Ingabe Inkolo Iyadingeka Ngempela?

INGABE inkolo ibalulekile kuwe? Ingabe, mhlawumbe, uyilungu leqembu elithile lenkolo noma lesonto? Uma kunjalo, unokuningi ofana ngakho nabantu ababephila emuva lé ngo-1844, unyaka isazi sefilosofi esingumJalimane uKarl Marx esabhala ngawo: “Inkolo . . . ingumlaliso wabantu.” Ngalezozinsuku cishe wonke umuntu wayeya esontweni futhi inkolo yayinethonya elinamandla kuzo zonke izigaba zomphakathi. Namuhla, lokho kuye kwashintsha kakhulu, futhi inkolo ifeza ingxenye encane noma ayifezi lutho ekuphileni kwamakhulu ezigidi zabantu. Uma usonta, cishe uyingxenye yeqembu elincane emphakathini wakini.

Yini eyabangela lolushintsho? Phakathi kokunye, uKarl Marx wasungula ifilosofi emelene nenkolo eyaba nethonya elikhulu. Ngokusobala uMarx wabheka inkolo njengeyisithiyo entuthukweni yomuntu. Wathi izidingo zesintu kungahlangatshezwana nazo kangcono kakhulu ngokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo, ifilosofi eyathatha indawo kaNkulunkulu noma indawo yenkolo engokwesiko. Lokhu kwamholela ekubeni athi: “Isidingo sokuqala sokuba abantu bathole injabulo siwukuba kupheliswe inkolo.”

Ifilosofi kaMarx yokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo yathuthukiswa ngokwengeziwe ngumuntu owayesekela isimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni ongumJalimane uFriedrich Engels nomholi osekela ubuKhomanisi waseRussia uVladimir Lenin. Lefilosofi yaziwa ngokuthi iMarxism-Leninism. Kuze kube sezikhathini zamuva nje, ingxenye engaphezu kweyesithathu yesintu iye yaphila ngaphansi kwemibuso yezombangazwe eyayilandela ngezinga elikhulu noma elincane lefilosofi yokungakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu. Amadoda amaningi nabesifazane basayilandela namanje.

Ukukhula Kokungakhathalelwa Kwenkolo

Kodwa ukusakazeka kwefilosofi yobuKhomanisi akuyona into okuwukuphela kwayo eyenza ithonya lenkolo esintwini laba buthakathaka. Intuthuko emkhakheni wezesayensi nayo yaba nengxenye. Ngokwesibonelo, ukukhanyiswa kombono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwaholela abaningi ekukungabazeni ukuba khona koMdali. Futhi kwakukhona nezinye izici.

IEncyclopædia Britannica ikhuluma ‘ngokutholwa kwezincazelo ezingokwesayensi zezenzakalo ngaphambili okwakuthiwa zibangelwa yizimbangela ezingaphezu kwezingokwemvelo’ kanye ‘nokupheliswa kwethonya lenkolo ehleliwe emikhakheni yomsebenzi enjengezokwelapha, ezemfundo nezobuciko.’ Izenzakalo ezinjengalezi ziye zaholela ekukhuleni kokungakhathalelwa kwenkolo. Kuyini ukungakhathalelwa kwenkolo? Kuchazwa ngokuthi “umbono wokuphila . . . osekelwe esizathwini sokuthi inkolo kanye nemibono engokwenkolo kufanele kushaywe indiva noma kushiywe ngaphandle ngenhloso.” Ukungakhathalelwa kwenkolo kunethonya emazweni obuKhomanisi nangewona awobuKhomanisi.

Kodwa ukungakhathalelwa kwenkolo neMarxism-Leninism kwakungekodwa ekwenzeni ithonya lenkolo libe buthakathaka. Amasonto eLobukholwa nawo kumelwe abekwe icala. Ngani? Ngoba emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka aye alisebenzisa kabi igunya lawo. Futhi aye afundisa izimfundiso ezisekelwe emasikweni angekho ngokomBhalo nasekelwe kumafilosofi abantu esikhundleni sokusekelwa eBhayibhelini. Ngakho, abaningi emihlanjini yawo babebuthakathaka kakhulu ngokomoya ukuba bangamelana nokuhlasela kokungakhathalelwa kwenkolo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, iningi lamasonto ngokwawo ekugcineni lavumela ukunqotshwa ukungakhathalelwa kwenkolo. Ekhulwini le-19 leminyaka, izazi zenkolo kweLobukholwa zaqhamuka nohlobo lokucusumbulwa kwemibhalo, kwabaningi, olwabhubhisa ukukholeka kweBhayibheli njengeliyiZwi likaNkulunkulu eliphefumlelwe. Amasonto, kuhlanganise neSonto LamaRoma Katolika, amukela umbono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Yebo, ayesathi ayakholelwa endalweni. Kodwa akuvuma ukuthi umzimba womuntu kwakungenzeka wavela ngokuziphendukela, kuyilapho kungumphefumulo kuphela owadalwa uNkulunkulu. Phakathi nawo-1960, ubuProthestani baqhamuka nemfundiso yenkolo eyamemezela “ukufa kukaNkulunkulu.” Abefundisi abaningi bamaProthestani bayithethelela indlela yokuphila yokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo. Babubekezelela ubulili bangaphambi komshado ngisho nobungqingili. Ezinye izazi zemfundiso yenkolo zamaKatolika zasungula imfundiso yenkolo yenkululeko, zixuba ubuKatolika neMarxism eguqukayo.

