Ain Jalut​—Ihinduka rikomeye muri kahise k’isi

ABO barwanyi b’ibirara baravuye muri Mongoliya bari ku mafarasi, bagenda baragaba ibitero nk’abariye amavubi, batema batongora igisagara cose canse kwishikana. Muri Ruhuhuma 1258, bararekuriye uburake bwabo ku gisagara ca Baghdad baramena impome zaco. Bamaze indwi yose bica bongera basahura. Akarere kose kabamwo Abisilamu ico gihe karatekerwa n’ubwoba kubera abo Banyamongoliya.a

Muri Nzero 1260, uko Abanyamongoliya bagenda bagana mu burengero, igisagara ca Aleppo co muri Siriya na co nyene carashikiwe n’ivyashikiye Baghdad. Muri Ntwarante, igisagara ca Damasiko carugururiye amarembo Abanyamongoliya, kirishikana. Budakeye na kabiri, Abanyamongoliya barigaruriye igisagara co muri Palestina ca Naplouse (kiri hafi y’ahahoze igisagara ca Shekemu ca kera) be n’ica Gaza.

Hülegü, umujenerali w’Abanyamongoliya, yarasavye ko Sultan al-Muzaffar Sayf al-Din Qutuz, umutware w’umwisilamu yatwara Misiri, na we nyene yishikana. Hülegü yaciye amutera ubwoba amubwira ko atishikanye Misiri yokwiboneyeko. Inteko za Hülegü zari nyinshi kuruta iza Misiri kuko tugize incahagati umurwanyi umwe wa Misiri yategerezwa kurwana n’abarwanyi b’Abanyamongoliya 15. Umutohozakahise w’ivya Isilamu Nazeer Ahmed avuga ati: “Abisilamu iyo bava bakagera barahakwa kuzimanganywa.” None Sultan Qutuz yari kubikika gute?

Qutuz n’abamameluki

Qutuz yari umumameluki (mamelouk), umushumba akomoka muri Tirkiya. Abamameluki bari abasoda n’abashumba b’abatware bo mu muryango wa cami w’aba Ayyubid b’i Kayiro, mu Misiri. Ariko mu 1250, abo bashumba bahavuye biganzura ba shebuja basigara ari bo batwara Misiri. Qutuz, ubwiwe akaba yari yahoze ari umusoda n’umushumba, yahavuye yigarurira ubutegetsi maze aba umutware mu 1259. Yari umurwanyi yakanongoreye yaheba ari uko aneshejwe. Naho ari ukwo, gutsinda Abanyamongoliya vyasa n’ibiri kure nk’ukwezi. Hinge rero hatangure kuba ibintu vyari gutuma haba amahinduka akomeye cane kw’isi.

Hari inkuru yaciye ishikira Hülegü y’uko Möngke, umutware mukuru w’Abanyamongoliya, yari yapfiriye hariya kure muri Mongoliya. Kubera ko Hülegü yaciye abona yuko muri Mongoliya hashobora kwaduka ivy’ukurwanira ubutegetsi, yaciye asubira inyuma, atabarukana n’ingabo ziwe nka zose, asiga ingabo ziri hagati ya 10.000 na 20.000. Yiyumvira ko izo ngabo zari zihagije ku buryo zoshoboye gusozera urugamba rwo kwigarurira Misiri. Qutuz yaciye abona ko aronse amahirwe yo guca atsinda. Yaratahuye ko ako kari ko karyo ko gutsinda abo bansi.

Ariko rero, hagati y’akarere ka Misiri n’ak’Abanyamongoliya hariho abandi bansi b’abisilamu, ni ukuvuga inteko z’abiyita abakirisu zari zaje muri Palestina kwigarurira ico “Gihugu Ceranda” ngo kibe ic’abakirisu. Qutuz yaciye abasaba ngo bamukundire arengane, bamuhe n’uburenganzira bwo kugura ibintu kugira arwane n’Abanyamongoliya muri Palestina. Abo barwanyi bari baje kwigarurira Palestina baramwemereye. Nakare, Qutuz ni we wenyene bari bizeye ko yokwomoye Abanyamongoliya muri ako karere, narirya bari bageramiwe n’abo Banyamongoliya cokimwe n’abisilamu.

Ico gihe rero, urubuga rw’intambara rwari ruteguwe kugira abamameluki n’Abanyamongoliya batane mu mitwe.

