ISimemezelo SaseNantes—Ingabe Siwumthetho-sisekelo Wokubekezelelwa Kwenkolo?

NGEMVA kokuzwa ukuthi inkosi yaseFrance, uHenry IV isayiné iSimemezelo SaseNantes ngo-1598, uPapa Clement VIII wakhononda: “Lesi senzo singiphathe kabi kakhulu.” Manje ngemva kweminyaka engu-400, esikhundleni sokubangela inzondo nokuphikisana, ukusayinwa kwalesi simemezelo sekugujwa njengesenzo sokubekezelelwa kwenkolo nesinye sezinyathelo ezibalulekile sokuqinisekisa amalungelo enkolo abo bonke. Sasiyini lesi Simemezelo SaseNantes? Ingabe sasiwumthetho-sisekelo wokubekezelelwa kwenkolo ngempela? Futhi singafundani kuso namuhla?

ElaseYurophu Elikhungethwe Yimpi

Ngekhulu le-16 leminyaka, elaseYurophu lalikhungethwe ukucwasana nezimpi zenkolo ezichitha igazi. Esinye isazi-mlando sithi: “Ngaphambi kwekhulu le-16 abalandeli bakaKristu babengakaze bayishaye indiva kangaka imfundiso yakhe ethi, ‘Yibani nothando phakathi kwenu.’” Amanye amazwe, njengeSpain neNgilandi, azishushisa ngonya izinkolo ezincane. Amanye, njengeJalimane, asebenzisa isimiso esithi “Cuius regio, eius religio,” esisho ukuthi umbusi wendawo nguyena owayenquma ukuthi iyiphi inkolo abantu okumelwe bayilandele. Noma ubani owayephikisana nenkolo ekhethwe umbusi wayephoqwa ukuba aphume aphele kuleyo ndawo. Impi yayigwenywa ngokugcina izinkolo zihlukene, futhi akuzange kwenziwe mzamo wokubuyisana phakathi kwalezi zinkolo.

ElaseFrance lathatha inkambo ehlukile. Yayiphakathi kwenyakatho yeYurophu, eyayinamaProthestani amaningi, neningizimu yeYurophu, eyayinamaKatolika amaningi. Phakathi neminyaka yawo-1500, kwase kusele iqenjana nje lamaProthestani kuleli lizwe elaligcwele amaKatolika. Uchungechunge lwezimpi zenkolo lwenza lokhu kuhlukana kwaqhubeka.a Izivumelwano zokuthula eziningi, noma ‘Izimemezelo Zokuletha Ukuthula,’ njengoba zazibizwa kanjalo, zahluleka ukwenza izinkolo zibuyisane. Kungani elaseFrance lakhetha inkambo yokubekezelelwa kwenkolo kunokuba lilingise amazwe aseYurophu angomakhelwane?

Ukufuna Kwabantu Ukuthula

Umbono wokuthi ukuthula kwakungafinyelelwa naphezu kokuhlukana ngokwenkolo wanda naphezu kokucwasana okwakwande nezwe. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukholo lwaluhambisana nokuthobela uhulumeni. Ingabe wawungakwazi ukuhlala eFrance ube ungelona ilungu leSonto LamaKatolika? Ngokusobala abanye bacabanga ukuthi babengakwazi. Ngo-1562, uMichel de l’Hospital, isikhulu sikahulumeni waseFrance, wabhala: “Ngisho noma umuntu exoshiwe ebandleni, useyisakhamuzi.” Iqembu lamaKatolika elalibizwa ngokuthi ama-Politique (Osombangazwe) lalisho okufanayo.

Izivumelwano zokuthula ezabhuntsha ezasayinwa eFrance zazineminye yale mibono emisha. Futhi zazikhuthaza umbono wokuthi ukukhohlwa okwakwenzeke esikhathini esidlule kwakuyindlela yokwakha ikusasa. Ngokwesibonelo, iSimemezelo SaseBoulogne, sango-1573, sathi: “Zonke izinto ezenzeka . . . masizilibale njengokungathi azizange zenzeke.”

