Ukubuka Okwezwe
Inkinga Ebizayo
Ochwepheshe bama-computer báthola impumuzo enkulu lapho izimiso eziningi zama-computer zidlula ngokuphumelelayo zisuka ku-1999 ziya ku-2000. Abahlaziyi abathile babebikezele ukuthi ama-computer amaningi, njengoba engakwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kuka-1900 no-2000 ngenxa yendlela yokuwahlela eyashiya izinombolo ezimbili zokuqala ekubhaleni unyaka, ayeyokuma futhi abangele ukuphazamiseka okukhulu. (Bheka i-Phaphama! ka-February 8, 1999, amakhasi 21-3.) Ukuze bavimbele lokhu, abahleli bama-computer bazikhandla belungisa izimiso ezinephutha ngaphambi kosuku lwamanqamu. Lokhu kwabiza malini? Ngokwesihloko sephephandaba laseFrance lansuku zonke i-Monde, iqembu elithile lezezimali lilinganisela inani “phakathi kwamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-300 nezingu-600 emhlabeni wonke.” Elase-United States lachitha amaRandi angaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-700; kanti iFrance, amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-140. Uma kuqhathaniswa, iMpi YaseGulf yabiza amabutho asizanayo “amaRandi aphakathi kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-318 nezingu-415.” Nokho, i-Wall Street Journal ithi “umlando uzophindeka futhi . . . ngochungechunge lwezinkinga ezintsha zezinombolo zama-computer ezizobangela ukukhathazeka.” Ngenhlanhla, “azikho kulezi zinkinga ezingafinyelela kulezo ezibangelwe yiNkinga Yonyaka Ka-2000.”
Izinkinga Zezinombolo Zokuvula Umshini
Abantu abakhohlwa izinombolo zokuvula imishini babangela amabhizinisi ase-United States izindleko eziyizigidigidi zamaRandi ngonyaka ngenxa yokuncipha komkhiqizo nesidingo sokunikeza usizo lobuchwepheshe. I-New York Times ithi: “Eminyakeni engu-20 edlule, abantu kwakudingeka bakhumbule inombolo yabo kamazisi kanye nenombolo yocingo eyodwa noma ezimbili.” Kodwa manje, ukusebenzisa izinombolo ukuze abantu bavule ama-computer nezinkonzo ze-E-mail emsebenzini sekuyindlela yokuphila yabantu abaningi. Eqinisweni, sekuyinto evamile ukuba abantu babe nendathane yezinombolo, amakhodi nezinombolo zomazisi. Kubikwa ukuthi omunye umnakekeli wezimiso ze-computer unezinombolo ezingu-129 zokuvula ama-computer azisebenzisayo. Ngenxa yalokho, ezinye izinkampani sezisebenzisa imishini okudluliswa kuyo iminwe neminye imishini yobuchwepheshe obuphambili esikhundleni sezinombolo.
Intukuthelo Nenhliziyo Yakho
Umbiko wephephandaba i-Globe and Mail uthi: “Abantu abathukuthela kalula basengozini ephindwe cishe kathathu yokuba nesifo senhliziyo kunalabo abangasheshi ukuthukuthela.” Abantu abangaba ngu-13 000 báhlanganyela ocwaningweni oluhlola izifo zenhliziyo olwathatha iminyaka eyisithupha. Bonke babengenazifo zenhliziyo ekuqaleni kwalolu cwaningo. Umuntu ngamunye wabuzwa uhide lwemibuzo ukuze kutholakale ukuthi uyashesha yini ukuthukuthela noma cha. Phakathi nale nkathi yeminyaka eyisithupha, abangu-256 base benesifo senhliziyo. Lolu cwaningo lwembula ukuthi labo abanentukuthelo evamile babesengozini engamaphesenti angu-35 yokuba nesifo senhliziyo. Umphathi walolu cwaningo, uDkt. Janice Williams wase-University of North Carolina, uthi: “Intukuthelo ingabangela isifo senhliziyo, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwamadoda nabesifazane asebeqinile abanomfutho wegazi ovamile.” Ngakho-ke, abacwaningi batusa ukuba abantu abathukuthela kalula bacabangele ukusebenzisa izindlela zokunciphisa ulaka.
