IBhayibheli LeSipanishi Lilwela Ukusinda

NGOLUNYE usuku lwango-October ngo-1559, amaKatolika aseSpain angaba ngu-200 000 athutheleka edolobheni elisenyakatho laseValladolid. Ayekhangwa ukuqulwa kwamacala ezihlubuki, lapho, “izisulu ezimbili zashiswa khona ziphila, eziyishumi zaklinywa.” “Zazingamambuka.”

Inkosi esentsha eyisilomo uPhilip II yengamela ngokwayo kulesenzakalo. Lapho indoda eyahlulelwe incenga icela ukuboniswa umusa, inkosi yaphendula ngokushesha yathi: “Ukuba indodana yami engiyizalayo yayiyihlongandlebe njengawe, mina ngokwami ngangiyothwala izinkuni ngiyoyishisa.” Babuyini ubugebengu balesisulu esidabukisayo? Sasizifundela nje iBhayibheli.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inhlangano yamaKatolika yoKuqulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki yayimatasa edolobheni laseAndalusia iSeville. Lapho, iqembu lezindela ekhaya lezindela laseSan Isidro del Campo, lalisanda kwamukela iphasela eliyimfihlo leBhayibheli leSipanishi. Ingabe izimpimpi zaziyolithengisa leliqembu lezindela? Ezinye izindela ezaziqaphela ukuthi zazisengozini yokufa zabaleka kulelozwe. Kodwa ezingu-40 zalezo ezasala zaba neshwa futhi zashiswa esigxotsheni, phakathi kwazo kukhona yona kanye leyondoda eyayingenisa amaBhayibheli ngokunyenya ezweni. ISpain yangekhulu leshumi nesithupha leminyaka yayiyindawo eyingozi kulabo abafunda iBhayibheli—bambalwa abakwazi ukubalekela uKuqulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki.

Phakathi kwabambalwa ababaleka kwakunowayekade eyindela, uCasiodoro de Reina (c. 1520-94). Wabalekela eLondon, kodwa ngisho nalapho wayengalondekile. INkantolo Yokuqulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki yathembisa umvuzo kunoma ubani owayeyomchaya, futhi inxusa laseSpain enkantolo yamaNgisi laceba ukusebenzisa noma iyiphi indlela ukuba limbuyisele endaweni ebuswa yiSpain. Esikhathini esifushane, ukumangalelwa kwamanga kokuphinga nobungqingili kwamphoqa ukuba abaleke eNgilandi.

Engenamali futhi enomkhaya okhula njalo okumelwe awondle, okokuqala wathola isiphephelo eFrankfurt. Kamuva, ukufuna kwakhe ukuvikelwa enkolweni kwamholela eFrance, eHolland, futhi ekugcineni eSwitzerland. Nokho phakathi naso sonke lesikhathi, wazigcina ematasa. ‘Ngaphandle kwalapho ngigula noma ngisohambweni, . . . angizange ngiwumise umsebenzi wami,’ echaza. Wachitha iminyaka eminingi ehumushela iBhayibheli olimini lweSipanishi. Ekugcineni ukunyatheliswa kwamakhophi angu-2 600 eBhayibheli likaReina kwaqala ngo-1568 eSwitzerland futhi kwaphela ngo-1569. Esinye isici esivelele ngenguqulo kaReina sasiwukuthi wayesebenzise igama elithi Iehoua (Jehová) esikhundleni selithi Señor kuyiTetragrammaton, izinhlamvu ezine zamagama zesiHeberu zegama lomuntu siqu likaNkulunkulu.

Ukwenziwa KweBhayibheli LeSipanishi

Ngokuxakile, esikhathini lapho, ngenxa yokusungulwa komshini wokunyathelisa, amaBhayibheli ayanda khona eYurophu, eSpain ayeqala ukuba ivela kancane. Kwakungenjalo sonke lesikhathi. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka iBhayibheli laliyincwadi etholakala kunazo zonke eSpain. Amakhophi abhalwe ngesandla ayetholakala ngesiLatini, futhi emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka, ngisho nangolimi lwesiGothic. Esinye isazi-mlando sachaza ukuthi phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi, “iBhayibheli—njengomthombo wamandla negunya, njengendinganiso yokholo nokuziphatha—lalivelele kakhulu eSpain kunaseJalimane noma eNgilandi.” Imilando ehlukahlukene yeBhayibheli, amaHubo, izincazelo zemibhalo, izindaba zokuziphatha, nezincwadi ezifanayo kwaba ngokuthengiswa kakhulu ngaleyonkathi.

Abakopishi abaqeqeshiwe bakopisha ngokucophelela imibhalo yesandla yeBhayibheli emihle kakhulu. Nakuba kwathatha ababhali abangu-20 unyaka wonke ukukhiqiza umbhalo wesandla owodwa nje ophuma phambili, amaBhayibheli amaningi esiLatini nezinkulungwane zokukhulumela okusekelwe eBhayibhelini lesiLatini kwakusakazekile eSpain ngekhulu le-15 leminyaka.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho ulimi lweSipanishi luqala ukuthuthuka, isithakazelo sokuba neBhayibheli ngolimi lomdabu sakhula. Emuva ngekhulu le-12 leminyaka, iBhayibheli lahunyushelwa olimini lwesiRomance, noma iSipanishi sakuqala, okuwulimi abantu abavamile ababelukhuluma.

Ukuqabuka Kwesikhashana

Kodwa lokhu kuqabuka kwakungeke kuthathe isikhathi eside. Lapho amaWaldensian, amaLollard, namaHussite esebenzisa imiBhalo ukuze avikele izinkolelo zawo, ukusabela kwaba okusheshayo nokobudlova. Izikhulu zamaKatolika zasola ukufunda iBhayibheli, futhi izinguqulo ezisafufusa zezilimi ezivamile zalahlwa ngokuphelele.

UMkhandlu WamaKatolika WaseToulouse (eFrance), owahlangana ngo-1229, wamemezela: “Siyakwenqabela ukuba noma yimuphi umuntukazana abe nezincwadi zeTestamente Elidala noma Elisha ezihunyushelwe olimini oluvamile. Uma umuntu othile ozinikele efisa, angaba namaHubo noma iBreviary [incwadi yamaculo nemithandazo] . . . kodwa akumelwe neze abe nalezincwadi eziphawulwe ngenhla ezihunyushelwe kusiRomance.” Eminyakeni emine kamuva, uJames I waseAragon (inkosi yesifunda esikhulu salenhlonhlo) wanika bonke ababenamaBhayibheli ngolimi oluvamile izinsuku eziyisishiyagalombili nje kuphela ukuba bawanikeze umbhishobhi wendawo ukuze ashiswe. Ukwehluleka ukwenza kanjalo, kungaba okomfundisi noma umuntukazana, kwakungenza ukuba onalo asolwe ngokuthi uyimbuka.

Naphezu kwalokhu kuvimbela—okwakungalandelelwa ngokuqinile ngaso sonke isikhathi—abanye abantu baseSpain babeqhosha ngokuba neBhayibheli lesiRomance phakathi nengxenye yokugcina yeNkathi Ephakathi. Lokhu kwaphela ngokushesha lapho kuqaliswa uKuqulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki kwaseSpain ngaphansi kweNdlovukazi uIsabella neNkosi uFerdinand ngo-1478. Ngo-1492, edolobheni laseSalamanca kuphela, amakhophi eBhayibheli angu-20 ayigugu abhalwe ngesandla ashiswa. Ukuphela kwemibhalo yesandla yeBhayibheli yesiRomance eyasinda yileyo eyayisemitatsheni yezincwadi yomuntu siqu yenkosi noma eyabantu abambalwa abacebile ababephakeme ababengenakusoleka.

Eminyakeni engamakhulu amabili eyalandela, ukuphela kweBhayibheli elingokomthetho lamaKatolika elanyatheliswa eSpain—ngaphandle kweVulgate yesiLatini—kwakuyiComplutensian Polyglott, iBhayibheli lokuqala elalibhalwe ngezilimi eziningi elalixhaswa uKhadinali Cisneros. Lalingumsebenzi wobuciko ngempela, ngokuqinisekile owawungenzelwanga noma yimuphi umuntu ovamile. Kwenziwa amakhophi angu-600 kuphela, futhi bambalwa ababeliqonda ngoba lalinombhalo weBhayibheli ngesiHeberu, isiAramaic, isiGreki, nangesiLatini—hhayi ngeSipanishi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lalibiza kakhulu. Lalibiza amaducat amathathu egolide (alingana nomholo wezinyanga eziyisithupha wesisebenzi esivamile).

