Ukubuka Okwezwe

Ukuhluleka Kwe-UN

“Akukhona ukuhluleka kweZizwe Ezihlangene kuphela; ukuhluleka komphakathi wezwe lonke. Futhi sonke sinecala ngalokhu kuhluleka,” kububula unobhala-jikelele we-UN uBoutros Boutros-Ghali lapho ekhuluma ngokubulawa kwabantu eRwanda. “Ukuqothulwa kwesizwe lokhu okwenzekile. Kubulewe abantu abangaphezu kuka-200-000 kodwa namanje umphakathi wezwe lonke usakhuluma ngokuthi yini okumelwe yenziwe.” Njengoba kwabikwa ngo-May 26, lonobhala-jikelele wathi ubhalele ababusi bamaZwe abangaphezu kuka-30 ebanxusa ukuba bathumele amasosha futhi wabambisana nezinhlangano ezihlukene ezama ukuthola ikhambi. “Ngeshwa,” enezela, “ngihlulekile. Yihlazo. Yimina owokuqala olivumayo.” Ambalwa amazwe ase-Afrika angase akwazi ukubhekana nezindleko zokuthumela amabutho, ikakhulukazi njengoba i-UN yephuzile ukuthumela imali eyisinxephezelo ngenxa yezinkinga zayo zemali. Amazwe amaningi aseNtshonalanga enqabile ukuhileleka, futhi umongameli wase-United States uBill Clinton wathi okuzofezwa uma sekulwiwe akukufanelekeli ukuba kusetshenziswe amabutho ezempi aseMelika. UMnu. Boutros-Ghali uye wasola “ukukhathala ukunikela,” njengoba amazwe athumela izisebenzi nemali ecelwe ukuba enze kanjalo emikhankasweni engu-17 ehlukene yeZizwe Ezihlangene, ngokwe-New York Times.

Impicabadala

“Kukhona yini okungachaza iqungo elesabekayo elivuke abantu eRwanda?” kubuza i-Economist yaseLondon. “Ngisho nenzondo [yobuzwe] okukade yaba khona ayinikezi isizathu esigculisayo salokhu kubulala okunonya.” Nakuba amaTutsi namaHutu engase angafani kancane, sekungamakhulu eminyaka ehlala ndawonye futhi enolimi olulodwa namasiko afanayo. Lesisihloko sifanisa ukuhluka kwawo njengezizwe nalokho okukhona phakathi kwabaseScotland nabaseNgilandi. “Kodwa manje bajikelene, hhayi ngohlobo lombayimbayi noma izibhamu odubula ngazo ukude kodwa ngocelemba, amakhuba, imishiza, nangezandla. Omakhelwane baye babulalana bodwa, ngisho nalabo ababa abangane kusukela ebuntwaneni. Kuye kwabulawa abesilisa, abesifazane nabantwana. Kungani? Kubonakala kuyimpicabadala.”

Ukufa Kwezinyoni Kuyizixwayiso

Nakuba uhlobo oluqinaqinile lwezinyoni—imizwilili, o-mynah, amagwababa—luchuma ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima, izinyoni eziningi zomhlaba ziyahluleka. Ezinhlotsheni zezinyoni ezingu-9 600, amaphesenti angu-70 ayancipha futhi izinhlobo ezingu-1 000 zingase ziqothulwe esikhathini esizayo esingekude. “Okushaqisayo, ngalé kokulahlekelwa okuqondile okwenzekayo, ukuthi izinyoni, ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ziwuphawu oluhle kakhulu olubonisa impilo yezinye izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo—naso sonke isimiso sezinto eziphilayo,” kusho umagazini i-World Watch. “Esikubonayo akusona nje isixwayiso sokuncipha okusongelayo, kodwa kuyingxenye yokuncipha uqobo—ukucekelwa phansi kwesimiso sendawo ezungezile esigcina impilo yeplanethi ilinganiselwe.” Izinyoni zivimbela ukwanda kwezilwanyana ezihlupha izilwane nezinambuzane, zithele impova ezitshalweni, futhi zisize ekutshaleni kabusha amahlathi ngokusakaza izimbewu zemithi endleni yazo. Kodwa ukuphila kwazo kuyasongelwa futhi izindawo ezihlala kuzo zicekelwa phansi njengoba abantu beshintsha isimo sezwe—ngokugawula amahlathi, besebenzisa indawo enotshani ukuze kuklabe imfuyo futhi batshale, beqeda izindawo ezingamaxhaphozi, futhi besusa izindawo ezinkulu ngezimiso zamadamu amakhulu—ingasaphathwa-ke eyokuzibulala ngokuqondile ngokuzingela, ukusebenzisa ngokweqile amakhemikhali, udoti onoshevu, nokuchitheka kukawoyela. “Izinga izinyoni eziqothulwa ngalo—nelezinye izilwane nezitshalo—kubonakala sengathi lizokhula ngokushesha,” kuphawula lesisihloko.

