Umnyathelisi Wokuqala Owaba Neqhaza Ekusakazweni KweBhayibheli
UKUBHALWA kwezincwadi nemiqulu ngesandla kwaqala eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane edlule. Nokho, ukunyatheliswa kwezincwadi ngemishini akukudala kangako. Izincwadi zokuqala ezinyathelisiwe ezaziwayo zenziwa eChina ngo-868 C.E. Kwakusetshenziswa izingcezu zokhuni eziqoshwe izinhlamvu zamagama. Cishe ngo-1455, uJohannes Gutenberg waseJalimane wasungula umshini wokunyathelisa ngezinhlamvu ezihlelwa ngesandla. Ngalowo mshini, wanyathelisa iBhayibheli lokuqala lesiLatini.
Nokho, amaBhayibheli nezinye izincwadi kwasakazwa kakhulu ngemva kweminyaka ethile imboni yokunyathelisa izinzile. INuremberg yaba isikhungo esiyinhloko sokunyathelisa eJalimane, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi u-Anton Koberger, isakhamuzi sakulelo dolobha, nguyena owaba owokuqala ukunyathelisa nokusakaza amaBhayibheli amaningi emhlabeni.
Abantu bazo zonke izizwe kufanele bababonge abanyathelisi beBhayibheli bokuqala, kuhlanganise no-Anton Koberger. Ake sixoxe kabanzi ngoKoberger nangomsebenzi wakhe.
“Lonke IBhayibheli Walinyathelisa Ngokucophelela Okukhulu”
UKoberger wavula indawo yokuqala yokunyathelisa eNuremberg ngo-1470. Le ndawo yaba matasa kakhulu, yagcina isinemishini yokunyathelisa engu-24 eyayisebenza ngesikhathi esisodwa, izisebenzi ezinyathelisayo eziyikhulu, abakhi nezinye izisebenzi eBasel, eStrasboug, eLyon nakwamanye amadolobha aseYurophu. UKoberger wayenyathelisa izincwadi zemibhalo yesiLatini yangenkathi ephakathi nezincwadi zesayensi zangaleso sikhathi. Wanyathelisa amaBhayibheli nezincwadi ezihlukahlukene ezingu-236. Ezinye zaziyimiqingo emikhulu, futhi kwakunyatheliswa ikhasi elilodwa ngesikhathi kusetshenziswa umshini wesandla.
Izinhlamvu zokubhala ayezisebenzisa zazingezezinga eliphakeme futhi izincwadi zakhe zaduma ngobuhle nangokufundeka kahle. Isazi-mlando, u-Alfred Börckel, sithi: “Ngaso sonke isikhathi uKoberger wayefuna izincwadi zinyatheliswe ngezinhlamvu zamagama ezicacile. Izinhlamvu ezazingabonakali kahle zazingamukeleki nhlobo kuye.” Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaBhayibheli nezincwadi zikaKoberger eziningi zazinemifanekiso eningilizayo egxivizwe ngokhuni.
U-Oscar Hase owabhala ngokuphila kukaKoberger wathi phakathi nayo yonke iminyaka asebenza ngayo njengomnyathelisi, “lonke iBhayibheli walinyathelisa ngokucophelela okukhulu.” UKoberger nozakwabo bazikhandla ukuze bathole imibhalo yeBhayibheli enembe kunayo yonke kweyayikhona. Kumelwe ukuba lo msebenzi wawunzima ngoba imibhalo yesandla eminingi eyayibhalwe ezikhumbeni yayiyigugu futhi igcinwa ezigodlweni ezithile. Uma ngenhlanhla uvunyelwe ukuyiboleka ngenjongo yokuyikopisha wawuyibolekwa isikhathi esincane kakhulu.
AmaBhayibheli EsiLatini NesiJalimane
UKoberger wanyathelisa izingxenye zeBhayibheli lesiLatini ezingu-15, uhlelo lokuqala olwaphuma ngo-1475. Ezinye izinhlelo zazinemifanekiso yomkhumbi kaNowa, iMiyalo Eyishumi nethempeli likaSolomoni. Ngo-1483, wanyathelisa amaBhayibheli esiJalimane angu-1 500—inani elalibhekwa njengelikhulu kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi. Leli Bhayibheli lalinemifanekiso ethakazelisayo engaphezu kweyikhulu. Yayisiza ekucaciseni indaba futhi ikhumbuze abantu abangakwazi ukufunda izindaba eziseBhayibhelini ezaziwa kabanzi. Kamuva, imifanekiso ekulelo Bhayibheli yaba nethonya elikhulu kubadwebi bemifanekiso yeBhayibheli, ikakhulukazi kubadwebi bemifanekiso yamaBhayibheli esiJalimane.
Uhlelo lweBhayibheli lukaKoberger lwango-1483 lwathandwa kakhulu, kodwa lwaba uhlelo lokugcina lwesiJalimane akwazi ukulunyathelisa. Nakuba abahleli bakhe bashintsha amagama athile ukuze avumelane ne-Vulgate yesiLatini eyayamukelwa yisonto, yena wayesekele uhlelo lwakhe enguqulweni yamaWalden yangekhulu le-14 eyayingavunyelwe ukusetshenziswa.a Ngonyaka olandelayo, uPapa Innocent VIII wenza imizamo yokuqeda amaqembu amaWalden. Ngemva kwalokho, isonto layiqinisa imithetho yalo emelene namaBhayibheli abhalwe ngezilimi zabomdabu. Ngo-March 22, 1485, uMbhishobhi Omkhulu uBerthold waseMainz, eJalimane, wamemezela ukuthi kwakungafanele iBhayibheli lihunyushelwe olimini lwesiJalimane. Ngonyaka olandelayo, ngo-January 4, uBerthold wasiphinda leso simemezelo. Njengoba isimo sase sibucayi ngaleyo ndlela, uKoberger akaphindanga wazama ukunyathelisa iBhayibheli lesiJalimane.
Yize kunjalo, umsebenzi ka-Anton Koberger awuzange ube yize. Wawasebenzisa kahle kakhulu amathuluzi amasha okunyathelisa ukuze izincwadi ezinhlobonhlobo zitholwe yibo bonke abantu eYurophu ngamanani akahle. Umsebenzi kaKoberger wenza ukuba nabantu abavamile bakwazi ukuba namaBhayibheli.
[Umbhalo waphansi]
a Bheka isihloko esithi “AmaWalden—Aqala Ngokwambuka Agcina EsengamaProthestani,” kuyi-Nqabayokulinda ka-March 15, 2002.
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Kusukela Kwesobunxele Kuya Kwesokudla: Izingcezu Zokhuni Zomfanekiso KaDaniyeli Esemphandwini Wezingonyama; Uhlamvu Lokuqala Olunombala Osagolide; Izinhlamvu Ezibhalwe Ngokugqamile
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Koberger
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Amabhayibheli kaKoberger esiLatini nesiJalimane abonisa imihlobiso ecacile noGenesise 1:1
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All Bible photos: Courtesy American Bible Society Library; Koberger: Mit freundlicher Genehmigung der Linotype GmbH