Ukuxhumanisa IGreat Belt YaseDenmark
Ngumlobeli we-Phaphama! eDenmark
LAPHO sibuka iDenmark ebalazweni, kulula ukuqonda ukuthi kungani sekuyisikhathi eside kangaka abaseDenmark bengamatilosi nabakhi bamabhuloho. IDenmark yakhiwa iziqhingi ezingu-483 nenhlonhlo ephumela olwandle isuka ezwekazini laseYurophu. Ngakho ukuhambahamba eDenmark bekulokhu kusho ukuwela amanzi njalo.
Okhokho babantu baseDenmark abangamaViking babekwazi ukwakha imikhumbi efanelekile yasolwandle. Futhi kubonakala sengathi eminyakeni eminingi, idolobhana ngalinye laseDenmark elisogwini lalinezikebhe ezithutha abantu zibayise kwelinye idolobhana elisesiqhingini esingumakhelwane.
Ukuwela IGreat Belt
Nokho, ukuhamba ngomkhumbi bekulokhu kuyingozi. Lokhu bekwenzeka lapho unqamula indawo ebanzi enamanzi, ehlukanisa iziqhingi ezimbili ezinkulu zaseDenmark, iSjælland neFyn. Le nsungubezi ewudedangendlale, iStore Strait, injengebhande elikhulu lamanzi elisuka enyakatho liye eningizimu; ngakho-ke, ngokuvamile ibizwa ngokuthi iGreat Belt.
Ukuze unqamule phakathi kwentshonalanga yeDenmark neSjælland, lapho kunenhloko-dolobha khona, iCopenhagen, kudingeka ukuba unqamule iGreat Belt. Ezikhathini zakudala, lokhu kwakungase kusho ukuhlala izinsuku eziningi ulinde ukuba umoya ushintshe, kudambe iziphepho noma kuncibilike iqhwa. Ukunqamula kwakuthatha isikhathi eside futhi kuyingozi. Ekhulwini le-16, iqembu lasebukhosini lavaleleka isonto lonke esiqhinganeni saseSprogø, esiphakathi kwalezi zindawo zombili, ngenxa yeqhwa.
Ngakho, akumangalisi ukuthi sekuyisikhathi eside abantu baseDenmark bewuthakazelela umqondo wokwakhiwa kwebhuloho kule ndawo. Kodwa ingabe likhona ibhuloho elakhiwe umuntu ebelinganqamula indawo yamanzi ewudedangendlale njengeGreat Belt? Bekuyodingeka libe nobude obungamakhilomitha angu-18 okungenani, kuhlanganise nengxenye eyakhiwe eSprogø. Beliyosuka lapha lize liyofinyelela kude lapho amehlo enyama engenakufinyelela khona ngisho noma kunesimo sezulu esihle—linqamule ulwandle. Uma kuqhathaniswa, iBhuloho iGolden Gate laseSan Francisco linobude obungaphansi kwamakhilomitha amathathu.
Izinkinga Abaklami Ababhekana Nazo
Empeleni, iPhalamende laseDenmark laqala ukuxoxa ngendaba yebhuloho elinjalo ekhulwini le-19. Phakathi nayo yonke leyo minyaka, abaklami babecabanga ngemibuzo enjengokuthi: Ingabe sidinga ibhuloho noma umhubhe? Ingabe leli bhuloho kufanele lihambe izitimela, izimoto noma kokubili? Akwanele yini ukusebenzisa izikebhe nje kuphela?
Kwenziwa ucwaningo olukhulu, kuboniswana kabanzi. Lapho kukhulunywa “ngempikiswano yeGreat Belt,” wonke umuntu eDenmark wayazi ukuthi kukhulunywa ngempikiswano engapheli. Kodwa ekugcineni, ngo-1987, kwavunyelwana. Leli bhuloho, elalizohlanganisa iziqhingi ezimbili ezinkulu, lalizohamba izitimela kanye nezimoto. Lo mklamo wawuzoba namabhuloho amabili nomhubhe—okwakuzoba amakhilomitha angu-18 ubude lapho uhlangene—wawuzobizwa ngokuthi iGreat Belt Link.
IBhuloho Elisentshonalanga
Kwaqalwa kwakhiwa ibhuloho likajantshi nelezimoto elenziwe ngokhonkolo oqiniswe ngezinsimbi ukusuka esiqhingini saseFyn—lapho umlobi wezindaba waseDenmark uHans Christian Andersen azalelwa khona. Le ngxenye esentshonalanga elixhumayo yaqedwa ngo-January 1944. Manje liyibhuloho lezitimela nezimoto elide kunawo wonke eYurophu. Liphakeme ngamamitha angu-18 ngaphezu kolwandle, lingamakhilomitha angu-6 ukusuka eFyn kuya empumalanga eSprogø.
Leli Bhuloho Elisempumalanga, elisekelwe yizinsika zikakhonkolo ezisolwandle, linemigwaqo eminingi, futhi eminingi yayo ingamamitha angu-110 ubude. Lezi zingxenye zikakhonkolo zenzelwa ogwini. Kodwa ingxenye ngayinye yafika kanjani olwandle ukuze ixhunywe engxenyeni esixhunyiwe kakade? Kwasetshenziswa omunye wojibha abantantayo abakhulu kakhulu emhlabeni. Lo mshini omkhulu wokuqukula izinto ungamamitha angaphezu kwangu-90 ubude futhi ungaphakamisa izinto ezinesisindo esingamathani angu-7 100 uziyise olwandle. Lokho kungaphezu kwesisindo somkhumbi omkhulu wezimoto nezimoto eziyinkulungwane!
Kodwa ukwakha imizila emibili kajantshi nomgwaqo omkhulu onemizila emine oya esiqhingini saseSprogø esinendlu yesibani sokuxwayisa imikhumbi kwakunganele. Ukusuka lapho, kwakumelwe le mizila ixhunywe nezingxenye ezimbili ezilandelayo zalo mklamo. Ekupheleni kweBhuloho Elisentshonalanga, umgwaqo wezimoto uyachezuka kujantshi uqhubekele ngasempumalanga kwelinye ibhuloho. Nokho, ujantshi ungena emihubheni emibili uze uyofinyelela lapho uphelela khona ngaphansi kolwandle.
Imihubhe Emibili
Umhubhe, ingxenye yesibili yalo mklamo, uwumsebenzi wobunyoninco obukhulu. Kwakhiwe imihubhe emibili yezitimela engamamitha angu-8 ubukhulu ngamunye. Le mihubhe yambiwa yaba amakhilomitha angu-7,4 phakathi kobumba, amadwala nezindawo ezingaphansi kolwandle. Abakhi bale mihubhe abakwazanga ukubona kahle ukuthi injani le ndawo engaphansi komhlaba ngaphambi kokuba baqale ukumba.
Lo mhubhe usendaweni engamamitha aphakathi kwayishumi nangu-40 ngaphansi kolwandle, kuye ngokuthi indawo engaphansi kolwandle imi kanjani—kanti ingxenye ejule kakhulu ingamamitha angu-75 ngaphansi kwamanzi. Imishini yokumba umhubhe eyasetshenziswa yayingamamitha angaba ngu-200 ubude, kuhlanganise nezitimela eziyisizayo. Le mihubhe esiqediwe inezingqimba zikakhonkolo ezingu-60 000 ezigobile, ngayinye enesisindo esingamathani angu-8.
Abakhi baqala kanye kanye ukwakha lo mhubhe nxazombili futhi ngobuhlakani bakwazi ukuhlangana phakathi nendawo kodwa imihubhe ayangaqondana ngamasentimitha angaba mane. Kwakuyisenzakalo esasilindelwe isikhathi eside, lapho ngo-October 15, 1994, iNkosana uJoachim yaseDenmark ihlanganisa ngokomthetho izingxenye zombili zomhubhe ngokuphuma emshinini wokumba ingene komunye owawuza nganeno. Ukusuka eSprogø maphakathi neGreat Belt, le mihubhe emibili esiqediwe isifinyelela ngasempumalanga yogu lwaseSjælland. Kusukela maphakathi no-1997, izitimela seziyinqamula njalo iGreat Belt, zithutha abantu.
Izinkinga Okwabhekwana Nazo
Ukumbiwa kwale mihubhe emibili ngaphansi kolwandle kwase kuqalile lapho ngokungazelele izisebenzi ezisemhubheni zibhekana nenkinga enkulu—imihubhe yaqala ukugcwala amanzi. Izisebenzi zaphuma ziphephile, nakuba zasinda ngokulambisa. Nokho, imihubhe yomibili yagcwala amanzi olwandle, futhi konakala amathuluzi amaningi. Kwakwenzekeni? Imishini yokumba yayishayise umhume onamanzi ababengawubonanga kusengaphambili. Lesi sehlakalo esidumazayo sabambezela wonke umsebenzi, futhi kwadingeka ukuba kusungulwe izindlela ezintsha zokubalekela le nkinga.
Kwathi ngolunye usuku kwaqubuka umlilo omkhulu, futhi omunye wemihubhe wagcwala intuthu ngokushesha. Enye induna ithi, “kwagcwala intuthu kangangokuba kwakungabonakali lutho.” Kwakhishwa yonke into kule ndawo, kwacishwa umlilo futhi umsebenzi wamiswa kwaze kwaba yilapho kutholakala imbangela yomlilo—uwoyela wawokhele umlilo. Lezi zinkinga kanye nezinye zenza ukuba umsebenzi ubambezeleke njalo.
Ibhuloho Elingenazinsika
Ingxenye yesithathu nehamba phambili yeGreat Belt Link yibhuloho elihle lezimoto elingenazinsika elingamakhilomitha angu-6,8 ubude. Leli bhuloho linomshayo ongaba amakhilomitha angu-1,5 ubude, okulenza libe ngelinye lamabhuloho angenazinsika amade kakhulu emhlabeni. Umgwaqo wale ngxenye esempumalanga yeGreat Belt Link uphakeme ngamamitha angu-67 ngaphezu kolwandle. Kubalulekile ukuba uphakame ngaleyo ndlela ngoba iGreat Belt, engomunye wemizila yamanzi ematasa kakhulu emhlabeni, kufanele ihlale ivuliwe ukuze kudlule imikhumbi ehamba olwandle.
Imibhoshongo emibili, noma izinsika ezinde ezingamamitha angu-254 ubude ngayinye, manje iyimibhoshongo emide kunayo yonke eDenmark. Uma kuqhathaniswa, iStatue of Liberty, eNew York Harbor, siphakeme ngamamitha angu-46, ngaphandle kwesisekelo saso. Ngokuvamile, le mibhoshongo emikhulu esolwandle kudingeka ibe nesisekelo esiqinile. Ukuze kwenziwe lokhu, kwahlelenjwa indawo ephansi olwandle yabe isimbozwa “ngomcamelo” wetshe oyisisekelo sezingqimba ezinkulu zikakhonkolo okwakhelwe kuzo imibhoshongo. Ngalunye lwalezi zingqimba zikakhonkolo lungamamitha angu-78 ubude, amamitha angu-35 ububanzi, namamitha angu-19 ukuphakama kanti lunesisindo esingamathani angu-35 000.
Lapho kwakhiwa lezi zinsika, kwasetshenziswa uhlobo olukhethekile lwesikafula esihambahambayo. Ukhonkolo wawuthelwa uhlukaniswe ngezingxenye—kwakuthelwa ongamamitha amane ngesikhathi ukuya phezulu. Lapho ingxenye eyodwa isiqediwe, kwakukhushulwa isikafula, bese kunezelwa amanye amamitha amane phezulu. Kwadingeka ukuba isikafula sikhushulwe izikhathi ezingu-58 ukuze kuqedwe umbhoshongo ngamunye.
Isici esithakazelisayo sokwakhiwa kwebhuloho elingenazinsika ukufakwa kwamakhebula aqinile alisekelayo. La makhebula ayinyanda ehlanganiswe ngokucophelela yamakhebula angu-169 amancane, ngalinye elenziwe ngezingcingo ezingu-127 ngalunye oluyingxenye yesentimitha ubukhulu. Le zinyanda ezisindayo zakhushulwa kanjani? Azizange zikhushulwe! Kunalokho, zahlanganiswa khona lapho. Ucingo ngalunye lwaludonswa inqola ekhethekile iluyise phezulu embhoshongweni, lwehlele ngalé kolunye uhlangothi, lukhuphukele komunye umbhoshongo, abese ekugcineni lubuyela phansi. Ukufakwa kocingo ngalunye kwakwenza ikhebula ibe nkudlwana. Ngemva konyaka owodwa nokufakwa kwezingcingo ezingaba ngu-20 000, ikhebula yagcina isiphelile.
Ukuvulwa Kwalo
Ekugcineni, ngo-June 1998, zonke izingxenye zaleli bhuloho zase zikulungele ukuvulwa ngokomthetho. IGreat Belt Link yayiwumsebenzi wokuzidela, odinga nemali eshisiwe ezweni elincane kangaka, futhi abantu baseDenmark babenesithakazelo sokwazi ukuthi uhamba kanjani lo msebenzi wokwakha. Ngenxa yalokho ukuvulwa kwaleli bhuloho kwahlelwa njengomkhosi omkhulu wabo bonke ababefuna ukuhlanganyela kuwo.
Ngaphambi kokuba la mabhuloho aqale ukusetshenziswa yizimoto, abahamba ngezinyawo nangamabhayisikili bathola ithuba eliyingqayizivele lokuwela. Ngolunye usuku ngo-June libalele, abantu abangaphezu kuka-250 000, kuhlanganise nabahamba ngezinyawo, abashwibeka ngamabhodi nezicathulo ezinamasondo nabamabhayisikili, bawela amabhuloho ‘ale ndawo eyayivulwa’ eyayinezindawo zokudayisa ama-hot dog, abaculi, nezitolo zezinto eziyisikhumbuzo beyojabulela umbukwane omangalisayo wolwandle nogu.
Phakathi nomkhosi, indlovukazi yaseDenmark yathi igama elithi “umakhi wamabhuloho” lingelinye lamagama amahle kakhulu umuntu angabizwa ngawo. Izindiza zombukiso zazindiza esibhakabhakeni phezu kwebhuloho. Kwadlalwa ingoma entsha ethi “Bridge Cantata.” Yayihlanganisa nokuvaleliswa kwesinye sezikebhe ezindala. Lapho umbhidisi ekhomba indukwana yakhe kuyikhamera ye-TV, njengengxenye yomculo, isikebhe esasilinde ebangeni eliyikhilomitha olwandle sashaya inhlabamkhosi yenkungu enomsindo omkhulu ukuze bonke bezwe.
Kusihlwa ngemva komkhosi wokuvulwa kwaleli bhuloho, izikebhe ezingasadingeki zahlangana ngaphansi kwaleli bhuloho elingenazinsika zase zishaya izinhlabamkhosi zililela ukuthi zase ziphelelwe umsebenzi.
Ukubaluleka Kwaleli Bhuloho
Njengoba umsebenzi wezinkulungwane zabaklami nezisebenzi usuphelile, uyini umphumela? Ngokuqinisekile, iDenmark isithole esinye isici esizokhanga izivakashi, ngoba kuhle ukubuka la mabhuloho lapho usezweni noma usolwandle. Uma uhamba ngemoto, kuyinto emangalisayo ukuwela ibhuloho elikhulu kangangokuba ungaboni lapho liphelela khona! Kanti-ke nesikhathi sokuwela sesinciphile ngempela. Nakuba isikebhe sasithatha isikhathi esingaphezu kwehora, manje isitimela sinqamula ngemizuzu engu-7 nje kuphela!
Leli bhuloho kakade seliguqula indlela abantu abaphila ngayo. Abantu baseDenmark abaningi sebevakashela abangane, baqhube amabhizinisi, noma bahambe bayozijabulisa ngaphesheya kwensungubezi. Ukuthuthukiswa kwamadolobha namabhizinisi kuye kwathinteka ngoba manje usungakwazi ukusebenza ngaphesheya kwebhuloho kodwa ube uhlala nganeno. Izimpahla sezingathuthelwa kulo lonke izwe ngokushesha okukhulu kunangaphambili.
Kodwa kuye kwalahleka okuthile. Izikebhe ezazihamba kula manzi zazimelela isiko elase linamakhulu eminyaka likhona, futhi abagibeli abaningi babekuthanda ukuphumula kuzo. Usomabhizinisi othile wakhononda: “Ngizozikhumbula izikebhe. Ukuhamba emanzini ngezikebhe ezinkulu kuyathakazelisa. Ngiyakujabulela ukushaywa umoya esikebheni.” Noma kunjalo, akungabazeki ukuthi leli bhuloho elisha lizohlanganisa izingxenye ezihlukahlukene zeziqhingi zaseDenmark futhi kwenze ukuhambela enyakatho yeYurophu kube lula kakhulu.
[Amabalazwe ekhasini 25]
(Ukuze ubone ukuthi indaba ihlelwe kanjani, bheka encwadini)
DENMARK
FYN
SJÆLLAND
FYN
IBHULOHO ELISENTSHONALANGA
SPROGØ
UMHUBHE
IBHULOHO ELINGENAZINSIKA
SJÆLLAND
UJANTSHI
UMGWAQO OMKHULU WEZIMOTO
[Isithombe ekhasini 26]
Ubusuku okwavulwa ngabo ibhuloho elingenazinsika eliqediwe
[Umthombo]
Nordfoto, Liselotte Sabroe