Kuningi abantu baseFrance okwakumelwe bakukhohlwe. Ngaphambi kokuba uHenry IV abe yinkosi ngo-1589, isivumelwano sokuthula esasibalulekile sasihlale iminyaka engu-8 nje kuphela. ElaseFrance lalinezinkinga zezomnotho nezenhlalo. Izwe lalidinga ukuthula. UHenry IV wayeyazi kahle inkolo nezombangazwe. Wayeke waba umProthestani wabuye waba umKatolika izikhathi eziningi. Ngemva kokwenza ukuthula nabaseSpain ngo-1597 nokuqeda izingxabano zombango ngo-1598, wayesekulungele ukukhipha isiphakamiso sokuthula phakathi kwamaProthestani namaKatolika. Ngo-1598, ngemva kokuba kube nempi yenkolo iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30 eFrance, iNkosi uHenry IV yasayina iSimemezelo SaseNantes.

“ISiphakamiso Samalungelo à la Française”

ISimemezelo SaseNantes uHenry asisayina sasinemibhalo emine eyisisekelo, ehlanganisa nombhalo oyinhloko owawuneziphakamiso ezingu-92 noma ezingu-95 neziphakamiso ezingu-56 eziyimfihlo, noma “ezikhethekile,” ezazikhuluma ngamalungelo nezibopho zamaProthestani. Izivumelwano zokuthula zangaphambili zaziyisisekelo salesi sivumelwano, ziqukethe iziphakamiso eziyizingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu. Nokho, ngokungafani nezivumelwano zangaphambili, kwathatha isikhathi eside ukuhlela lesi simemezelo. Ubude baso obungavamile babangelwa ukuthi sasixazulula inkinga ngokuphelele, okwasenza sabonakala siyisivumelwano esenziwa ngemva kokubonisana. Yimaphi amanye amalungelo esawanika abantu?

Lesi sivumelwano sanika amaProthestani aseFrance inkululeko ephelele kanembeza. Futhi anikezwa isikhundla sokuba iqembu elincane elihlonishwayo nelinamalungelo. Esinye seziphakamiso eziyimfihlo sasiwaqinisekisa ngisho nangokuthi ayeyovikelwa ekuQulweni Kwamacala lapho eya kwamanye amazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaProthestani anikezwa isikhundla sokuba izakhamuzi esifanayo nesamaKatolika futhi ayengathola nemisebenzi kuHulumeni. Nokho, ingabe lesi simemezelo sasiwumthetho-sisekelo wokubekezelelwa kwenkolo ngempela?

Ingabe Lesi Simemezelo Sasikubonisa Ngezinga Elingakanani Ukubekezela?

Uma sicabangela indlela izinkolo ezincane ezaziphathwa ngayo kwamanye amazwe, iSimemezelo SaseNantes “sasiyincwadi enokuhlakanipha kwezombangazwe okuyivelakancane,” kusho isazi-mlando u-Elisabeth Labrousse. Isifiso esikhulu sikaHenry sasiwukubona amaProthestani ebuyela kumaKatolika. Okwangaleso sikhathi, ukubuyisana kwezinkolo kwakuwukuchibiyela nje—kuwukuphela kwendlela uHenry athi “bonke abantu bethu bangayisebenzisa ukuze bathandaze futhi bakhulekele uNkulunkulu.”

Empeleni, lesi simemezelo sasivuna ubuKatolika, okwathiwa buyinkolo enkulu futhi kwakufanele buvuselelwe kuwo wonke umbuso. AmaProthestani kwakumelwe akhokhe okweshumi kwamaKatolika futhi ahloniphe amaholide amaKatolika nemingcele ephathelene nomshado. AmaProthestani ayenenkululeko yokukhulekela ezindaweni ezithile kuphela. Lesi simemezelo sasikhuluma ngokubuyisana kwamaProthestani namaKatolika kuphela. Ezinye izinkolo ezincane azizange zihlanganiswe. Ngokwesibonelo, amaSulumane axoshwa eFrance ngo-1610. Nakuba singayibekezeleli ngokuphelele inkolo, kungani lesi simemezelo sigujwa namuhla?