Omama Abeve Eshumini Nambili

Unyaka ngamunye emhlabeni wonke kubeletha abesifazane abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-15 abaneminyaka ephakathi kuka-15 no-20 ubudala, kulinganisela i-Populi, umagazini we-United Nations Population Fund. Lesisibalo asihlanganisi amantombazane aneminyaka engaphansi kuka-15, futhi asibali izisu ezikhishiwe noma eziphuphumile. E-Afrika kuphela amaphesenti acishe abe ngu-28 abo bonke abesifazane abeletha engakabi neminyaka engu-18 ubudala. Abacwaningi bathi phakathi kwezizathu zokwanda kokukhulelwa kwabeve eshumini nambili kulelizwekazi kubalwa ukungazi ngezindaba zobulili, ukushada besebancane, nobunzima bezomnotho obufaka abesifazane abasebasha esilingweni sokuthandana nabesilisa asebebadala, abacebile okuthiwa o-sugar daddy. “Ngokwesilinganiso, akubona kuphela abesifazane abeve eshumini nambili ababhekene nengozi ephindwe kabili yokufa lapho besakhulelwe noma bebeletha kunabesifazane abaneminyaka engu-20 kuya ku-34 ubudala,” kusho i-Populi, “kodwa nezinsana zomama abeve eshumini nambili zisengozini enkulu yokufa.”

Usizo Lwe-computer Oluzonikezwa Izithulu

Isimiso se-computer esisanda kusungulwa ngokushesha singase sisize abantu abayizithulu ukuba bafunde ukukhuluma ngendlela evamile. Kwabayizithulu, ukufunda indlela yokukhuluma kucishe kufane nokufunda ulimi ongalwazi. Leliqiniso yilona eliholele ekubeni i-Research Centre of Language Technologies e-University of Edinburgh, eScotland, isungule lesisimiso. Umbiko womthombo wezindaba i-Agence France-Presse uthi lesisimiso se-computer sihlaziya indlela yomfundi yokukhuluma bese ngaso lesosikhathi sibonise okudingeka kulungiswe ukuze aphimisele ngendlela efanele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesisimiso sizohlanganisa nochungechunge lwezifundo eziklanyelwe ukusiza izithulu ukuba kancane kancane zithuthukise ukungaguquki komsindo wezwi nesigqi lapho zikhuluma. Lesisimiso siyokwenziwa sikwazi nokufundisa abafundi abayizithulu izilimi abangazazi.

Ubuciko BeMpi Yezwe I Bukhipha Isitimela Emzileni

Umsebenzi wobuciko weMpi Yezwe I wachezukisa into ebineqholo ngayo i-French National Railways, i-TGV (Isitimela Esinesivinini Esikhulu), emzileni wayo owawusanda kuvulwa ophakathi kweParis neValenciennes ngasenyakatho yeFrance. Iphephandaba laseParis i-Monde libika ukuthi lengozi yenzeka lapho amagunjana angaphansi komhlaba ayengabonakalanga ngaphansi kojantshi be-TGV ebhodloka kungazelelwe. Indawo okwenzeka kuyo lengozi yayiyinkundla yenye yezimpi ezaba isibhicongo empini ka-1914-18, iMpi YaseSomme. Nakuba kungacishe kungenzeki ukuba abonakale ngaphezulu, lamagunjana angaphansi komhlaba, imisele efihlekile, nezimbobo ezinkulu ezavulwa amabhomu—izinsalela zempi yasemiseleni zempi yezwe yokuqala—zithé chithi saka yonke indawo. Kwathunyelwa amaqembu ochwepheshe ukuba ayohlola izindawo umzila ohamba kuzo ukuze kutholakale ezinye izindawo ezingase zibe ingozi futhi ziqiniswe.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwezibhamu Ngenhloso Yokubulala

