Ubani Obulala Amahlathi Emvula?
LOWOMBUZO uvame ukuphendulwa ngokubeka icala abampofu bezwe. Emakhulwini eminyaka, izichaka zasemazweni asezindaweni ezishisayo ziye zalima leyondawo ngokugawula nokushisa izihlahla. Zigawula isiqeshana sehlathi bese zisishisa, futhi ngaphambi noma ngemva nje kokuba sishiswe, zitshala izitshalo. Umlotha wehlathi unikeza okutshaliwe izakhi.
Loluhlobo lokulima kudala lwembula iqiniso elimangazayo ngamahlathi emvula asezindaweni ezishisayo. Cishe amaphesenti angu-95 awo akhula emhlabathini ongemuhle neze. Ihlathi lijikelezisa izakhi ngokushesha kangangokuthi ngokuvamile zigcinwa ezihlahleni nasezitshalweni ezinde kakhulu, zivikelekile ezimvuleni ezingazikhukhula zizisuse emhlabathini. Ihlathi lemvula ngaleyondlela liyifanelekele kakhulu indawo elikuyo. Lezindaba azizinhle kangako kumlimi.
Usizi Lwabampofu
Ngokushesha okukhulu, izimvula zigugula izakhi umlotha ozishiya ehlathini elishisiwe. Kancane kancane, ukulima kuba nzima. Umlimi ompofu waseBolivia wakubeka ngalendlela: “Ngonyaka wokuqala, ngagawula izihlahla ngazishisa. Futhi ummbila wakhula kulowomlotha waba mude futhi waba-mnandi, futhi sonke sacabanga ukuthi ekugcineni sase siphumelele. . . . Kodwa kusukela ngalesosikhathi, izinto ziye zaba zimbi. Inhlabathi iya ngokuya yoma, futhi akusamili lutho kuyo ngaphandle kokhula. . . . Futhi kuthiwani ngezinambuzane? Angikaze ngibone izinhlobo eziningi kangaka. . . . Cishe sesihlulekile.”
Ezikhathini ezidlule, umlimi wayemane agawule iziqeshana ezintsha zehlathi futhi ayeke indima yendawo abetshale kuyo ngaphambili ingatshalwe lutho. Uma nje ihlathi seliye lamila ezindaweni ayezilimile kuqala, laliphinda ligawulwe futhi. Nokho, ukuze lenqubo isebenze, iziqeshana ezigawuliwe kumelwe zizungezwe yihlathi lokuqala ukuze izinambuzane, izinyoni, nezilwane zikwazi ukusakaza imbewu nokusiza izihlahla ezincane ezisezintsha ukuba zikhule. Lokhu kuthatha isikhathi.
Ukwanda okukhulu kwabantu nakho kuzishintshile izinto. Njengoba abalimi beqoqelana ndawonye, izinkathi zokungatshali lutho ziya ziba zimfushane kakhulu. Ngokuvamile, abalimi abayizihambi bamane batshale indawo yabo kuze kukhathale inhlabathi eminyakeni embalwa bese beqhubekela phambili ehlathini, beshisa ingxenye yalo enkulu.
Kunesinye isici esenza isimo sibe sibi. Izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zabantu emazweni angakathuthuki zithembele ezinkunini ukuze zipheke futhi zibase. Abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyinkulungwane bangahlangabezana nezidingo zabo zomlilo kuphela ngokugawula izinkuni zokubasa ngokushesha kunokuba zithathelwa indawo ezinye njengamanje.
Izimbangela Ezijule Ngokwengeziwe
Kulula ukusola abampofu. Kodwa njengoba izazi zokuhlalisana kwezinto eziphilayo nendawo eziphila kuyo uJames D. Nations noDaniel I. Komer bekubeka, lokho “kunjengokusola amasosha ngokubangela izimpi.” Bayenezela: “Bamane nje bayizisulu emdlalweni kajenene. Ukuze aqonde indima yabafuduki ekuqedweni kwamahlathi, umuntu kumelwe abuze ukuthi okokuqala kungani lemikhaya ingena kulamahlathi. Impendulo ilula: ngenxa yokuthi abanayo indawo yokutshala kwenye indawo.”
Kwelinye izwe lasezindaweni ezishisayo, amaphesenti angu-72 endawo angawabanini zindawo abangamaphesenti amabili kuphela. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amaphesenti angu-83 emikhaya ehlala emaphandleni awanayo indawo eyanele yokuyiphilisa noma awanayo kwanhlobo. Lesisimo siphindaphindeka ngamazinga ahlukahlukene embulungeni yonke. Izindawo ezinkulu zendawo yabantu ngabanye, azisetshenziselwa ukutshala ukudla kwabantu bendawo, kodwa ukutshala izitshalo zokuthunyelwa ngaphandle ukuze zidayiselwe amazwe acebile nasezindaweni ezishisa futhi zibande ngokusesilinganisweni.