Imiphumela Ebalulekile

Izincwadi zomlando zangaleso sikhathi zazingakhulumi ngalesi simemezelo. Izazi-mlando zisibiza ngokuthi “uwangala.” Nokho, manje sibhekwa njengomsebenzi wobuciko wezombangazwe. Lesi simemezelo sabiza ubuProthestani ngokuthi inkolo, kunokuba sithi ayizihlubuki. Ukuqaphela enye inkolo ngaphandle kobuKatolika kuphela kwacaba indlela yokuba khona kwezinkolo eziningi. Ngokwesinye isazi-mlando, lokhu “kwadambisa imizwa enamandla yentshiseko yabaseFrance eyayishukumisa amaProthestani njengamaKatolika.” Lesi simemezelo saqaphela ukuthi akuyona inkolo yomuntu enqumayo ukuthi uthembekile yini kuHulumeni noma ushisekela ubuzwe bakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isenzo sobugebengu, hhayi ukuzihlanganisa nenkolo, yisona esasenza umuntu athathelwe isinyathelo esingokomthetho. Le mibono yabonisa ukuthi kwakunezinguquko ezinkulu.

Lapho isayina lesi simemezelo, iNkosi uHenry yayikhathazeke ngokukhethekile ngobunye bomphakathi. Ukuze kufinyelelwe lokhu, lesi simemezelo senza umehluko phakathi kobunye bomphakathi nobunye benkolo. Esinye isazi-mlando siyaphawula: “Saqala inqubo yokweseka umphakathi . . . , ukuqaphela ukuthi isizwe nenkolo kwakungasahambisani.” Nakuba iSonto LamaKatolika lalisenethonya elithile, amandla kaHulumeni aqiniswa kakhulu. Inkosi yayizoba umahluleli lapho kuphakama izingxabano. Ukuxazululwa kwezinkinga zenkolo ngendlela engokombangazwe noma engokomthetho kwasho ukuthi ezombangazwe zazizobusa inkolo. Yingakho isazi-mlando esithile sibiza lesi simemezelo ngokuthi “ukunqoba kwamandla ezombangazwe indima yeSonto.” Esinye sithi “saphawula isikhathi esiwunqamula-juqu ekuveleni kukaHulumeni wanamuhla.”

Indlela Esisebenza Ngayo Namuhla

Ezinye izimiso eziqokonyiswa yiSimemezelo SaseNantes kamuva zasetshenziswa abanye ohulumeni. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amazwe amaningi abucabangela kabusha ubudlelwane phakathi kwenkolo nezombangazwe, athuthukisa igunya likaHulumeni. Ekugcineni, kwelaseFrance (ngo-1905) kwakhethwa indlela ehlukanisa iSonto noHulumeni ngokuphelele. NgokukaJean Baubérot, onguprofesa odumile wezomlando nokuhlalisana kwabantu, leli lungiselelo “liyisivikelo esingcono kakhulu samaqembu amancane” ezweni eligcwele ukucwasa kangaka. Amanye amazwe, nakuba esanamathele enkolweni kaHulumeni, aye akhetha ukuqinisekisa inkululeko yenkolo nokuphathwa kwabo bonke ngendlela elinganayo ngaphansi komthetho-sisekelo wawo.

Nokho, abaningi namuhla bacabanga ukuthi kusengenziwa intuthuko ekuvikeleni inkululeko yenkolo. Intatheli u-Alain Duhamel ikhala ngokuthi: “ISimemezelo SaseNantes sigujwa kanye ngemva kwekhulu leminyaka kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi siyephulwa.” Ngokwesibonelo, abahlaziyi abathile baqokomisa ukucwasa okubiza zonke izinkolo ezincane ngokuthi “amahlelo.” Ngempela ukufunda ukuhlalisana ngokuthula ngaphandle kokubandlululana kwakuyisifundo esibalulekile okwakumelwe abantu basifunde eminyakeni engu-400 edlule. Kodwa leso sifundo sisazuzisa nanamuhla.

Indaba Esezithebeni

Ayikho inkululeko yokukhulekela uma ngokungemthetho iziphathimandla zivuna ezinye izinkolo kodwa zilahla ezinye. EFrance, abanye abaqondisi bakahulumeni waseFrance babheka oFakazi BakaJehova njengenkolo, kuyilapho abanye bengababheki kanjalo. Kuyadida ukuthi uHulumeni ovamile yiwona onquma ukuthi iliphi iqembu eliyinkolo nokuthi iliphi elingeyona. Le nqubo iqala ngokubandlululwa futhi iholele ekushushisweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uRaimo Ilaskivi, ilungu lePhalamende LaseYurophu, uthi “lokhu kungokhela umlilo ongasakazekela emazweni ahlukahlukene nasezinhlanganweni ezihlukahlukene zenkolo.” Yingakho uthisha wezomthetho uJean-Marc Florand ephetha ngokuthi: “Lokhu kukhinyabeza elaseFrance nokuqashelwa kwenkululeko. NjengomKatolika, lokho kuyangikhathaza ngempela.” Nokho, umlando ungafundisa kuphela labo abazimisele ukufunda.

