Ukuhlola Ingaphakathi Lomzimba—Ngaphandle Kokuhlinza

NGENXA yentuthuko kwezama-computer, izibalo nesayensi, ukuhlinza kuthathelwa indawo imishini okungadingeki ukuba umuntu ahlinzwe ukuze kuhlonzwe izifo ezithile. Ngaphandle kokuthwebula izithombe ze-X ray, manje osekuneminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu kwenziwa, lobu buchwepheshe buhlanganisa i-computed tomography (i-CT scan), i-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), izithombe ze-ultrasound, noma i-sonography.a Lezi zindlela zokwelapha zisebenza kanjani? Zinaziphi izingozi empilweni? Futhi zisiza ngani?

Imishini Yama-X ray

Isebenza kanjani? Imisebe yama-X ray inamandla kunokukhanya okuvamile futhi ingadlulela ngalé kwezicubu zomzimba. Uma ingxenye ethile yomzimba ikhanyiswa ngayo, izicubu eziwugqinsi, njengamathambo, zibamba le misebe bese zibonakala njengezindawo ezigqamile esithombeni sefilimu, okuthiwa i-radiograph. Izicubu ezithambile zibonakala njengombala ompungana. Imisebe yama-X ray ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuxilonga izinkinga noma ukuhlonza izifo ezihilela amazinyo, amathambo, amabele nesifuba. Ukuze ahlukanise phakathi kwezicubu ezithambile ezakhelene, udokotela angase ajove isiguli ngodayi we-radiopaque ukuze kuvele umehluko. Namuhla, izithombe zama-X ray ngokuvamile zithwetshulwa ngomshini bese zibhekwa kuyi-computer.

Izingozi: Kunethuba elincane lokulimala kwamangqamuzana nezicubu, kodwa ngokuvamile ingozi incane uma iqhathaniswa nezinzuzo.b Abesifazane okungenzeka bakhulelwe kufanele batshele udokotela ngaphambi kokuba bavume ukuthwetshulwa izithombe ze-X ray. Odayi bokuhlukanisa izicubu ezithombeni, abanjenge-iodine, bangase baxabane nomzimba. Ngakho yazisa udokotela noma ozothwebula izithombe uma umzimba wakho uxabana ne-iodine noma ukudla kwasolwandle, okunalesi sakhi.

Izinzuzo: Izithombe zama-X ray ziyashesha, ngokuvamile azilimazi, azibizi kakhulu, futhi kulula ukuzithwebula. Ngenxa yalokho, ziwusizo kakhulu emikhakheni enjenge-mammography nasekuhlonzeni izinkinga ezimweni eziphuthumayo. Akukho misebe esala emzimbeni ngemva kokuthwetshulwa kwezithombe ze-X ray, futhi ngokuvamile ayikho ingozi ehambisana nakho.c

I-Computed Tomography

Isebenza kanjani? Ukuxilonga nge-CT scan kuhilela ukusetshenziswa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwama-X ray, kanye nemishini ekhethekile yokuthungatha izinto ezithile. Isiguli silala etafuleni elingena emshinini. Izithombe zithwetshulwa ngemisebe ehlukahlukene emincane kanti kuba nemishini yokuthungatha ezungeza wonke umzimba wesiguli. Le nqubo iye yafaniswa nokuhlola isinkwa ngokusisika sibe izingcezu ezincane bese uzithwebula. I-computer ihlanganisa lezi “zingcezu,” iveze imifanekiso ephelele yazo zonke izinhlangothi zengaphakathi lomzimba. Imishini yamuva ithwebula izithombe zomzimba ngemisebe ephenduphendukayo, okwenza le nqubo isheshe. Ngenxa yokuthi ama-CT scan aveza izithombe ezinemininingwane eminingi, avame ukusetshenziswa ekuhloleni isifuba, isisu, amathambo, nokuhlonza izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zomdlavuza nezinye izifo.

Izingozi: Ama-CT scan asebenzisa imisebe enamandla kuneyama-X ray avamile. Ukuchayeka kule misebe kunengozi encane kodwa engandisa amathuba okuba nomdlavuza ngokuphawulekayo, futhi lokhu kufanele kuhlaziywe ngokucophelela kuqhathaniswe nezinzuzo. Ezinye iziguli azizwani nodayi bokuhlukanisa imibala, ngokuvamile abahlanganisa i-iodine; futhi kwezinye iziguli, ingase ibe ingozi ezinsweni. Uma kusetshenziswa odayi bokuhlukanisa imibala komama abancelisayo, kungase kudingeke balinde amahora angu-24 noma ngaphezulu ngaphambi kokuba bancelise futhi.

