Kwenzekeni Egunyeni?

ABANTU abacabangayo bayasibona isidingo segunya. Ngaphandle kohlobo oluthile lwegunya, umphakathi wesintu ungasheshe ube nesiyaluyalu. Ngakho, enye incwadi endala yesiFulentshi ekhuluma ngomthetho-sisekelo ithi: “Kunoma iliphi iqembu labantu, kutholakala imikhakha emibili yabantu: abalawulayo nabalawulwayo, abakhipha imiyalo nabayilalelayo, abaholi namalungu, ababusi nababuswayo. . . . Ukuba khona kwegunya kungabonakala kunoma imuphi umphakathi wesintu.”a

Nokho, isimo sengqondo ngokuphathelene negunya siye sashintsha kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe II futhi ikakhulukazi kusukela ngawo-1960. Lapho ikhuluma ngaleyonkathi, i-Encyclopædia Universalis yesiFulentshi ikhuluma “ngenkinga yokuphikiswa kwesigaba sabefundisi nokuphikiswa kwegunya.” Inkinga enjalo ayibamangalisi abafundi beBhayibheli. Umphostoli uPawulu wabikezela: “Khumbula, inkathi yokugcina yalelizwe izoba isikhathi sezinxushunxushu! Abantu ngeke bathande lutho olunye ngaphandle kokuzithanda bona nemali; bayoqhosha, baziqhenye, futhi bahlambalaze; bangabalaleli abazali . . . ; bayoba nenkani enzondweni yabo, . . . abangalawuleki futhi abanobudlova, . . . abakhukhumele ngokuzazisa. Bayothanda injabulo yabo ngaphezu kukaNkulunkulu wabo.”—2 Thimothewu 3:1-4, The Revised English Bible.

Igunya Lisenkingeni

Lesisiprofetho siyichaza kahle inkathi yethu. Igunya libekelwa inselele kuyo yonke imikhakha—emkhayeni, ezikoleni zomphakathi, eyunivesithi, kwezamabhizinisi, kohulumeni bezifunda nabakazwelonke. Inguquko yezobulili, umculo we-rap okhuluma ingcaca ngobulili, ukubhikisha kwabafundi, iziteleka ezingekho emthethweni, ukuphikisana nohulumeni, nezenzo zobuphekula konke kuyizimpawu zokuwohloka kokuhlonishwa kwegunya.

Emhlanganweni owawuhlelwe eParis yi-French Institute of Political Science nayi-Monde yansuku zonke yaseParis, uProfesa Yves Mény wathi: “Igunya lingaba khona kuphela uma lisekelwa ukuba ngokomthetho kwalo.” Esinye sezizathu zalenkinga yanamuhla siwukuthi abaningi bayakungabaza ukuba ngokomthetho kwalabo ababusayo. Okungukuthi bangabaza ilungelo labo lokuba negunya. Ukuhlola kwembula ukuthi ekuqaleni kwawo-1980, amaphesenti angu-9 abantu base-United States, amaphesenti angu-10 e-Australia, amaphesenti angu-24 eBrithani, amaphesenti angu-26 eFrance, namaphesenti angu-41 eNdiya ayebheka uhulumeni njengongemthetho.

Ukufuna Kwesintu Igunya Elingokomthetho

Ngokusho kweBhayibheli, ekuqaleni umuntu wayengaphansi kwegunya likaNkulunkulu ngokuqondile. (Genesise 1:27, 28; 2:16, 17) Nokho, zisuka nje, abantu bazithathela inkululeko yokuziphatha kuMdali wabo. (Genesise 3:1-6) Njengoba base bewulahlile umbuso ongokwasezulwini, noma ukubusa kukaNkulunkulu, kwadingeka bathole ezinye izimiso zegunya. (UmShumayeli 8:9) Abanye bamisa igunya labo ngempoqo. Kubo, ukubusa kwakuya ngamandla abo. Kwakwanele ukuthi banamandla ngokwanele ukuba baphoqelele intando yabo. Nokho, abaningi babona isidingo sokwenza ilungelo labo lokubusa libe elifanelekile.

Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo ababusi abaningi lokhu babekwenza ngokuba bathi bona bangonkulunkulu noma bathi amandla babewathole konkulunkulu. Yilenkolelo esanganekwane “yobukhosi obungcwele,” ababusi bakuqala baseMesopotamia nawoFaro baseGibithe lasendulo ababenayo.

