Shetani Yoba Ari Umugani Canke Ni Umubisha Abaho Koko?

ABANTU biyumvira bamye bashaka kumenya inkomoko y’ikibi kuva mu bihe vyo mu ntango. Inyizamvugo imwe (Dictionary of the Bible) yanditswe na James Hastings ivuga iti: “Mu ntango z’ukwiyumvira kw’abantu, umuntu yasanze ubwiwe ahanganye n’ububasha atari ashoboye gutangira, kandi bwaragize akosho kabi canke konona.” Ico gitabu nyene kivuga kandi giti: “Abantu bo mu ntango vyarabajemwo bararondera ikibitera, maze basigura ko ubwo bubasha be n’ibindi bintu bigaragarira mu bidukikije bifise imero y’umuntu.”

Nk’uko abatohozakahise babivuga, kwemera imana z’indayimoni be n’ibiremwa vy’impwemu bibi bishobora kuba bikomoka mu bintu vya mbere na mbere vyabaye muri kahise ka Mezopotamiya. Abanyababiloni ba kera bemera yuko akarere k’ikuzimu, ari ko bita “isi ata wujayo ngo agaruke,” ngo kategekwa na Nerugali, ikimana c’inkazi cari kizwi ko ari “ikimana giturirana.” Baratinya kandi amadayimoni, ayo bagerageza gutururuza bakoresheje imitongero y’amareba. Mu migani yo mu Misiri, Set yari imana y’ikibi, “yashushanywa imeze nk’igikoko c’ikidagaramudanda gifise izuru ritorito kandi ryihese, gifise amatwi abanze kandi ameze nk’ikwadarato, kikagira n’umurizo ugumye kandi umeze nk’ikanya.”​—Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology.

Naho Abagiriki n’Abaroma bari bafise imana zikora ivyiza be n’izikora ikibi, nta mana y’ikibi iruta izindi bari bafise. Abafilozofe babo bigisha yuko hariho ibintu bibiri bidahuza. Ku witwa Empédocle, ivyo bintu vyari Urukundo be n’Ukutumvikana. Ku witwa Pulato, isi yari ifise “Ubugingo” bubiri, bumwe ngo bugatuma haba iciza ubundi na bwo bugatuma haba ikibi. Nk’uko Georges Minois abivuga mu gitabu ciwe (Le Diable), “idini ya gipagani y’[Abagiriki n’Abaroma] ya kera ntiyemera ivy’uko Shetani abaho.”

Muri Irani, idini y’Abazorowasiteri yigisha yuko imana iruta zose ari yo Ahura Mazda, canke Ormazd, yaremye imana yitwa Angra Mainyu, canke Ahriman, yahavuye ihitamwo gukora ikibi iba icitse rero Impwemu Yonona, canke Mwononyi.

Mw’idini y’Abayuda, Shetani yadondorwa gusa ko ari Umwansi w’Imana yazanye icaha. Mugabo haciye ibinjana bitari bike, ukwo kuntu Shetani adondorwa kwarononywe n’ivyiyumviro vy’igipagani. Igitabu kimwe (The Encyclopaedia Judaica) kivuga giti: “Hari ihinduka rihambaye ryabaye . . . mu binjana vya nyuma Imbere y’Igihe Cacu. Muri ico kiringo, idini y’[Abayuda] . . . yaciye yemera ibintu vyinshi bijanye n’uko hariho ibintu bidahuza, aho mw’ijuru no kw’isi ububasha bukomeye bw’ikibi n’ikinyoma bwarwanije Imana be n’ububasha bw’iciza n’ukuri. Ivyo bisa n’uko vyavuye ku kosho k’idini y’Abaperesi.” Ikindi gitabu (The Concise Jewish Encyclopedia) kivuga giti: “Kwitondera amabwirizwa no gukoresha ibiheko ni vyo vyatuma umuntu ashobora kwikingira a[mashetani].”

Tewolojiya y’Abakirisu b’Abahakanyi

Nk’uko nyene idini y’Abayuda yakurikiye ivyiyumviro bidashingiye kuri Bibiliya ku bijanye na Shetani n’amadayimoni, Abakirisu b’abahakanyi barashizeho ivyiyumviro bidashingiye ku Vyanditswe. Inyizamvugo imwe (The Anchor Bible Dictionary) ivuga iti: “Kimwe mu vyiyumviro vy’agaheta vyo muri tewolojiya ya kera ni ic’uko Imana yacunguye abantu bayo ibanje guhera impera Shetani kugira ngo ibarekure.” Ico ciyumviro cashikirijwe na Irénée (wo mu kinjana ca kabiri G.C.). Caranasubiye gutsimbatazwa na Orijeni (wo mu kinjana ca gatatu G.C.), uwavuze yuko “shetani yari yararonse uburenganzira ku bantu” kandi akabona “urupfu rwa Kirisitu . . . ko ari incungu yarishwe shetani.”​—History of Dogma, by Adolf Harnack.

Nk’uko igitabu kimwe (The Catholic Encyclopedia) kibivuga, “mu myaka hafi igihumbi [iciyumviro c’uko incungu yarishwe Shetani] caragize uruhara ruhambaye muri kahise ka tewolojiya” kandi cagumye ari umuce w’ivyo idini ryemera. Abatanguje Ekeleziya na bo, ushizemwo Augustino (wo mu kinjana ca kane gushika mu kinjana ca gatanu G.C.), barafashe iciyumviro c’uko incungu yarishwe Shetani. Amaherezo, mu kinjana ca 12 G.C., abanyatewolojiya b’Abagalotika, nka Anselme na Abélard barashitse ku ciyumviro c’uko inkuka ya Kirisitu itashikaniwe Shetani ahubwo ko yashikaniwe Imana.

Ibintazi Vyemerwa mu Bihe vyo Hagati y’Ikinjana ca 5 n’Ica 15 G.C.

Naho menshi mu manama yagizwe na Ekeleziya Gatolika ata co yagiye aravuga ku kibazo cerekeye Shetani, mu 1215 G.C., ya Nama Igira Kane y’i Latran yashikirije ico igitabu kimwe (New Catholic Encyclopedia) cita “ukugaragaza ukwemera.” Ingingo ya 1 ivuga iti: “Shetani be n’ayandi mashetani bari baremwe n’Imana ari beza, mugabo bivuye ku vyo bakora ubwabo bacitse ababisha.” Congerako yuko bakorana umwete mu kugerageza kwosha umuryango w’abantu. Ico ciyumviro ca kabiri cararaje ishinga abantu benshi mu Bihe vyo Hagati y’ikinjana ca 5 n’ica 15 G.C. Shetani ni we yagirizwa ikintu cose casa n’ikidasanzwe, nk’indwara umuntu atagira uko ayisigura, urupfu rushitse giturumbuka canke umwimbu mubi. Mu 1233 G.C., Papa Geregori wa 6 yarasohoye amategeko menshi yo kwiyamiriza abatavuga rumwe n’inyigisho zabo, ushizemwo n’itegeko ryo kwiyamiriza Abalusiferi, bakaba ari abafatwa ko basenga Shetani.

Kwemera yuko abantu bashobora kwizizirwa na Shetani canke amadayimoni yiwe ntivyatevye gutuma abantu bose baca bahagarika umutima cane, bukaba bwari ubwoba bushingiye ku gutinya ivy’uburaguzi n’ubupfumu. Guhera mu kinjana ca 13 gushika mu kinjana ca 17, gutinya abapfumu ntivyatevye gukwiragira i Buraya, maze bishika no muri Amerika ya Ruguru bishikanyweyo n’abakoroni b’Abanyaburaya. Mbere na ba Baporotisanti bahindura ibintu ari bo Martin Luther na Jean Calvin, baremeye ivyo guhiga abapfumu. I Buraya, igikorwa c’ugusambisha abantu bagirijwe ivy’ubupfumu bivuye ku bihuha gusa canke ku kwagirizwa ibinyoma cari kiyobowe na ya Sentare y’Abagatolika yo guhana abatavuga rumwe n’inyigisho zabo be n’amasentare yo mw’isi. Ugusinzikaza ubuzima bw’abantu vyagirwa kugira batume bemera ivyo “bagirizwa.”

Abo basanga hari ikibagīra barashobora gucirwa urwo gupfa, haba ari mu kubaturira, canke mu kubamanika nk’uko vyagirwa mu Bwongereza no muri Ekose. Ku vyerekeye igitigiri c’abishwe, igitabu kimwe (The World Book Encyclopedia) kivuga giti: “Guhera mu 1484 gushika mu 1782, nk’uko abatohozakahise bamwebamwe babivuga, idini y’Abakirisu yarishe abagore nk’300.000 ibahora ubupfumu.” Nimba Shetani ari we yagirizwa ako kaziri kagizwe muri iyo myaka, ni bande yakoresheje? Boba ari abo bene kwicwa canke ni abo bene kubahama b’abanyamadini b’ishaka rirenze urugero?

Ivyemerwa n’Ibitemerwa Ubu

Ikinjana ca 18 carabayemwo iterambere mu vyo kwiyumvira hakoreshejwe ubwenge, kikaba ciswe ko cari Ukubonesherezwa. Igitabu kimwe (Encyclopædia Britannica) kivuga giti: Filozofiya na tewolojiya y’Ukubonesherezwa vyaragerageje gukura ishusho ya shetani mu mitima y’Abakirisu, bikavuga gusa ko [Shetani] ari ikintu cazanywe n’ivyiyumviro vy’uruhendo vy’abantu babayeho mu Bihe vyo Hagati y’ikinjana ca 5 n’ica 15 G.C.” Ekeleziya Gatolika ya Roma yaragize ico ivuze kuri ivyo, maze irasubira kwemeza yuko yemera Shetani mu Nama ya Mbere y’i Vatikano (1869-1870), irongera ivuga ico kintu yigengesera mu Nama Igira Kabiri y’i Vatikano (1962-1965).

Nk’uko igitabu kimwe (New Catholic Encyclopedia) kivyemeza, birazwi ko “Ekeleziya yafashe ingingo yo kwemera abamarayika be n’amashetani.” Ariko rero, inyizamvugo imwe y’Igifaransa y’Abagatolika (Théo), yemeza yuko “Abakirisu benshi muri iki gihe banka kwitirira shetani ibibi bikorwa mw’isi.” Muri iyi myaka ya vuba, abanyatewolojiya b’Abagatolika barabaye hange kuri ico kintu, bararimbanya inyigisho ya Gatolika yemewe hose be n’ivyiyumviro vyo mu gihe ca none. Igitabu kimwe (Encyclopædia Britannica) kivuga yuko “tewolojiya itadadaza y’Abakirisu isa n’iyishaka gufata imvugo Bibiliya ikoresha kuri Shetani nk’‘imvugo ngereranyo’ idakwiye gufatwa nk’uko iri, ivyo bakabigira mu kugerageza guserura ko ikibi kibaho be n’ukuntu gikwiye hose.” Ku vyerekeye Abaporotisanti, ico gitabu nyene kivuga giti: “Abaporotisanti batadadaza bo mu gihe ca none basa n’abahakana ngo ntibikenewe ko umuntu yemera ko shetani ibaho koko.” Mugabo none Abakirisu b’ukuri boba bakwiye gufata ko ivyo Bibiliya ivuga ku vyerekeye Shetani ari “imvugo ngereranyo”?

Ico Ivyanditswe Vyigisha

Ku vyerekeye inkomoko y’ikibi, Filozofiya be na tewolojiya vy’abantu ntivyatanze insobanuro nziza iruta iyo Bibiliya itanga. Ico Ivyanditswe bivuga ku vyerekeye Shetani ni ryo shimikiro ryo gutahura inkomoko y’ikibi n’ugucumukura kw’abantu, be n’igituma ubukazi bubi bw’akataraboneka burushiriza kwunyuka uko umwaka utashe.

Bamwebamwe bashobora kubaza bati: ‘Nimba Imana ari Umuremyi mwiza kandi w’umunyarukundo, yoshoboye gute kurema ikiremwa c’impwemu c’ikibisha nka Shetani?’ Bibiliya ni yo ishiraho ingingo ngenderwako yerekana ko ibikorwa vyose Yehova Imana yakoze bitagira agasembwa kandi yuko ibiremwa vyiwe vyose bifise ubwenge vyahawe uburenganzira bwo kwihitiramwo. (Gusubira mu Vyagezwe 30:19; 32:4; Yosuwa 24:15; 1 Abami 18:21) Ikiremwa c’impwemu cacitse Shetani gitegerezwa rero kuba caremwe kitagira agasembwa, kandi gitegerezwa kuba carakebeje gita inzira y’ukuri n’ukugororoka ari co kivyihitiyemwo ku gushaka kwaco.​—Yohana 8:44; Yakobo 1:14, 15.

Mu buryo bwinshi, ingendo y’ubugarariji Shetani yakurikiye isa n’iyo “umwami w’i Tiro” yafashe, uwadondowe mu buryo bwo kuryosha imvugo ko yari “mwiza vy’agahore,” kandi ko ‘yari agahore mu ngeso ziwe zose uhereye umusi yaremeweko, gushitsa igihe ibigabitanyo vyamubonetseko.’ (Ezekiyeli 28:11-19) Shetani ntiyahakanye ubusegaba bwa Yehova canke ngo ahakane ko ari we Muremyi. Yoshoboye gute kubihakana kandi yari yaremwe n’Imana? Ariko rero, Shetani yararwanije uburyo Yehova yariko arakoresha ubusegaba bwiwe. Muri rya tongo ry’i Edeni, Shetani yakikirije avuga yuko Imana yimye umugabo n’umugore ba mbere ikintu bari bafitiye uburenganzira kandi cotumye bamererwa neza. (Itanguriro 3:1-5) Yarerewe mu gutuma Adamu na Eva bagarariza ubusegaba bugororotse bwa Yehova, abakwegera icaha n’urupfu yongera agikwegera n’ababakomokako. (Itanguriro 3:6-19; Abaroma 5:12) Gutyo, Bibiliya irerekana yuko Shetani ari we nkomoko y’ugucumukura kw’abantu.

Imbere y’uko Umwuzure uba, abandi bamarayika barifatanije na Shetani mu bugarariji bwiwe. Bariyambitse imibiri y’abantu kugira ngo bahaze ivyipfuzo vyabo vy’ukwimara inambu ku bakobwa b’abantu. (Itanguriro 6:1-4) Mu gihe c’Umwuzure, abo bamarayika b’ibihemu baciye basubira mu karere k’impwemu, mugabo ntibasubiye mu “bukuru bgabo” bahorana imbere y’Imana mw’ijuru. (Yuda 6) Bashizwe hasi mu mwiza w’umuzitanya wo mu vy’impwemu. (1 Petero 3:19, 20; 2 Petero 2:4) Bacitse amadayimoni, ntibaba bagikora bari munsi y’ubusegaba bwa Yehova, mugabo babaho bagamburukira Shetani. Naho bisa n’uko amadayimoni atasubiye kwiyambika imibiri, aracashobora kugira ububasha bukomeye ku mizirikanyi y’abantu no ku buzima bwabo, kandi nta gukeka ni yo abazwa ubukazi bwinshi turiko twibonera muri iki gihe.​—Matayo 12:43-45; Luka 8:27-33.

Iherezo ry’Ubutegetsi bwa Shetani Riri Hafi

Biratomoye yuko ububasha bw’ikibi buriko burakora mw’isi muri iki gihe. Intumwa Yohani yanditse ati: “Isi yose iri muri wa Mubi.”​—1 Yohana 5:19.

Ariko rero, ubuhanuzi bwa Bibiliya bwarangutse burerekana yuko Shetani ariko arongereza ivyago kw’isi kubera azi yuko asigaranye gusa “igihe gito” co kuyogeza inganda imbere y’uko abohwa. (Ivyahishuriwe 12:7-12; 20:1-3) Ubutegetsi bwa Shetani buzohera buce busubirirwa n’isi nshasha igororotse, aho amasozi, urupfu n’umubabaro “[bita]zoba bikiriho.” Ico gihe, ivyo Imana igomba bizoca “bib[a] mw isi nk’uko biba mw ijuru.”​—Ivyahishuriwe 21:1-4; Matayo 6:10.

[Amafoto ku rup. 4]

Abanyababiloni baremera Nerugali (hirya ibubamfu), ikaba yari imana y’ubukazi; Pulato (ibubamfu) yemera ko hariho “Ubugingo” bubiri budahuza

[Abo dukesha amafoto]

Ikimeze nk’ingegene y’igiti: Musée du Louvre, Paris; Pulato: National Archaeological Museum, Athens, Greece

[Amafoto ku rup. 5]

Irénée, Orijeni na Augustino barigishije yuko incungu yarishwe Shetani

[Abo dukesha amafoto]

Orijeni: Culver Pictures; Augustino: ikuwe mu gitabu Great Men and Famous Women (Abagabo Bahambaye n’Abagore ba Rurangiranwa)

[Ifoto ku rup. 6]

Ugutinya abapfumu vyatumye hicwa abantu ibihumbi amajana

[Abo dukesha ifoto]

Ifoto yakuwe mu gitabu Bildersaal deutscher Geschichte