Bangaki abantu ababulawa ngezibhamu ngo-1992? E-Australia babengu-13, eBrithani 33, eCanada 128, eJapane 60, eSweden 36, eSwitzerland 97, kanti e-United States kwaba u-13 220 oshaqisayo, ngokwezibalo ezisanda kukhishwa. Njengoba kubikwe ku-International Herald Tribune, abantu abangu-38 317 bafa ngezibhamu bebulawa, bezibulala, bedutshulwa nangengozi e-United States phakathi no-1991—ukufa kwabantu abangaphezu kwekhulu usuku ngalunye. Umongameli wase-United States uBill Clinton wakhuluma ngesibhedlela esithile lapho inani labamukelwa kuso benamanxeba okudutshulwa landa lisuka ku-449 laya ku-1 220 eminyakeni emihlanu nje. Naphezu kwalokhu kubhuqwa kwabantu, abenzi bezibhamu bakhiqiza isibhamu esisodwa njalo emizuzwaneni engu-20.

Amabhele Abalekayo

Akubona abantu kuphela ababalekela ukucekela phansi kwempi. “Ethuswe ukuqhubeka kwempi ezweni elaliyiYugoslavia, amabhele ansundu ayaphuma emahlathini ahlale eluhlaza aseBosnia abhekisa amabombo enyakatho ngase-Italy,” kusho i-New Scientist. “Izazi zendawo ezungezile e-Italy naseSlovenia ziye zabambisana ukuze zizame ukuvikela amabhele abalekayo.” Nokho, lamabhele aye ahlangabezana nezinye izingozi ezibangelwa abantu. Amaningana alamabhele afudukayo aye abulawa izimoto emigwaqweni emikhulu yase-Italy naseSlovenia. Amanye aye abulawa ngemva kokuhlasela imfuyo noma abulawa abazingeli. Abalimi eSlovenia bagunyazwa umthetho ukuba babulale izilwane ezonakalisa izitshalo zabo noma ezihlasela imfuyo yabo. Kuye kwaqongelelwa imali yokutholela lamabhele ukudla futhi kanjalo asizwe ukuba ahlale ezindaweni ezivikelekile.

Ababaleki Baphathwa Kabi Yonke Indawo

Ngo-1993 inani lababaleki embulungeni yonke landa kakhulu laba ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-20, kusho uSadako Ogata, ukhomishane we-United Nations High Commission for Refugees. Kwakunababaleki abayizigidi ezingu-15 kuphela ngo-1991, lapho ethatha lesisikhundla. Ukungazinzi kwezombangazwe nezimpi zobuzwe yizona zizathu eziyinhloko zalelinani elikhulu lababaleki, kubika iphephandaba laseJalimane i-Süddeutsche Zeitung. Nokho, kubonakala sengathi ababaleki baphathwa kabi yonke indawo. Ngani? Ngoba emazweni abafikele kuwo, kunezela lokhomishane, ngokuvamile ababaleki babeqhubeka beba izisulu zobudlova. Wathi inzondo engokohlanga nokudelelwa kwabantu bakwezinye izindawo kuyasabalala.

Isikhathi Sokujabula Esiyingozi

“Inani lababulawayo landa ngamaphesenti angu-58 ngesikhathi semigidi,” kubika iphephandaba laseBrazil i-Estado de S. Paulo. ESão Paulo, “kwabulawa abantu abangu-79 futhi kwazanywa ukubulala abangu-124.” Ngaphezu kwalokho kwaba nezenzo zokuphanga ezingu-2 227 (zazingu-277 ngo-1993) nezokuhlasela ezingu-807 (zazingu-282 ngo-1993) ngalezozinsuku ezinhlanu, njengoba “amasela ayehlasela imizi, izitolo, izimboni, abantu emgwaqweni.” Futhi kwaba nezehlakalo ezingu-37 zokuzibulala nezingu-25 zokudlwengula. “ERio de Janeiro, i-Civil Police yabika ukuthi ubudlova banda ngamaphesenti angu-14 uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi semigidi sika-1993. Kwabulawa abantu abangu-63, abandé ngabangu-10 kwabangonyaka odlule.” Ebhala ‘ngezingozi zezikhathi zemigidi’ ephephandabeni i-Jornal do Brasil, uDom Eugênio de Araújo Sales, umbhishobhi omkhulu ongukhadinali waseRio de Janeiro, wathi: “ISonto alimelene nenkathi yemigidi uma iwukuzijabulisa nokubonakaliswa kwenjabulo, okuwusizo kakhulu ukuze izingqondo zabantu zilinganisele. Yebo, iSonto liyakulahla ukweqiwa komthetho wokuziphatha, esingaphansi kwawo, sithanda singathandi.”