IBhayibheli LeSipanishi Lenziwa Ngomshoshaphansi

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16 leminyaka, kwavuka “uTyndale” waseSpain onguFrancisco de Enzinas. Eyindodana yomnini-ndawo ocebile waseSpain, waqala ukuhumushela imiBhalo YamaKristu YesiGreki olimini lweSipanishi nakuba ayesengumfundi osemusha. Kamuva wanyathelisa leyonguqulo eNetherlands, futhi ngo-1544 wazama ngesibindi ukuthola imvume yasebukhosini ukuba isakazwe eSpain. Umbusi waseSpain, uCharles I, wayeseBrussels ngalesosikhathi, futhi uEnzinas wasebenzisa lelithuba ukuze anxuse imvume yasebukhosini yomsebenzi wakhe.

Lengxoxo engavamile phakathi kwalamadoda amabili iye yabikwa ngalendlela: “Nhloboni yencwadi lena?” kubuza umbusi. UEnzinas waphendula: “Lena ingxenye yemiBhalo Engcwele okuthiwa iTestamente Elisha.” “Ubani umlobi walencwadi?” ebuzwa. “Umoya ongcwele,” ephendula.

Umbusi wakugunyaza ukusakazwa kwayo kodwa ngaphansi kombandela owodwa—wokuthi umeluleki wakhe wangasese, indela yaseSpain, naye anikeze esakhe isiqinisekiso sokugunyaza. Ngeshwa uEnzinas, wayengeke akuthole ukugunyazwa okunjalo, futhi ngokushesha wazithola eseboshwe iNkantolo Yokuqulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili wakwazi ukubaleka.

Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, inguqulo ebukeziwe yalokhu kuhumusha yanyatheliswa eVenice, eItaly, futhi kwakuyileyonguqulo yemiBhalo leyo uJulián Hernández ayingenisa ngokunyenya eSeville, eSpain. Kodwa wabanjwa, ngemva kweminyaka emibili yokuhlushwa nokuvalelwa, wabulawa kanye nabanye ababefunda iBhayibheli.a

EMkhandlwini WaseTrent (1545-63), iSonto lamaKatolika laphinda ukulahla kwalo izinguqulo zeBhayibheli zolimi lomdabu. Lanyathelisa uhlu lwezincwadi ezenqatshelwe, olwahlanganisa zonke lezozinguqulo zeBhayibheli ezazikhiqizwe ngaphandle kwemvume yesonto. Empeleni lokhu kwakusho ukuthi wonke amaBhayibheli omdabu aseSpain ayenqatshelwa nokuthi ukuba nje nalo kwakungaphumela ekugunyazweni kokufa komuntu.

Eminyakeni embalwa ngemva kokunyatheliswa kwenguqulo kaReina, uCipriano de Valera, omunye owayekade eyindela owabalekela ulaka lweNkantolo Yokuqulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki eSeville, wayibukeza. Lenguqulo yanyatheliswa eAmsterdam ngo-1602 C.E., futhi amanye amakhophi angeniswa ngokunyenya eSpain. Ezinguqulweni zalo zokuqala nezibukeziwe, iBhayibheli likaReina noValera lisalokhu liyinguqulo esetshenziswa kakhulu phakathi kwamaProstestani akhuluma iSipanishi.

Amasango Esikhukhula Ayavuleka

Ekugcineni, ngo-1782 iNkantolo Yokuqulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki yenza isivumo sokuthi iBhayibheli linganyatheliswa uma nje laliyohlanganisa izincazelo ngomlando nemfundiso yalo. Ngo-1790 umbhishobhi ongumKatolika waseSegovia, uFelipe Scio de San Miguel, esebenzisa iVulgate yesiLatini, wahumushela iBhayibheli olimini lweSipanishi. Ngeshwa, lalibiza—amareal angu-1 300, okwakuyimali eningi kakhulu ngalesosikhathi—nendlela yokubekwa kwamazwi yayingacacile, kangangokuthi esinye isazi-mlando saseSpain salichaza “njengelineshwa.”