Izinzuzo: Njengoba engabangeli buhlungu futhi engesona isiphazamiso, ama-CT scan anikeza imininingwane ecacile engaguqulwa ibe yizithombe eziveza umfanekiso ophelele. Le mishini ilula futhi iyashesha, kanti isindisa ukuphila ngokwembula ukulimala okungaphakathi. Ama-CT scan awayiphazamisi imishini efakwe ngaphakathi emzimbeni.

I-Positron-Emission Tomography

Isebenza kanjani? Kuma-PET scan, kufakwa izinto ezinemisebe esakhini esithile somzimba ngokuvamile i-glucose, bese zifakwa emzimbeni. Isithombe sivezwa ukuphuma kwama-positron—izinhlayiya ezinamandla—ezicutshini zomzimba. Ama-PET scan akwazi ukuthola amangqamuzana anomdlavuza ngenxa yokuthi lawo mangqamuzana asebenzisa i-glucose eningi kunavamile, ngaleyo ndlela abamba izinto ezikhipha imisebe eminingi. Ngenxa yalokho, izicubu ezinesifo zikhipha ama-positron amaningi, abonakala ngemibala ehlukahlukene nangokugqama ngendlela ehlukahlukene esithombeni.

Njengoba ama-CT scan nama-MRI scan eveza ukuma nokwakheka kwezitho nezicubu zomzimba, ama-PET scan wona aveza ukuthi kusebenza kanjani, ngaleyo ndlela abonise ushintsho olukhona kusenesikhathi. Ama-PET scan angasetshenziswa kanyekanye nama-CT scan, ukuze kuthwetshulwe isithombe esinemininingwane eyengeziwe. Kodwa ama-PET scan angase akhiphe imiphumela eyiphutha uma iziguli zidle ukudla ngesikhathi esithile ngaphambi kokuba zithwetshulwe izithombe nge-PET scan noma uma amazinga azo kashukela ephezulu mhlawumbe ngenxa yesifo sikashukela. Futhi, ngenxa yokuthi imisebe iyashesha ukuphela, kubalulekile ukusheshisa.

Izingozi: Ngenxa yokuthi liphansi izinga lemisebe esetshenziswayo nokuthi iyashesha ukuphela, ukuchayeka emisebeni eyingozi kuba sezingeni eliphansi kakhulu. Noma kunjalo, ingaba ingozi embungwini. Ngenxa yalokho, abesifazane abakhulelwe kufanele batshele odokotela babo nezisebenzi ezithwebula izithombe ngale mishini. Nabesifazane asebekhule ngokwanele ukuba bazale abantwana bangase bacelwe ukuba kuthathwe amasampula egazi noma omchamo ukuze kuhlolwe ukuthi abakhulelwe yini. Uma i-PET scan isetshenziswa ngesikhathi esifanayo ne-CT scan, kufanele zicatshangelwe nezingozi ezingase zibangelwe ama-CT scan.

Izinzuzo: Ngenxa yokuthi ama-PET scan awabonisi nje ukwakheka kwezitho nezicubu kuphela kodwa nokuthi zisebenza kahle kangakanani, le mishini ingadalula izinkinga ngaphambi kokuba kubonakale ukwakheka kwezicubu nge-CT noma i-MRI.

I-Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Isebenza kanjani? I-MRI isebenzisa amandla kazibuthe namaza omsakazo (hhayi ama-X ray) kanye ne-computer ukuze iveze izithombe ezinemininingwane ephelele cishe zakho konke ukwakheka komzimba kwangaphakathi. Imiphumela ivumela odokotela ukuba bahlolisise izingxenye zomzimba futhi bahlonze izifo ngezindlela abangenakukwazi ukuzihlonza ngezinye izindlela. Ngokwesibonelo, i-MRI ingelinye lamathuluzi ambalwa athwebula izithombe akwazi ukubona ngalé kwethambo, okuyenza ibe ithuluzi elikahle kakhulu lokuhlola ubuchopho nezinye izicubu zomzimba ezithambile.

