Ingene amatati yatanguye hagati ya siyansi n’idini
UMUHINGA umwe atohoza ivy’imibumbe n’ikirere w’imyaka 70 y’amavuka yari ku mpfiro, akaba yariko arinanata ngo asome. Mu minwe yari afise impapuro yateguriyeko igitabu, kikaba cagira gisohoke. Yaba yari abizi canke atari abizi, igitabu ciwe cohinduye rwose ukuntu abantu bari basanzwe babona ikirere n’ibiri muri co. Cotumye kandi mu biyita abakirisu haba ibihari bikomeye, inkurikizi zavyo zikaba zibandanya kwibonekeza no muri iki gihe.
Uwo mugabo yari ku mpfiro yari uwitwa Nicolas Copernic, akaba yari umugatolika w’Umunyapolonye, hakaba hari mu mwaka wa 1543. Igitabu ca Copernic (ari co On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) cavuga yuko muri wa mugwi w’imibumbe iri kumwe n’izuba, ikiri hagati na hagati ari izuba, atari isi. Mu kanya isase Copernic yari ahinduye iciyumviro c’urusobangane rugoye cari kihari c’uko ngo isi ari yo iri hagati na hagati muri wa mugwi w’imibumbe iri kumwe n’izuba, agisubiriza iciyumviro coroshe cane.
Mu ntango, nta kintu vy’ukuri cerekana yuko hari kuzohava haba amatati. Imvo imwe, ni uko Copernic yari yaragize ukwiyubara igihe yashikiriza ivyiyumviro vyiwe. Ikindi kandi, Ekeleziya Gatolika, iyari yarashigikiye ca ciyumviro cavuga yuko ngo isi ari yo iri hagati na hagati muri wa mugwi w’imibumbe iri kumwe n’izuba, ico gihe hoho yasa n’iyitarwanya cane ivyiyumviro vyo guhwihwisha abanyasiyansi baza baratanga. Washaka, na papa ubwiwe yarahimirije Copernic gusohora ico gitabu ciwe. Igihe Copernic amaherezo yagisohora, kubera ubwoba uwakimucapuriye yari afise, uno yaranditsemwo intangamarara yiwe, avuga yuko iciyumviro c’uko izuba ari ryo riri hagati na hagati muri wa mugwi w’imibumbe iri kumwe n’izuba (ico bita héliocentrisme) ari iciyumviro kijanye neza n’ibiharuro, ko atari ngombwa ngo kibe gihuye n’uko ivy’imibumbe bimeze koko.
Ingene amatati yakomeye
Uwundi muntu yagize uruhara muri ayo matati ni Umutaliyano yitwa Galilée, uwari umuhinga mu bijanye n’imibumbe n’ikirere, mu biharuro no muri fizike (1564-1642), na we nyene akaba yari umugatolika. Galilée akoresheje ivyuma rugagamisha yahinguye akabishiramwo utuyo two kugagamisha twari duherutse gukorwa, yararavye mu kirere arabona ibintu vyinshi cane ata wundi yari bwabone. Ivyo yabonye vyaramushwiruye yuko ivyo Copernic yari yaravuze vyari vyo. Galilée yarabonye kandi ibirabagu ku zuba, muri iki gihe bikaba vyitwa ibirabagu vy’izuba (taches solaires), gutyo aba ahigishije ikindi ciyumviro cemerwa cane kijanye na filozofiya be n’idini, c’uko ngo izuba ridashobora guhinduka canke gutituka.
Galilée ntiyari nka Copernic, kubera ko wewe yaburaniye ivyiyumviro vyiwe ashikamye kandi abigiranye umwete. Kandi ivyo yabigize mu kiringo idini ryari riteye akaga, kubera yuko ico gihe Ekeleziya Gatolika yari yararwanije bene umurango babona ca ciyumviro ca Copernic. Kubera ico, igihe Galilée yemeza yuko ca ciyumviro c’uko izuba ari ryo riri hagati na hagati muri wa mugwi w’imibumbe iri kumwe n’izuba kitari gusa ic’ukuri mugabo kandi yuko cari gihuye n’Ivyanditswe, Ekeleziya yaciye ibona yuko izo ari inyigisho z’icadukaa.
Galilée yaragiye i Roma kugira ngo aburanire ivyiyumviro vyiwe mugabo nta cavuyemwo. Mu 1616 Ekeleziya Gatolika yamutegetse kureka gushigikira ivyiyumviro vya Copernic. Galilée yaramaze igihe yarabujijwe guserura ivyiyumviro vyiwe. Bishitse mu 1632, yarasohoye ikindi gitabu kugira ngo ashigikire Copernic. Mu mwaka wakurikiye, ya Sentare ya Gatolika yo gukurikirana abantu yaciye ikatira Galilée umunyororo wo gupfungwa ubuzima bwiwe bwose. Ariko rero, mu kumwubahiriza ku bw’imyaka yiwe, baciye bagabanya umunyororo yakatiwe uhinduka ugupfungwa ic’amaso.
Benshi babona yuko amatati Galilée yagiraniye na Ekeleziya ari intsinzi ikomeye siyansi yagize kw’idini, gutyo rero ngo ikaba ari intsinzi kuri Bibiliya. Ariko rero, nk’uko tuza kubibona mu kiganiro gikurikira, ico ciyumviro bapfuye gushikako, hariho ibintu vyinshi cirengagiza.
[Akajambo k’epfo]
a Galilée yarikwegeye kwankwa bimwe bikomeye bivuye ku kuntu yishurana ubwenge ningoga na ningoga be no ku majambo yo kunebagurana. Ikindi kandi, mu guharira yerekana yuko ca ciyumviro c’uko izuba ari ryo riri hagati na hagati muri wa mugwi w’imibumbe iri kumwe n’izuba cari gihuye n’Ivyanditswe, yerekanye ko we ubwiwe yari azi vyinshi cane ku bijanye n’idini, ivyo bikaba vyatumye Ekeleziya ishangashirwa.
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Copernic
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Yakuwe mu gitabu Giordano Bruno and Galilei (co mu kidagi)
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Galilée aburanira ivyiyumviro vyiwe imbere ya ya Sentare ya Gatolika y’i Roma yakurikirana abantu
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Yakuwe mu gitabu The Historian’s History of the World, Imbumbe IX, 1904
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Igicapo kiri inyuma: Igicapo cerekana ingene Copernic yategera wa mugwi w’imibumbe iri kumwe n’izuba