Eminyakeni ethile kamuva, inkosi yaseSpain uFernando VII yayala umbhishobhi waseAstorga, uFélix Torres Amat, ukuba enze inguqulo ethuthukisiwe, nayo esekelwe kuyiVulgate yesiLatini. Lenguqulo yakhishwa ngo-1823 futhi yasakazwa kakhulu kunenguqulo kaScio. Nokho, njengoba yayingasekelwe esiHeberwini nasesiGrekini sakuqala, yaba nezingqinamba ezivamile zokuhumusha inguqulo.

Naphezu kwalentuthuko, isonto nababusi bezwe babelokhu bengakholiseki ukuthi imiBhalo kufanele ifundwe abantu abavamile. Lapho uGeorge Borrow, ummeleli weBritish and Foreign Bible Society, ecela imvume yokunyathelisa iBhayibheli eSpain ngawo-1830, isikhulu sikahulumeni uMendizábal samtshela: “Mnumzane wami omuhle, akuwona amaBhayibheli esiwafunayo, kodwa sifuna izibhamu nempuphu yazo, esiyobulala ngakho abavukeli, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, sifuna imali, ukuze sikhokhele amasosha.” UBorrow waqhubeka ehumushela iVangeli likaLuka olimini lweSipanishi esikhulunywa ngamaGypsy, futhi ngo-1837 waboshwa ngenxa yemizamo yakhe!

Ekugcineni, lesikhukhula sasingasenakuvinjelwa. Ngo-1944 isonto laseSpain lanyathelisa inguqulo yalo yokuqala yemiBhalo Engcwele esekelwe ezilimini zakuqala—iminyaka engaba ngu-375 ngemva kwenguqulo kaCasiodoro de Reina. Lena kwakuyinguqulo yezazi zamaKatolika uNácar noColunga. Ngo-1947 yalandelwa inguqulo kaBover noCantera. Kusukela ngalesosikhathi bekunesikhukhula sezinguqulo zeBhayibheli zeSipanishi.

Ukunqoba Kuyaqinisekiswa

Nakuba emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka iBhayibheli leSipanishi kwadingeka ukuba lizabalazele ukusinda, ekugcineni lanqoba kulempi. Ukuzidela okukhulu kwabahumushi abanesibindi njengoReina ngokuqinisekile kwakungelona ize. Bangaki abantu namuhla okuthi lapho bethenga amaBhayibheli bame bacabange ngesikhathi lapho ukuba neBhayibheli kwakwenqatshelwe?

Namuhla, iBhayibheli liyincwadi ethengiswa kakhulu eSpain nasemazweni akhuluma iSipanishi, futhi izinguqulo eziningi ziyatholakala. Phakathi kwalezi kuneVersión Moderna (iNguqulo Yanamuhla, 1893), esebenzisa ngokungaguquguquki igama likaNkulunkulu, elithi Jehová; iNguqulo kaPauline yeBhayibheli (1964), esebenzisa igama elithi Yavé emiBhalweni YesiHeberu; iNueva Biblia Española (iBhayibheli Elisha LeSipanishi, 1975), ngeshwa engasebenzisi elithi Jehová nelithi Yavé; neTraducción del Nuevo Mundo (New World Translation, 1967), eyanyatheliswa yiWatch Tower Society, esebenzisa elithi Jehová.

OFakazi BakaJehova bavakashela emakhaya ezigidi zabantu abakhuluma iSipanishi masonto onke ukuze babasize ukuba bazise ukuba yigugu kweBhayibheli Elingcwele—incwadi ekufanele ukufelwa, incwadi okungaphilwa ngayo. Eqinisweni, indaba yokulwela ukusinda kweBhayibheli leSipanishi ingobunye ubufakazi bokuthi “izwi likaNkulunkulu wethu limi kuze kube-phakade.”—Isaya 40:8.

[Umbhalo waphansi]

[Isithombe ekhasini 10]

IComplutensian Polyglott inyatheliswe kabusha futhi kanjalo ingahlolwa kalula. (Bheka ikhasi 8)

[Umthombo]

Courtesy of the Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid, Spain