Iziguli kufanele zinganyakazi nakancane lapho kuthwetshulwa izithombe. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi zithwetshulwa njengoba isiguli singena entubeni yalo mshini, abanye abantu bazizwa bephelelwa umoya. Kodwa muva nje kwenziwe imishini ye-MRI yabantu abanovalo noma abakhuluphele. Njengoba kulindelekile, izinto eziyinsimbi njengamapeni, amawashi, imigexo, amahebheni noziphu bensimbi kanye namakhadi okuthenga nezinye izinto ezidonsa amandla kazibuthe akuvunyelwe egumbini lokuxilongwa.

Izingozi: Uma kusetshenziswa udayi wokuhlukanisa imibala, kunengozi encane yokuba umzimba uxabane nawo, kodwa le ngozi incane uma iqhathaniswa neyodayi abenziwe nge-iodine abavame ukusetshenziswa kuma-X ray nakuma-CT scan. Ngalé kwalokho, i-MRI ayinazo izingozi ezaziwayo esigulini. Kodwa ngenxa yamandla kazibuthe amakhulu, iziguli ezinemishini ethile efakwe emzimbeni noma izinsimbi zingase zingakwazi ukuxilongwa nge-MRI. Ngakho uma kutuswa ukuba uxilongwe nge-MRI, qiniseka ukuthi uyamtshela udokotela noma osebenza ngayo uma unazo lezo zinto.

Izinzuzo: I-MRI ayisebenzisi imisebe engase ibe ingozi, futhi iwusizo kakhulu ekutholeni umonakalo osezicutshini zomzimba, ikakhulukazi lezo okungenzeka zifihlwe amathambo.

Izithombe Ze-ultrasound

Zisebenza kanjani? Lo mshini obizwa nangokuthi i-ultrasound, noma i-sonograph, ngokuyisisekelo uwuhlobo lo mshini osebenzisa amaza omsindo angezwakali ezindlebeni zomuntu. Lapho la maza efika endaweni enezicubu ezihlukile—ngokwesibonelo, emaphethelweni esitho esithile—kuba nomsindo onkenenezayo. I-computer ihlaziya lowo msindo, bese ikhipha umfanekiso ophelele wesitho, njengokuthi sikhulu kangakanani, sakheke kanjani nokuthi siqine kangakanani. Amaza angezwakali ezindlebeni zomuntu asiza ekuthwebuleni izithombe zezitho zomzimba ezifihlekile; amaza omsindo ophakeme kakhulu avumela ukuba kuhlolwe izitho ezinjengamehlo nesikhumba, mhlawumbe asize nasekuhlonzweni komdlavuza wesikhumba.

Ezimweni eziningi, umhloli usebenzisa umshini ophathwa ngesandla okuthiwa i-transducer. Ngemva kokugcoba isikhumba ngojengezi olukhanyayo, uhambisa i-transducer phezu kwendawo ayihlolayo, futhi ngokushesha kuvela isithombe sayo kuyi-computer. Uma kudingeka, kungase kufakwe i-transducer encane epayipini lokuhlola bese ifakwa emgudwini ongokwemvelo emzimbeni ukuze kuhlolwe izingxenye ezithile zomzimba ezingaphakathi.

Umshini okuthiwa i-Doppler ultrasound uyashesha ukuzwa izinto ezinyakazayo futhi usetshenziselwa ukubonisa ukugeleza kwegazi. Lokhu kungaba usizo lapho kuhlonzwa izifo ezihilela izitho ezithile nezimila, ezivame ukuba nesibalo esikhulu ngokungavamile semithambo yegazi.

Izithombe ze-ultrasound zisiza odokotela ukuba bahlonze izifo ezihlukahlukene futhi bathole nezimbangela zazo, kusukela emithanjeni yenhliziyo kuya emaqhubwini asemabeleni noma impilo yosana olungakazalwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngenxa yokuthi amaza e-ultrasound awakwazi ukudlula ezindaweni ezinesisi, le mishini ayisebenzi kahle ezingxenyeni ezithile zesisu. Kanti futhi, izithombe zingase zingacaci njengezeminye imishini, njengeyama-X ray.

Izingozi: Nakuba i-ultrasound iphephile ngokuvamile uma isetshenziswa kahle, inamandla athile futhi ingazilimaza izicubu zomzimba, kuhlanganise nezabantwana abangakazalwa. Ngakho-ke, ukwenza i-ultrasound kumuntu okhulelwe akufanele kubhekwe njengento engeyona ingozi.

Izinzuzo: Le mishini ithe chithi saka, ayiphazamisi, futhi ayibizi kakhulu. Futhi ikusiza ukuba ubone izithombe zalokho okwenzeka ngempela.