U-Alexander Omkhulu, amakhosi amaGreki abusa emva kwakhe, nababusi bamaRoma abaningi nabo babethi bangonkulunkulu futhi befuna ngenkani ngisho nokukhulekelwa. Izimiso ezazingaphansi kwababusi abanjalo zazaziwa ngokuthi “amahlelo ababusi,” futhi injongo yazo kwakuwukuqinisa igunya lombusi phezu kwenhlanganisela yabantu abanqotshiwe. Ukwenqaba ukukhulekela umbusi kwakubhekwa njengesenzo sokumelana noMbuso. Kuyi-Legacy of Rome, uProfesa Ernest Barker wabhala: “Ukukhulekelwa kombusi [waseRoma], nokukhothanyelwa kwakhe ngenxa yokuba kwakhe ngowaphezulu, ngokusobala kuyisisekelo, noma-ke ukhonkolo, wombuso.”

Kwaba njalo ngisho nangemva kokuba uMbusi uConstantine (owabusa ngo-306-337 C.E.) esenze “ubuKristu” baba semthethweni futhi kamuva uMbusi uTheodosius I (owabusa ngo-379-395 C.E.) wabemukela njengenkolo yoMbuso WaseRoma. Abanye bababusi “abangamaKristu” babekhulekelwa njengonkulunkulu kwaze kwaba sekhulwini lesihlanu leminyaka C.E.

“Imibuso Emibili,” “Izinkemba Ezimbili”

Njengoba isigaba sopapa sasiba namandla engeziwe, izinkinga phakathi kweSonto noMbuso zanda. Ngakho, ekupheleni kwekhulu lesihlanu C.E., uPapa Gelasius I wabeka isimiso “semibuso emibili”: igunya elingcwele lopapa lihambisana namandla okubusa amakhosi—amakhosi emancane kunopapa. Kamuva lesisimiso sathuthukiswa saba imfundiso “yezinkemba ezimbili”: “Inkemba engokomoya yayiphethwe opapa ngokwabo, inkemba yasemhlabeni beyiphathise ababusi abaphansi, kodwa noma kunjalo labobabusi lenkemba yasemhlabeni kwakumelwe bayisebenzise ngokuvumelana neziqondiso zopapa.” (The New Encyclopædia Britannica) Ngesisekelo salemfundiso, phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi, iSonto LamaKatolika lazithathela ilungelo lokumisa ababusi namakhosi ukuze lenze igunya labo lifaneleke, ngaleyondlela liqhubezela phambili inkolelo yasendulo “yobukhosi obungcwele.”

Nokho, lokhu akumelwe kudidaniswe nalokho okuthiwa ilungelo laphezulu lamakhosi, okwathuthukiswa kamuva ngenjongo yokukhulula ababusi bezombangazwe ekuzithobeni kopapa. Umqondo welungelo laphezulu uthi amakhosi athola ilungelo lawo ngokuqondile kuNkulunkulu, hhayi kupapa waseRoma. I-New Catholic Encyclopedia ithi: “Lapho upapa esenamandla aphelele angokomoya ngisho nawasemhlabeni phezu kwabaphathi bemibuso, umqondo welungelo laphezulu wabeka amakhosi emibuso yezizwe esimweni esasenza igunya lawo libe ngelaphezulu ngokulinganayo nelikapapa.”b

Umbono Wombuso Othandwa Iningi

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abantu basungula eminye imithombo yegunya. Omunye kwakuwukubusa kweningi. Abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi lombono wavela eGreece. Nokho, umbuso wasendulo wamaGreki wentando yeningi wawusemadolobheni ambalwa kuphela, futhi ngisho nakuwo kwakuvota izakhamuzi zesilisa kuphela. Abesifazane, izigqila, nezakhamuzi eziyizihambi—cishe ingxenye eyodwa kuya ezingxenyeni ezine kwezinhlanu zenani labantu—babeshiywa ngaphandle. Kwakungekhona nakancane ukubusa okuthandwa iningi!

Ubani owagqugquzela lomqondo wokubusa kweningi? Okumangalisayo, ukuthi wafika nezazi zemfundiso yenkolo ezingamaRoma Katolika ngeNkathi Ephakathi. Ngekhulu le-13, uThomas Aquinas wakusekela ukuthi nakuba ukubusa kuvela kuNkulunkulu, kugxile kubantu. Lombono wabonakala uthandwa. I-New Catholic Encyclopedia ithi: “Lombono wokuthi abantu bawumthombo wegunya wasekelwa izazi eziningi zemfundiso yenkolo ezingamaKatolika zekhulu le-17.”

Kungani izazi zenkolo zesonto labantu abangenazwi nhlobo ekukhethweni kukapapa, umbhishobhi noma umpristi zazithuthukisa umqondo wokubusa kweningi? Ngenxa yokuthi amakhosi athile aseYurophu ayeseya ngokuya engahambisani negunya likapapa. Umbono wokubusa kweningi wanikeza upapa amandla okuketula umbusi noma inkosi uma kubonakala kudingekile. Izazi-mlando uWill no-Ariel Durant zabhala: “Abavikeli bokubusa kweningi babehlanganisa namaJesuit amaningi, ayebona kulombono indlela yokukhubaza ubukhosi uma buqhathaniswa negunya lopapa. Uma, kuphikisa uKhadinali Bellarmine, igunya lamakhosi livela kubantu, ngakho liphansi kwabo, ngokusobala lingaphansi kwegunya lopapa . . . ULuis Molina, umJesuit waseSpain, waphetha ngokuthi abantu, njengabawumthombo wegunya lezwe, ngokufanele—kodwa ngendlela ehlelekile—bangayiketula inkosi engalungile.”

Yebo, “indlela ehlelekile” yayizobe iqondiswa upapa. Iqinisekisa lokhu, i-Histoire Universelle de l’Eglise Catholique yamaKatolika aseFrance icaphuna i-Biographie universelle, ethi: “UBellarmine . . . ukufundisa njengemfundiso evamile yamaKatolika ukuthi amakhosana athola amandla awo ngokuzikhethela kwabantu, nokuthi lelilungelo abantu bangalisebenzisa ngokufanelekile ngaphansi kwethonya likapapa kuphela.” (Omalukeke sizenzele.) Ngakho ukubusa okuthandwa iningi kwaba ithuluzi elalingasetshenziswa upapa ukuze athonye ukukhethwa kwababusi, futhi uma kudingekile, baketulwe. Ezikhathini zamuva nje, lokhu kuye kwavumela isigaba sabefundisi bamaKatolika ukuba sithonye abavoti abangamaKatolika okhethweni lwentando yeningi.

Emibusweni yanamuhla yentando yeningi ukufaneleka kukahulumeni kusekelwe kulokho okuthiwa “ukuvuma kwababuswayo.” Nokho, ukukubeka ngendlela engcono “ukuvuma kweningi,” futhi ngenxa yokunganaki kwabavoti nobuqili bezombangazwe, “leliningi” ngokuvamile lisuke liwumphakathi omncane. Namuhla, “ukuvuma kwababuswayo” ngokuvamile kumane nje “kuwukuthula, noma ukuzinikela, kwababuswayo.”

Inkolelo Yokubusa Kwesizwe

Inkolelo yobukhosi obungcwele eyayithuthukiswe opapa bakuqala yabaphendukela opapa lapho izala ilungelo laphezulu lokubusa kwamakhosi. Umbono wokubusa okuthandwa iningi nawo waliphendukela iSonto LamaKatolika. Phakathi nekhulu le-17 nele-18, izazi zezwe zefilosofi, njengamaNgisi angoThomas Hobbes noJohn Locke nomFulentshi uJean-Jacques Rousseau, zacabanga ngomqondo wokubusa kweningi. Zasungula ezinye izinhlobo zombono “wesivumelwano somphakathi” esiphakathi kwababusi nababuswayo. Izimiso zabo zazingasekelwe enkolelweni yenkolo kodwa “emthethweni wemvelo,” futhi lomqondo waphumela emibonweni eyalilimaza kakhulu iSonto LamaKatolika nobupapa.

Ngemva nje kokufa kukaRousseau, kwabheduka ukuVukela KwaseFrance. Lokhu kuvukela kwaqeda imibono ethile yamalungelo, kodwa kwakha omunye omusha, umqondo wokubusa kwesizwe. I-New Encyclopædia Britannica iyaphawula: “AmaFulentshi alichitha ilungelo laphezulu lamakhosi, ukubusa kwezikhulu, amalungelo eSonto LamaRoma Katolika.” Kodwa, i-Britannica ithi, “ukuVukela kwakwenze umklamo omusha, umbuso wesizwe, wavuthwa.” Abavukeli babewudinga “lomklamo” omusha. Ngani?

Ngenxa yokuthi ngaphansi kwesimiso esasiphakanyiswe uRousseau, zonke izakhamuzi zaziyoba nezwi elilinganayo ekukhethweni kwababusi. Lokhu ngabe kwaphumela embusweni wentando yeningi osekelwe elungelweni lokuvota likawonk’ uwonke—okuthile abaholi bokuVukela baseFrance ababengahambisani nakho. UProfesa Duverger uyachaza: “Kwakugwenywa wona kanye lomphumela, owawubhekwa njengongathandeki, okwenza ukuba kusukela ngo-1789 kuya ku-1791, uMkhandlu Wamalungu esigaba esiphakathi usungule umbono wokubusa kwesizwe. Wabiza abantu ngokuthi ‘iSizwe,’ owawusibheka njengento ebumbene, ehlukile ezingxenyeni eziyakhayo. ISizwe sisodwa, ngabameleli baso, sinelungelo lokubusa . . . Nakuba yayibonakala njengentando yeningi, imfundiso yokubusa kwesizwe ayiyona neze intando yeningi ngoba ingasetshenziselwa ukungenisa cishe noma iluphi uhlobo lukahulumeni, ubushiqela ikakhulukazi.” (Omalukeke abakhe.)

Imizamo Yabantu Yehlulekile

Ukwamukelwa koMbuso Wesizwe njengomthombo ofanelekile wegunya kwaphumela ekushisekeleni ubuzwe. I-New Encyclopædia Britannica ithi: “Ukushisekela ubuzwe ngokuvamile kucatshangwa ukuthi kudala kakhulu; ngezinye izikhathi kubhekwa ngokungeyikho njengesici esiyohlala njalo kwezombangazwe. Empeleni, ukuvukela kwaseMelika naseFrance kungabhekwa njengokubonakaliswa kwako okunamandla.” Kusukela kulokho kuvukela, ukushisekela ubuzwe kuye kwasakazekela emazweni aseNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika, eYurophu, e-Afrika, nase-Asia. Izimpi ezinonya ziye zenziwa zafaneleka egameni lokushisekela ubuzwe.

Isazi-mlando saseBrithani u-Arnold Toynbee sabhala: “Umoya Wokushisekela Ubuzwe uyimbiliso emuncu ewayinini elisha loMbuso Wentando Yeningi elisemabhodleleni amadala okuShisekela Ubuhlanga. . . . Lokuvumelana okungavamile phakathi kokuBusa Kwentando Yeningi nokuShisekela Ubuhlanga kuye kwaba namandla amakhulu kwezombangazwe zezwe lethu lesimanje laseNtshonalanga ukwedlula ukuBusa Kwentando Yeningi ngokwako.” Ukushisekela ubuzwe akulilethanga izwe elinokuthula. UToynbee wathi: “IziMpi Zenkolo ziye zalandelwa, ngemva kokudamba okwesikhashana, iziMpi Zokushisekela Ubuzwe; futhi eZweni lethu laseNtshonalanga lanamuhla umoya wokushisekela inkolo ngokweqile nomoya wokushisekela ubuzwe ngokweqile ngokusobala kuyinkanuko efanayo embi.”

Ngemibono “enjengobukhosi obungcwele,” “ilungelo laphezulu lamakhosi,” “ukubusa okuthandwa iningi,” “nokubusa kwesizwe,” ababusi baye bazama ukwenza igunya labo lifaneleke phezu kwabanye abantu. Nokho, ngemva kokucabangela umlando wababusi abangabantu, umKristu akanakugwema ukucabanga njengoSolomoni: ‘Umuntu ubuse omunye kwaba ngukulimala kwakhe.’—UmShumayeli 8:9.

Kunokuba akhulekele uMbuso wezombangazwe, amaKristu akhulekela uNkulunkulu futhi amqaphele njengomthombo ofanalekile wawo wonke amagunya. Avumelana nomhubi uDavide owathi: “Bungobakho, Yahweh, ubukhulu, amandla, ubuhle, ubude bezinsuku nenkazimulo, konke okusezulwini nasemhlabeni kungokwakho. Bungobakho ubukhosi, Yahweh; uphakeme, umkhulu phezu kwabo bonke.” (1 IziKronike 29:11, The New Jerusalem Bible) Nokho, ngenxa yokuhlonipha uNkulunkulu, abonisa inhlonipho ngegunya elisemkhakheni wezwe nongokomoya. Ukuthi lokhu angakwenza kanjani ngenjabulo nokuthi ngasiphi isizathu kuzohlolwa ezihlokweni ezimbili ezilandelayo.

[Imibhalo yaphansi]

[Isithombe ekhasini 15]

ISonto LamaKatolika lazithathela igunya lokumisa ababusi namakhosi

[Umthombo]

Consecration of Charlemagne: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris