibitabu muri iki gihe bigize Ivyanditswe vy’ikigiriki vya gikirisu? Reka tubanze turimbure ivyerekeye kahise k’ico candikano.

Ingene catowe

Urutonde rw’ibitabu rwa Muratori ruri mu bigize igitabu ca kera candikishijwe iminwe citwa codex kigizwe n’uduhimba 76 tw’insato, kamwekamwe kose kakaba gafise santimetero 27 kuri santimetero 17. Uwitwa Ludovico Antonio Muratori (1672-1750), uwo akaba ari umutohozakahise akomeye cane w’Umutaliyano, yubuye urwo rutonde rw’ibitabu mu Bubiko bw’ibitabu bwitiriwe Ambroise bw’i Milan, mu Butaliyano. Urwo rutonde rw’ibitabu Muratori yubuye yarusohoye mu 1740. Kuba ari we yarusohoye vyatumye rwitirirwa izina ryiwe. Biboneka ko ca gitabu codex candikiwe mu kigo ca kera c’abihebeye Imana c’i Bobbio mu kinjana c’umunani, ico kigo kikaba cari hafi y’i Piacenza, mu Buraruko bw’Ubutaliyano. Cimuriwe mu Bubiko bw’ibitabu bwitiriwe Ambroise mu ntango z’ikinjana ca 17.

Urwo Rutonde rw’ibitabu rwa Muratori ni igisomwa kigizwe n’imirongo 85 co ku gahimba k’urusato ka 10 be n’aka 11 two kuri ya codex. Ico gisomwa kiri mu kilatini, bikaba biboneka ko cimuwe n’umuntu atiyubara cane. Ariko amakosa amwamwe uwo nyene kucimura yagize yarashizwe ahabona igihe bafata igisomwa yanditse bakakigereranya n’ikindi gisomwa bisa co mu vyandikano vy’iminwe bine vyo mu kinjana ca 11 be n’ikinjana ca 12.

Canditswe ryari?

Ariko woshobora kwibaza igihe ibiri muri urwo Rutonde rw’ibitabu rwa Muratori vyandikwa ari bwo bwa mbere. Biboneka ko vyatunganijwe ari bwo bwa mbere mu kigiriki ibinjana n’ibindi imbere y’uko igisomwa c’Urutonde rw’ibitabu rwa Muratori kiboneka, ico kikaba cahinduwe mu kilatini gikuwe muri ivyo vy’ikigiriki. Ehe raba ikintu gifasha kumenya igihe ibiri muri urwo rutonde vyandikwa ari bwo bwa mbere. Urwo rutonde ruravuga ivyerekeye igitabu kimwe citwa Shepherd (Umwungere), kitari ico mu bigize Bibiliya, rukongera rukavuga yuko umugabo umwe yitwa Hermas yanditse ico gitabu “vuba cane, mu gihe cacu, [acandikira] mu gisagara ca Roma”. Hari incabwenge zivuga yuko ico gitabu ca Hermas carangiye kwandikwa hagati y’umwaka wa 140 n’uwa 155 G.C. Gutyo rero, urashobora guca ubona igituma igisomwa ca mbere na mbere co mu kigiriki cahinduwemwo rwa Rutonde rw’ibitabu rwa Muratori ruri mu kilatini, ari ico hagati y’umwaka wa 170 n’umwaka wa 200 G.C.

Kuba urwo rutonde rwa mbere na mbere ruvuga Roma mu buryo budomako canke bukikiriza, biratanga iciyumviro c’uko rwoba rwatunganirijwe muri ico gisagara. Ariko rero, uwarutunganije ntazwi neza. Hari abibaza ko rwoba rwatunganijwe na Kelementi w’i Alegizandiriya, Melito w’i Sarudi, canke Polycrate w’i Efeso. Ariko rero, incabwenge nyinshi cane zidoma urutoki kuri Hippolyte, uwo na we akaba ari umwanditsi yasohoye ibitabu vyinshi mu kigiriki kandi yaba i Roma mu gihe ibiri mu Rutonde rw’ibitabu rwa Muratori bisa n’uko ari ho vyatunganywa. Naho woba ubona ko kumenya uwanditse urwo rutonde rw’ibitabu ata kintu kinini vyokumarira, hari aho woba wipfuza kumenya vyinshi ku bijanye n’ibiri muri urwo rutonde rw’ibitabu bituma ruba urw’ingirakamaro cane.

Ibiri muri urwo rutonde

Ico gisomwa ntikigizwe gusa n’urutonde rw’ibitabu vy’Ivyanditswe vy’ikigiriki vya gikirisu. Ruragira n’ico ruvuze kuri ivyo bitabu no ku bavyanditse. Hamwe wosoma ico gisomwa, wosanga imirongo ya mbere y’ico candikano c’iminwe ibuze. N’ikindi kandi, bisa n’uko kirangira bukwi na bukwi. Gitangura kivuga Injili ya Luka, kikavuga kandi yuko uwanditse ico gitabu ca Bibiliya yari umuganga (Kolosayi 4:14). Kiravuga yuko Injili ya Luka ari Injili igira gatatu, ugaca rero ubona yuko ca gice ca mbere kibuze gishobora kuba cavuga Injili ya Matayo be n’iya Mariko. Niba ari ukwo ubibona, ntiwobura gushigikirwa n’urwo Rutonde rw’ibitabu rwa Muratori, uruvuga yuko Injili ya kane ari Injili ya Yohani.

Urwo rutonde ruremeza ko igitabu c’Ivyakozwe n’intumwa canditswe na Luka, acandikira “Teyofilo umwubahwa” (Luka 1:3; Ivyakozwe n’intumwa 1:1). Hanyuma muri urwo rutonde rw’ibitabu haca hakurikira amakete intumwa Paulo yandikiye Ab’i Korinto (abiri), Abanyefeso, Ab’i Filipi, Ab’i Kolosayi, Ab’i Galatiya, Ab’i Tesalonike (abiri), Abaroma, Filemoni, Tito be na Timoteyo (abiri). Ikete rya Yuda be n’amakete abiri ya Yohani na yo nyene aravugwa ko ari ibitabu vyahumetswe. Ikete rya mbere rya Yohani ryari rimaze kuvugwa rifatiwe hamwe n’Injili yiwe. Ivyahishuriwe ni vyo bihereza urwo rutonde rw’ibitabu bibonwa ko vyahumetswe.

Biri n’ico bivuze kubona urwo rutonde rw’ibitabu ruvuga Ivyahishuriwe Petero mugabo rukaba ruvuga yuko hari ababona ko abakirisu badakwiye kubisoma. Umwanditsi w’Urutonde rw’ibitabu rwa Muratori avuga yuko Ivyandikano vy’ikinyoma vyari bimaze gukwiragira mu gihe ciwe. Urwo Rutonde rw’ibitabu rwa Muratori rusigura yuko ivyo vyandikano vy’ikinyoma bidakwiye kwemerwa, “kubera ko bitabereye kuvanga ubuki n’umururazi”. Ico candikano kiravuga n’ibindi bisomwa bitari bikwiye gushirwa mu vyanditswe vyeranda. Bishobora kuba vyatumwe n’uko vyanditswe inyuma y’igihe c’intumwa nk’uko vyagenze ku bijanye na ca gitabu ca Hermas, canke bitumwa n’uko vyanditswe ngo bishigikire inyigisho z’ivyaduka.

Ushobora kuba wabonye yuko mu bihejeje kuvugwa ikete ryandikiwe Abaheburayo, amakete abiri ya Petero, be n’ikete rya Yakobo atavugwa muri urwo rutonde rw’ibitabu vyemewe vya Bibiliya. Ariko rero, Dogoteri Geoffrey Mark Hahneman, aho amariye kuvuga ivyerekeye ubuhanga bw’uwimuye urwo rutonde, yavuze yuko ari “ibitegereka kuvuga yuko urwo rutonde rushobora kuba rwarimwo ibindi bintu ubu vyoba vyaratakaye, be n’uko Yakobo n’Abaheburayo (hamwe na 1 Petero) bishobora kuba vyari muri urwo rutonde rw’ibitabu”.​—The Muratorian Fragment and the Development of the Canon.

Gutyo, urwo Rutonde rw’ibitabu rwa Muratori ruremeza ko mu kinjana ca kabiri G.C., ibitabu nka vyose dusanga mu Vyanditswe vy’ikigiriki vya gikirisu vyari bimaze kwemerwa ko ari ibitabu vyemewe vya Bibiliya. Ariko ntiwumve, si ngombwa ngo ibitabu bibe bivugwa mu rutonde kanaka rwa kera kugira ngo vyemerwe ko biri mu bitabu vyemewe vya Bibiliya. Icemeza yuko ibitabu vya Bibiliya vyabonetse biciye ku mpwemu yera ni ibivugwa muri vyo. Vyose birashigikira ko bikomoka kuri Yehova Imana, kandi usanga bihuza. Kuba ivyo bitabu 66 vyemewe bigize Bibiliya bihuza kandi bikaba bifise agaciro kamwe, ni icerekana neza yuko bigize ikintu kimwe kandi vyuzurizanya. Ku bw’ivyo rero, vyokugirira akamaro cane wemeye ivyo bitabu kubera ico mu vy’ukuri biri, ni ukuvuga Ijambo ry’ukuri ryahumetswe na Yehova, ryazigamwe gushika n’ubu.​—1 Tesalonike 2:13; 2 Timoteyo 3:16, 17.

[Ifoto ku rup. 13]

Ludovico Antonio Muratori

[Ifoto ku rup. 14]

Ububiko bw’ibitabu bwitiriwe Ambroise

[Ifoto ku rup. 15]

Urutonde rw’ibitabu rwa Muratori

[Abo dukesha ifoto]

Diritti Biblioteca Ambrosiana. Vietata la riproduzione. Aut. No. F 157/05

[Abo dukesha ifoto ku rup. 13]

Fragments: Diritti Biblioteca Ambrosiana. Vietata la riproduzione. Aut. No. F 157 / 05; Muratori, based on line art: © 2005 Brown Brothers