Ezamuva Ngokubhema
“Ngemva kweminyaka eyikhulu yokuqhubeka libhema ugwayi, izwe seliyawulahla,” kubika i-Worldwatch Issue Alert. Kusukela ngo-1990 kuya ku-1999, ukubhema ugwayi kwancipha ngamaphesenti angu-11 emhlabeni wonke. Sekuyiminyaka ecela emashumini amabili lo mkhuba uncipha e-United States, njengoba ukubhema ugwayi kwancipha ngamaphesenti angu-42 ngo-1999 uma kuqhathaniswa no-1980. Lo mbiko uveza imikhankaso emelene nokubhema, ukuqashelwa okwandayo kwezingozi ezihlobene nokubhema nentengo ephakeme kagwayi njengezizathu zokuncipha kwalo mkhuba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mbiko uthi “inani losikilidi ababhenywa umuntu ngamunye liye lehla ngamaphesenti angu-19 eFrance kusukela ngo-1985, ngamaphesenti angu-8 eChina kusukela ngo-1990 nangamaphesenti amane eJapane kusukela ngo-1992.”
Abangenamshuwalense Abakunaki Ukugula
Ingosi yezindaba i-Reuters ibika ukuthi ucwaningo lwamuva e-United States lubonisa ukuthi abantu abangenawo umshuwalense wezempilo abazinaki izimpawu zokugula futhi abavamile ukufuna usizo lwezempilo. Lolu cwaningo, olwaqale lwanyatheliswa yi-Archives of Internal Medicine, lwalusekelwe ekwazisweni okwaqoqwa yi-National Center for Health Statistics. Ucwaningo lwabonisa ukuthi noma kungaba nezimpawu zokugula okukhulu, njengokungaboni kahle noma ukuba nesigaxa ebeleni, abantu abangenawo umshuwalense wezempilo abavamile ukufuna usizo lwezokwelapha kunalabo abanomshuwalense. Lo mbiko wathi: “Kuyindida ukuthi esikhathini lapho izwe lakithi limisa ‘Amalungelo Obuntu Esiguli,’ asikalisekeli ilungelo lokuba isiguli.”
I-zoo Yasendulo YaseLondon
Ukuvubukula ngaphansi koMbhoshongo WaseLondon odumile kwembule imininingwane emisha “ngendawo yezilwane yasendulo eyayinezilwane eziningi ezihlukahlukene,” kubika i-Sunday Times yaseLondon. Abacwaningi bathi kunobufakazi bokuthi kwakugcinwe izinhlobo zezilwane eziyikhulu ezihlukene, kuhlanganise ubhejane, izinyamazane, amahlosi, izintshe, izinyoka nezingwenya ngaphansi kwalokho manje okuthiwa iWest Tower. Sekuyisikhathi esithile ochwepheshe bazi ngale zoo, kodwa ucwaningo olusha ezindaweni zemibhalo yasebukhosini, yasemayunivesithi neyasemasontweni, kuhlanganise nokwaziswa okutholakale kule mivubukulo, kuye kwacacisa izinto eziningana. Le ndawo yezilwane yakhiwa ngo-1210 yiNkosi uJohn futhi yavalwa ngo-1835 lapho kuvulwa iLondon Zoo eRegent’s Park. Khona-ke, ezinye izilwane zathuthelwa kule zoo entsha, kanti ezinye zathunyelwa eMelika. Ukuhlala isikhathi eside kwale ndawo yezilwane kwakungenxa yesithakazelo amakhosi alandelanayo aba naso kuyo kanye nesimo esizinzile sezwe. UGeoffrey Parnell, umvubukuli oyinhloko kulo Mbhoshongo, uthi: “Kusobala ukuthi kwakuyindawo yombukiso eyahlala isikhathi eside kunazo zonke eLondon, ijabulisa abasebukhosini nabantu abavamile amakhulu eminyaka.”
Isahlulelo Esisheshayo
Umagazini i-New Scientist ubika ukuthi amajaji amathathu esifundazweni sase-Espírito Santo, eBrazil, ahlola isimiso se-computer esiklanyelwe ukusiza ekukhipheni isahlulelo ngokushesha. Lesi simiso, okuthiwa i-Electronic Judge, sikuyi-computer ephathekayo. Lapho kuvela ingozi encane, amaphoyisa abiza ijaji nomabhalane wasenkantolo beze endaweni okwenzeke kuyo ingozi. Lesi simiso siklanyelwe ukusiza ijaji elingumuntu ukuba lihlole ubufakazi bese likhipha isahlulelo ngaleso sikhathi. Lokhu sikwenza ngokunikeza ijaji uhide lwemibuzo, enjengokuthi “Ingabe umshayeli uye wama erobhothini elibomvu?” noma, “Ingabe umshayeli ubephuze ngaphezu kwesilinganiso esivunyelwe umthetho?” Sibe sesikhipha isinqumo nesizathu saso. Ngokwe-New Scientist, lesi simiso sikwazi “nokuhlawulisa abantu, siyale ukuba kukhokhwe amadameshe futhi situse nokuba umuntu agqunywe ejele.” Kuthenjwa ukuthi lesi simiso se-computer sizosiza amajaji angabantu ukuba asheshe kakhudlwana, kanjalo sinciphise ukunqwabelana kwamacala omthetho eBrazil.
Amanzi Njengesikhangiso Sohwebo
Abathengisi abathile eNdiya baye basizakala ngesomiso samuva nje ukuze bathole amakhasimende. Bapha amakhasimende amanzi mahhala uma ethenga imishini emikhulu yasendlini. I-Times of India yabika ukuthi omunye umdayisi wathembisa ukukhipha amalitha angu-500 amanzi izinsuku ezine ngesonto kuze kuphele izinyanga ezimbili zasehlobo awaphe ikhasimende elithenga isitofu, isiqandisi, umshini wokuwasha noma ithelevishini. Esinye isitolo sasiphana ‘ngamanzi amahhala lonke ihlobo’ uma umuntu ethenga isiqandisi noma ithelevishini. Njengoba inesomiso esibi kakhulu, ingxenye esenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeSifundazwe SaseGujarat yathola ukuthi amanzi ayekhanga kakhulu kunezipho zegolide, isiliva, noma iholidi lamahhala. Edolobheni laseRajkot, osomabhizinisi bathi ukuheha amakhasimende ngamanzi kuye kwenyusa ibhizinisi ngokuphindwe kathathu.
Impicabadala Yedayimane Ixazululiwe
Isakhi esingokwemvelo esiqine kunazo zonke ezaziwa umuntu, idayimane, sakheka lapho i-carbon ingaphansi kwezinga lokushisa elingavamile nomfutho omkhulu. Kodwa idayimane ngokwalo liba yini uma lingaphansi komfutho onjalo? Sekuyiminyaka engu-40 ososayensi bezama ukuphendula lowo mbuzo—futhi baze bakwazi muva nje. I-Buffalo News iyabika: “Kutholakale ukuthi uma izingosi ezifanele zicindezelwa ngomfutho owanele, lesi sakhi esingokwemvelo esiqine kunazo zonke ezaziwayo siphenduka i-graphite, okuyiyona kanye i-carbon . . . esivela kuyo.” Ososayensi bathi bethemba ukusebenzisa abaye bakufunda ngocwaningo lwabo ukuze benze amathuluzi angcono okusika idayimane.