Imboni edayisa izingodo ingesinye isiboshwa esidumile. Ngaphandle komonakalo oqondile ewenzayo ehlathini, ukugawula izingodo nakho kwenza amahlathi achayeke emlilweni—nakubantu. Imigwaqo yokugawula izingodo evulwa ogandaganda abakhulu eya emahlathini angakenziwa lutho ivulela izixuku ezengeziwe zabalimi bakwamanye amazwe indlela.
Futhi lapho ukulima kwehluleka, njengoba kuvame ukwenza kanjalo, abafuyi bezinkomo bathenga indawo bese beyenza amadlelo ezinkomo. Lokhu kunjalo ikakhulukazi eMelika eseNingizimu nePhakathi. Inyama eningi evela kulezozinkomo ithunyelwa emazweni acebe kakhulu. Ikati lasekhaya elivamile eUnited States lidla inyama yenkomo eningi kakhulu ngonyaka kunomuntu ovamile waseMelika ePhakathi.
Ekugcineni, amazwe athuthukile akhokhela ukuqedwa kwamahlathi emvula asezindaweni ezishisayo—ukuze anelise ukuhaha kwawo. Izinkuni ezivela kwelinye izwe lasezindaweni ezishisayo, umkhiqizo, inyama, abakuthenga ngentshiseko emazweni asezindaweni ezishisayo konke kudinga ukuqedwa noma ukuncishiswa kwehlathi. Ilukuluku laseMelika nelaseYurophu lecocaine liye lasho ukucatshwa kwamakhulu ezinkulungwane zamahektare ehlathi lemvula ePeru ukuze izitshalo zecoca eletha imali eshisiwe zivulelwe indlela.
Izinzuzo Ezimuncu
Ohulumeni abaningi bakusekela ngentshiseko ukuqedwa kwamahlathi. Balungiselela ikhefu ekukhokheni intela ekhokhwa abafuyi bezinkomo, izinkampane zezingodo, nezolimo ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Amanye amazwe anikeza umlimi isiqeshana sendawo uma “eyithuthukisa” ngokuyisusa ihlathi elikuyo. Elinye izwe eAsia eseNingizimu-mpumalanga liye lathuthela abalimi bakwamanye amazwe ngezigidi emahlathini alo emvula akude.
Izimiso ezinjalo zilwelwa ngokuthi zisebenzisa amahlathi ukuze kuzuze abampofu noma kusekelwe isimiso sezomnotho esintengayo. Kodwa njengoba abagxeki bekubona, ngisho nalezinzuzo zesikhashana ziyakhohlisa. Ngokwesibonelo, izwe elalingenamusa ezitshalweni zomlimi lingase lingabi nabungane kangako ezinkomeni zomfuyi. Ngokuvamile amadlelo ayashiywa ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi.
Imboni yezingodo ayivamile ukuphumelela. Lapho izinkuni eziqinile zasezindaweni ezishisayo zisuswa ehlathini ngaphandle kokucabangela ikusasa, amahlathi ancipha ngokushesha. IWorld Bank ilinganisela ukuthi amazwe angaphezu kwangu-20 kwangu-33 njengamanje athumela izingodo zasezindaweni ezishisayo kwamanye amazwe azophelelwa yizo phakathi neminyaka eyishumi. IThailand yaphelelwa amahlathi kangangokuthi kwadingeka ukuba yenqabele ngokomthetho konke ukugawulwa kwezingodo. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi iPhilippines izobe ingasenamahlathi kwaphela phakathi neminyaka yawo-1990.
Kodwa indida ebuhlungu kakhulu wukuthi: Ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa ukuthi indima yehlathi lemvula ingangenisa imali eningi uma iyekwe injalo nomkhiqizo wayo—ngokwesibonelo, izithelo nenjoloba—kuyavunwa. Yebo, imali eningi kunokulima, ukufuya, nokugawula izingodo endaweni eyodwa. Kanti, ukubhubhisa kuyaqhubeka.
Imbulunga ayinakukusekela lokhu kuphathwa kwamahlathi kuze kube phakade. Njengoba incwadi iSaving the Tropical Forests ikubeka: “Uma siqhubeka nokubhubhisa okwenzekayo manje umbuzo awukhona ukuthi ihlathi lemvula liyonyamalala yini kodwa ukuthi liyonyamalala nini.” Kodwa ingabe izwe ngempela liyohlupheka uma wonke amahlathi emvula ebhujiswa?
[Isithombe ekhasini 7]
Abameleli Bokuqedwa Kwamahlathi
Ukuguguleka okubangelwa amadamu
Imisebenzi yokugawula izingodo
Ukufuywa kwezinkomo
Ukulima ngokugawula nokushisa amahlathi