Ukuhlehla Kokungakhathalelwa Kwenkolo

Kanjalo, ukungakhathalelwa kwenkolo kwadlanga, ikakhulukazi phakathi nawo-1960 kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba cishe maphakathi nawo-1970. Khona-ke izimo zaphinde zashintsha. Ngokuyinhloko, inkolo, nakuba amasonto amakhulu ayengahilelekile, yayibonakala sengathi iyasimama. Kuwo wonke umhlaba, ekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1970 nango-1980 kwaba khona ukwanda kwamaqembu enkolo amasha.

Kungani inkolo iphinda ivuka? Isazi sesayensi yezenhlalo esingumFulentshi uGilles Kepel sathi “abantu abavamile abathole imfundo yezwe . . . bagomela ngokuthi isiko lezwe liye labaholela kwangqingetshe futhi ngokufuna ngenkani ukukhululeka kwabo kuNkulunkulu, abantu bavuna abakutshalile ngokuqhosha nokuzikhukhumeza kwabo, okungukuthi, ubushinga, isahlukaniso, ingculaza, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa, [no]kuzibulala.”

Ukuhlehla kokungakhathalelwa kwenkolo kuye kwathola amandla amasha kusukela kulokho okubonakala kuwukuwa kweMarxism-Leninism kwamuva nje. Kubantu abaningi lefilosofi yokungakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu yase iyinkolo eneqiniso. Khona-ke, cabanga ngokudideka kwalabo ababebeke ithemba labo kuyo! Iphephandaba iWashington Post laseMoscow lacaphuna amazwi ashiwo owayengumphathi weCommunist Party Higher School owathi: “Izwe aliphili ngomnotho walo nezinhlangano zalo kuphela, kodwa nangezinganekwane zalo nabasunguli bazinhlangano zalo. Kuyinto eqeda amandla nganoma yimuphi umphakathi ukuthola ukuthi izinganekwane zawo ezinkulu kunazo zonke azisekelwe eqinisweni kodwa zisekelwe kuyinkulumo-ze namaphupho. Kodwa yilokho esihlangabezana nakho manje endabeni kaLenin nesikhathi senguquko.”

Sikhuluma ngakho kokubili amazwe obuKhomanisi nahweba ngokukhululekile, isazi sesayensi yezenhlalo nefilosofi esingumFulentshi uEdgar Morin savuma: “Akukhona nje ukuthi siye sabona ukuwohloka kwekusasa eliqhakazile elithenjiswe abantu besigaba esiphansi kodwa futhi sibone ukuwohloka kwentuthuko ezenzekelayo nengokwemvelo yomphakathi wezwe, lapho isayensi, ukuhlakanipha, nesimiso sentando yeningi bekumelwe kuqhubekele phambili khona ngokuzenzekelayo. . . . Manje ayisekho intuthuko eqinisekisiwe. Ikusasa esasithembele kulo liye lawohloka.” Lowo umuzwa wokungabi nanjongo abanawo abaningi ababeka ukholo lwabo emizamweni yomuntu yokwenza izwe elingcono ngaphandle kukaNkulunkulu.

Isithakazelo Esivuselelwe Enkolweni

Lomuzwa wokudumazeka osemhlabeni wonke ubangela ukuba abantu abaningi abaqotho baqaphele isidingo sohlangothi olungokomoya ekuphileni kwabo. Bayasibona isidingo senkolo. Kodwa abanelisiwe amasonto amakhulu, futhi abanye bayazingabaza izinkolo ezintsha—ezihlanganisa izinkolo eziphulukisayo, amaqembu aphilisa ngokuyisimangaliso, amahlelo anezimfihlakalo eziqondwa ngabathile, ngisho namaqembu abakhulekeli bakaSathane. Ubuhlanya obungokwenkolo nabo budlangile. Ngakho, yebo, inkolo isimama ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Kodwa ingabe ukubuyela okunjalo enkolweni kuyinto enhle ngesintu? Empeleni, ingabe noma iyiphi inkolo iyazanelisa ngempela izidingo ezingokomoya zesintu?

[Isithombe ekhasini 3]

“Inkolo iyimbangela yokububula kwesidalwa esicindezelwe, umuzwa wezwe elinonya, ukuphila kwesimo esingenaluzwela. Ingumlaliso wabantu”

[Umthombo]

Photo: New York Times, Berlin—33225115

[Isithombe ekhasini 4]

UVladimir Lenin (ongenhla) noKarl Marx babebo-na inkolo injengesithiyo entuthukweni yomuntu

[Umthombo]

Musée d’Histoire Contemperaine—BDIC (Universitiés de Paris)

[Isithombe ekhasini 5]

Umqondo wamaMarxist-Leninist wawubangele amathemba amakhulu ezinhliziyweni zezigidi zabantu

[Umthombo]

Musée d’Histoire Contemperaine—BDIC (Universitiés de Paris)

[Umthombo Wesithombe ekhasini 2]

Cover photo: Garo Nalbandian