Ain Jalut muri Palestina

Igisoda c’abamameluki n’ic’Abanyamongoliya vyahuriye i Ain Jalut mu Kiyaya ca Esdrelon muri Nyakanga 1260. Vyiyumvirwa ko aho i Ain Jalut hari hafi y’igisagara ca kera ca Megido.b

Umutohozakahise Rashid al-Din avuga yuko abamameluki bakwegakweze Abanyamongoliya gushika i Megido aho bari babateze umutego. Qutuz yarafashe abasoda biwe nka bose bagendera ku mafarasi abanyegeza mu mirambi yari irya n’ino y’ico kiyaya maze arungika bake ngo baje gusomborotsa Abanyamongoliya. Abanyamongoliya biyumviriye ko ata bandi basoda b’abamameluki basigaye uretse abo bari bahanganye na bo, baca bagaba igitero. Hinge rero Qutuz agomorore za ngabo ziwe zinyegeye. Yaciye ategeka izo ngabo ngo zinyeguruke maze zitere abo Banyamongoliya zibaturutse mu mbavu. Gutyo umwansi aba araneshejwe.

Ryari ryo rya mbere Abanyamongoliya batsindwa kuva aho baviriye muri Mongoliya imyaka 43 imbere y’aho bagatangura kugaba ibitero bagana mu burengero. Naho ingabo zarwaniye aho i Ain Jalut twovuga ko zari nkeyi, iyo ntambara ibonwa ko yabaye imwe mu ntambara zihambaye cane zabaye muri kahise. Yatumye abisilamu batazimangana, ikuraho ivyiyumviro vy’uko Abanyamongoliya ari intatsindwa, yongera ituma igisoda c’abamameluki gisubira kwigarurira intara cari caratakaje.

Inkurikizi z’intambara y’i Ain Jalut

Abanyamongoliya baragarutse mu karere ka Siriya na Palestina incuro nka zingahe, mugabo ntibari bagishoboye gutera ubwoba Misiri. Abakomotse kuri Hülegü baragerereye mu Buperesi, binjira idini rya Isilamu, haciye igihe basigara ari bo bateza imbere imico y’abisilamu. Uturere babamwo dufatiwe hamwe twahavuye twitwa intara y’ubutware yo mu Buperesi ikukira Mongoliya.

Qutuz amaze gutahukana intsinzi, ntiyaramvye. Budakeye na kabiri abakeba biwe baciye bamwica. Muri abo bakeba biwe harimwo Baybars wa mbere, umutware wa mbere w’ubwami bwunze ubumwe bwa Misiri na Siriya. Benshi babona ko uwo mutegetsi ari we vy’ukuri yashinze intwaro y’abamameluki. Iyo leta yiwe nshasha yarangwa n’intwaro ibereye be n’ubutunzi bwinshi, ikaba yararamvye gushika mu 1517, imaze ibinjana bibiri n’igice.

Muri ico kiringo c’imyaka hafi 250, abamameluki barirukanye muri ca Gihugu Ceranda za nteko z’abiyita abakirisu, barijukira ubudandaji n’amahinguriro, barateza imbere ivy’utugenegene bongera barubaka amavuriro, imisigiti n’amashure. Ku ngoma yabo, Misiri yacitse ahantu hakomeye kw’isi yose harangwa imico y’abisilamu.

Intambara yabereye i Ain Jalut ntiyagize ico ihinduye mu Karere k’ibihugu vy’Abarabu gusa. Yaranaciriye inzira iterambere ry’ikibano c’Abanyaburaya n’imico kama yabo. Ikinyamakuru kimwe (Saudi Aramco World) kivuga giti: “Iyo Abanyamongoliya bigarurira Misiri, Hülegü amaze kugaruka bari gushobora gushishikarira muri Afrika yo mu Buraruko bagashika no kuri ya mazi y’i Gibraltar ahuza Ikiyaga Mediterane n’Ibahari Atlantike.” Narirya ico gihe Abanyamongoliya bari bamaze gushika muri Polonye, bari guca basugereza Uburaya impande zose.

Ico kinyamakuru nyene kibaza giti: “Iyo bigenda ukwo, vyoba none vyari gushoboka ko rya nagurwa ry’imico kama y’Abanyaburaya (Renaissance) riba?” Congerako giti: “Ubu isi iba kumbure itandukanye cane n’uko iri.”

[Utujambo tw’epfo]

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(Ushaka igisiomwa cose, raba ico gitabu)

Damasiko

SIRIYA

Msz. Tabori

Ikiyaya ca Esdrelon

Ain Jalut (hafi ya Megido)

Naplouse (Shekemu)

Yeruzalemu

Gaza

MISIRI

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Ahahoze ca gisagara ca Megido

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Ingabo z’abamameluki n’iz’Abanyamongoliya zahuriye i Ain Jalut mu Kiyaya ca Esdrelon muri Nyakanga 1260

[Abo dukesha ayo makuru]

Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est.

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Ibisigarira vy’igisagara ca kera ca Shekemu, inyuma yavyo hakaba haboneka igice c’igisagara ca Naplouse c’ubu