Imishini Yobuchwepheshe Yesikhathi Esizayo

Okwamanje, kubonakala sengathi ucwaningo lugxile kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni imishini yobuchwepheshe esikhona kakade. Ngokwesibonelo, abacwaningi benza imishini ye-MRI enamandla amancane kazibuthe kunemishini ekhona, ezonciphisa izindleko kakhulu. Omunye umshini omusha wobuchwepheshe osathuthukiswa manje kuthiwa i-molecular imaging (MI). Njengoba iklanyelwe ukubona ushintsho olwenzeka emangqamuzaneni omzimba, kunethemba lokuthi i-MI izosiza ekuhlonzweni ngokushesha nokwelashwa kwezifo kungakephuzi.

Imishini ethwebula izithombe iye yanciphisa isidingo sokuhlinzwa okuningi okubuhlungu, okuhambisana nezingozi futhi okungadingekile. Futhi uma izithombe ezithwetshuliwe ziholela ekuhlonzweni nasekwelashweni kwezifo kungakephuzi, umphumela ungase ube ngcono kakhulu. Nokho, le mishini iyabiza—eminye ibiza izigidi zamaRandi.

Yiqiniso, ukuvimbela izifo kungcono kunokuzihlonza nokuzelapha. Ngakho, zama ukuhlala ungumqemane ngokudla ngendlela efanele, ngokuvivinya umzimba njalo, ngokuphumula ngokwanele nangokuba nesimo sengqondo esihle. IzAga 17:22 zithi: “Inhliziyo ejabulayo ingumuthi omuhle.”

[Imibhalo yaphansi]

[Ibhokisi ekhasini 13]

UCHAYEKA EMISEBENI ENGAKANANI?

Nsuku zonke sichayeka emisebeni engokwemvelo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ivela emkhathini noma ezintweni ezinemisebe ngokwemvelo njengesisi i-radon. Ukuqhathanisa okulandelayo kungase kukusize uhlole izingozi ezihlobene nezindlela ezithile zokuhlola kwezokwelapha. Izibalo ziyizilinganiso ezibalwe ngama-millisievert (mSv).

Uhambo lwamahora amahlanu ngendiza: 0,03 mSv

Ukuchayeka emisebeni yemvelo izinsuku eziyishumi: 0,1 mSv

I-X ray eyodwa yamazinyo: 0,04-0,15 mSv

I-X ray eyodwa yesifuba evamile: 0,1 mSv

I-mammogram eyodwa: 0,7 mSv

I-CT scan eyodwa yesifuba: 8,0 mSv

Uma kudingeka uhlolwe, unganqikazi ukucela udokotela wakho noma isazi semisebe ye-X ray ukuba sikuchazele ngokuqondile ngezinga lemisebe ozochayeka kulo nanganoma yini enye ekukhathazayo.

[Isithombe ekhasini 11]

Ama-X ray

[Isithombe ekhasini 12]

I-CT

[Umthombo]

© Philips

[Isithombe ekhasini 12]

I-PET

[Umthombo]

Courtesy Alzheimer’s Disease Education and Referral Center, a service of the National Institute on Aging

[Isithombe ekhasini 13]

I-MRI

[Isithombe ekhasini 14]

I-ultrasound

[Ibhokisi ekhasini 13]

UCHAYEKA EMISEBENI ENGAKANANI?

Nsuku zonke sichayeka emisebeni engokwemvelo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ivela emkhathini noma ezintweni ezinemisebe ngokwemvelo njengesisi i-radon. Ukuqhathanisa okulandelayo kungase kukusize uhlole izingozi ezihlobene nezindlela ezithile zokuhlola kwezokwelapha. Izibalo ziyizilinganiso ezibalwe ngama-millisievert (mSv).

Uhambo lwamahora amahlanu ngendiza: 0,03 mSv

Ukuchayeka emisebeni yemvelo izinsuku eziyishumi: 0,1 mSv

I-X ray eyodwa yamazinyo: 0,04-0,15 mSv

I-X ray eyodwa yesifuba evamile: 0,1 mSv

I-mammogram eyodwa: 0,7 mSv

I-CT scan eyodwa yesifuba: 8,0 mSv

Uma kudingeka uhlolwe, unganqikazi ukucela udokotela wakho noma isazi semisebe ye-X ray ukuba sikuchazele ngokuqondile ngezinga lemisebe ozochayeka kulo nanganoma yini enye ekukhathazayo.