Engqungqutheleni yamuva nje ye-United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, isikhulumi saphawula ukuthi “enye yezindlela zokugubha iSimemezelo SaseNantes iwukucabanga ngesimo sezinkolo esikhathini sethu.” Ngempela, iSimemezelo SaseNantes singagujwa kangcono kakhulu ngokuqikelela ukuthi iyavikelwa inkululeko yangempela yokukhulekela!

[Imibhalo yaphansi]

[Ibhokisi/Izithombe ekhasini 20, 21]

Inkululeko Engokwenkolo EFrance Namuhla

Ngezinye izikhathi abantu bayazikhohlwa izifundo zesikhathi esidlule. Lapho evikela iSimemezelo SaseNantes, uHenry IV wamemezela: “Akusafanele neze kwenziwe umehluko phakathi komKatolika nomHuguenot.” Ephephandabeni lesiFulentshi i-Figaro, uJean-Marc Florand, onguthisha ophambili wezomthetho eParis-XII University, uchaza ukuthi eFrance, kusukela ngo-1905, “umthetho ubheka zonke izinkolo, izinkolelo namahlelo ngendlela elinganayo.” Ubandlululo kufanele lube yinto yesikhathi esidlule.

Okuyindida ukuthi ngo-1998, unyaka ophawula ukuphela kweminyaka engamakhulu amane yeSimemezelo SaseNantes, kubonakala sengathi isifundo esikuso—esithi zonke izakhamuzi kufanele ziqinisekiswe ngenkululeko yenkolo nokuphathwa ngendlela efanayo—sesilibalekile. OFakazi BakaJehova, okuyiqembu lobuKristu lesithathu ngobukhulu eFrance, bebelokhu beqhuba inkolo yabo lapha iminyaka ecishe ibe yikhulu. Nokho, umbiko wephalamende laseFrance waphika ukuthi oFakazi BakaJehova bayinkolo esemthethweni. Ngenxa yalokho, ezinye zeziphathimandla zaseFrance zivame ukucwasa oFakazi BakaJehova uma kuziwa enkululekweni abanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, emacaleni okuwinwa kwabantwana, abahluleli baseFrance ngokuvamile bayangabaza ukuthi abazali abangoFakazi BakaJehova kufanele babenalo yini ilungelo lokugcina abantwana babo. Le mibuzo ibangelwa nje izinkolelo ezingokwenkolo abazali abanazo. Futhi, ngenxa yokuthi bangoFakazi BakaJehova, abanye osingabazali basengozini enkulu yokulahlekelwa abantwana ababanakekelayo.

Muva nje, iziphathimandla zaseFrance bezilokhu zisongela ukufuna intela engekho emthethweni eminikelweni eyenziwa oFakazi BakaJehova emabandleni abo. Ngokwenhlangano ezimele i-Human Rights Without Frontiers, lokhu “kuyisandulela esiyingozi” esiphula izinqumo ezathathwa yi-European Court of Human Rights. Ngempela, i-European Union iqinisekisa inkululeko yenkolo. I-European Court iye yaqaphela oFakazi BakaJehova njalo “njengenkolo eyaziwayo,” okwenza kube nzima nakakhulu ukuqonda isenzo seziphathimandla ezithile zaseFrance.

Sekuyiminyaka ecela ekhulwini oFakazi BakaJehova bekhona eFrance

Phezulu kwesokudla: Imikhaya eminingi eFrance sekuyiminyaka eminingi ingoFakazi BakaJehova

Phezulu ngakwesokunxele: IBandla laseRoubaix, ngo-1913

Ngezansi ngakwesokunxele: OFakazi enyakatho yeFrance, ngo-1922

[Isithombe ekhasini 19]

UHenry IV, inkosi yaseFrance

[Umthombo]

© Cliché Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris