I-“opera” Ehlathini
Ngumlobeli we-Phaphama! eBrazil
LAPHO silunguza ngefasitela lendiza, sibona imifula emibili egelezela ndawonye—iSolimões enamanzi adungekile kanye neNegro enamanzi anodaka. Lapho ihlangana, ayihlangani ngokuphelele kuze kube sebangeni elingamakhilomitha ayishumi phambili. Eduze nayo, indiza ithi cababa eManaus, inhloko-dolobha yesiFundazwe sase-Amazonas eBrazil.
“Lapha sinezinkathi zonyaka ezimbili,” kusho abantu baseManaus. “Lina nsuku zonke, noma line usuku lonke.” Kodwa imvula ayizithiyi izakhamuzi eziyisigidi nengxenye ekuzuleni kuleli dolobha elinezinto ezihlukahlukene. Njengoba sidlula izimboni zobuchwepheshe obuphambili emigwaqweni emikhulu futhi sidlula nezindlu kanye nezakhiwo zokuhlala ezisemigwaqweni enamagquma, ngokushesha sizithola sisenkabeni yedolobha eminyene izimoto, lapho kunezakhiwo ezinde namatshe ezikhumbuzo aphawulekayo. Siyabona ukuthi kungani iManaus yake yabizwa ngokuthi iParis yasehlathini. Nokho, kunesakhiwo esithile esihle esisikhanga ngokukhethekile—indawo ye-opera.
“Kunezindawo ze-opera ezindaweni eziningi,” kusho u-Inês Lima Daou, umqondisi walendawo, “kodwa i-Teatro Amazonas ihlukile. Isemajukujukwini.” Kwenzeka kanjani ukuba isakhiwo esihle kangaka sibe senkabeni yehlathi lemvula elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni?
Ithonya Lenjoloba
Ngo-1669, uKaputen’uFrancisco da Mota Falcão wasePortugal wakha inqaba yasehlathini okuthiwa iFortaleza de São José do Rio Negro. Ngemva kokushintshwa igama kaningana, ngo-1856 iManaus yethiwa ngesizwe samaNdiya endawo okuthiwa amaManáos. Ngo-1900, abantu abangu-50 000 base bethuthelekele eManaus. Yini eyayikhanga lezi zixuku? I-Hevea brasiliensis, noma isihlahla senjoloba, esitholakala esigodini sase-Amazon.
Abenzi bamakoloni basePortugal baqaphela ukuthi amaNdiya ayedlala ngamabhola asindayo enziwe nge-latex ekhanywe kulezi zihlahla. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, laba benzi bamakoloni bathola omunye umsebenzi walolu ketshezi olusabisi. Ngo-1750, iNkos’uDom José yasePortugal yayithumela amawudlu ayo eBrazil ukuba ayovalwa ukuze angangeni manzi. Ngo-1800, iBrazil yayithumela izicathulo zenjoloba eNew England eNyakatho Melika. Nokho, ukuthola kukaCharles Goodyear indlela yokuqinisa injoloba ngamakhemikhali ngo-1839 nokusungula kukaJohn Dunlop ithayi lemoto ngo-1888 kwabangela ‘ukuthutheleka kwabantu befuna injoloba.’ Umhlaba wonke wawufuna injoloba.
Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, abaseBrazil abangaba ngu-200 000 babesebenza njengama-seringueiro, noma abakhami benjoloba, bekhama izihlahla zenjoloba eziyizigidi ezingu-80 ezazisakazeke ehlathini ngaseManaus.
Iminyaka yokwesasa ngenxa yengcebo yaletha ugesi, ucingo, ngisho nenqola ehamba emzileni—okwakungeyokuqala ngqá eNingizimu Melika. Abaphathi bebhizinisi lenjoloba bakha izindlu zikanokusho futhi besebenzisa ilineni yase-Ireland ematafuleni okudla, futhi imikhaya yabo yayiya iphindelela eYurophu ukuze iyojabulela ubuciko bakhona—kuhlanganise ne-opera. Ngokushesha, bafuna indawo ye-opera enjengezindawo zaseYurophu.
Ukuthutha Izingxenye ZeYurophu
Amaphupho aqala ukufezeka ngo-1881, lapho umkhandlu-dolobha ukhetha isiza egqumeni eliphakathi kwemingenela emibili, eduze nesonto endaweni ezungezwe ihlathi. Khona-ke, imikhumbi ethwele izinto zokwakha yawela i-Atlantic Ocean futhi yahamba amanye amakhilomitha angu-1300 ukuya eManaus ngoMfula i-Amazon.
Kodwa ake ume kancane! Kungani lesi sakhiwo sobuciko sinesiqongo esiyindilinga? Yiqiniso, sasingeyona ingxenye yomklamo wokuqala, kodwa omunye wonjiniyela waya embukisweni eFrance, wabona isiqongo esiyindilinga, wasithanda futhi wasithenga. Lesi siqongo sahlotshiswa ngama-tile enziwe eJalimane angaba ngu-36 000 aluhlaza naphuzi.
Leli hholo elime njengenselo yehhashi lalinendawo yezihlalo ezingu-700 ingemuva lazo elenziwe ngomhlanga ezafakwa engxenyeni ephansi, izihlalo ezingu-12 endaweni yezikhulu, nezihlalo ezinhlanu endaweni ngayinye kwezingu-90 ezitezi ezintathu eziphezulu. Ukuze izitholele izindawo zayo zokuhlala yodwa, imikhaya ecebile yayinikela ngezifihla-buso zaseGreece ezingu-22, ezazibekwa ngenhla kwezinsika ukuze kudunyiswe abaqambi, abaculi nabalobi bemidlalo baseYurophu.
Izibani zalendawo ye-opera ziyenza ibe umbukwane. Maphakathi naleli hholo kulenga isibani esikhulu se-bronze esenziwa eFrance futhi esihlotshiswe ngengilazi yase-Italy. Singehliswa ukuze kushintshwe ama-bulb futhi sihlanzwe. Izibani ezingu-166 ze-bronze ezinezembozo zengilazi ezime njenge-tulip ezingu-1630 zigqamisa izindonga futhi zikhanyisa nemidwebo.
UCrispim do Amaral, umdwebi waseBrazil wekhulu le-19 owayehlala eParis futhi wafunda e-Italy, wadweba ophahleni lwangaphakathi imidwebo emine—owe-opera, owomdanso, owomculo nowomdlalo oyinhlekelele. Waphumelela ekwenzeni umuntu acabange ukuthi umi ngaphansi koMbhoshongo ka-Eiffel. Ekhethinini lasesiteji likaseyili, wadweba umfanekiso ongavamile—ukuhlangana kwemifula eba umfula i-Amazon. Leli khethini elineminyaka eyikhulu ubudala alisongwa kodwa liyenyuka lingene ngaphakathi esiqongweni esiyindilinga—okunciphisa umonakalo emdwebweni.
Esitezi sesibili kunegumbi lomdanso elikhulu, ohlangothini ngalunye elinesibuko eside sengilazi yaseFrance esibonisa izibani ezinkulu ezingu-32 ezenziwa e-Italy. Lokhu kukhanya kugqamisa imidwebo yezilwane nezitshalo zase-Amazon eyadwetshwa uDomenico de Angelis, umdwebi wase-Italy. Ukuze kugqame, izinsika zensimbi zavalwa ngosimende futhi zapendwa ukuze zifane nemabula. Uma ushaya kancane othangweni lukavulandi olufana nemabula; uthola ukuthi lungamapulangwe. Iphansi elipholishiwe lenziwa ngendlela yaseFrance, kwabekwa amapulangwe angu-12 000 ngaphandle kwesipikili noma inhlaka. Okuwukuphela kwento yaseBrazil kwakuyipulangwe elasetshenziswa phansi, emadeskini nasematafuleni. Singabona ukuthi wonke umuntu kumelwe ukuba wayezizwa ekhululekile—futhi epholile. Kungani sithi epholile?
Ababazi bamatshe babefake amatshe okugandaya imigwaqo ezungeze lendawo ngento ene-latex. Lokhu kwakuwunciphisa kakhulu umsindo wezinqola zamahhashi zabantu ababephuza ukufika. Kwakuvumela nokuba iminyango ishiywe ivuliwe ukuze kushaye umoya ohelezayo ezihlalweni uqede ukushisa.
Injabulo Iphenduka Isimo Esisongelayo
Ngobusuku bokuvulwa kwalendawo ngo-1896, imithombo ephambi kwalendawo ye-opera yayigeleza iwayini lapho kuvulwa iminyango. Lomsebenzi wawuthathe iminyaka engu-15 nezindleko zamaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-46,7. Kwakuyindlu yodumo yabahlabeleli abaphambili. Phakathi neminyaka, kweza abahlabelela ngabodwa namaqembu ase-Italy, eFrance, ePortugal naseSpain bezodlala i-La Bohème kaPuccini ne-Rigoletto kanye ne-Il Trovatore kaVerdi. Nakuba izifo zasezindaweni ezishisayo njengekholera, umalaleveva ne-yellow fever zenza ukuba abanye abahlabeleli bangezi, lendawo yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yayibhekene nolunye usongo—ukuphela kwenala yenjoloba. IManaus yayizulelwa amanqe.—Bheka ibhokisi elithi “Ukuthunjwa Okwaqeda Inala Yenjoloba Futhi Kwamisa I-opera.”
Ngo-1923, umbuso wenjoloba waseBrazil wawa. Izicebi, ababenethemba lokuvula amabhizinisi, abahwebi nezifebe bathatha okungokwabo bashaya bachitha, beshiya iManaus iyihlanze elinokhula. Kuthiwani ngendawo ye-opera? Amagumbi anezelwe alendawo aba izindawo zokugcina injoloba, futhi isiteji sasetshenziselwa imidlalo kanobhutshuzwayo edlalelwa ngaphakathi!
Izikhathi Ezijabulisayo Futhi
Ngemva kwalokho, iManaus yaphenduka indawo ekhanga izivakashi ezibona izindawo ezeza zizohlola izimfihlakalo zaleli hlathi lemvula. Ezinye zeza izinsuku ezimbalwa zizogona inyoka, zifunze upholi, noma ziphulule i-sloth. Ukuvuselelwa kwalendawo ye-opera kwakuyokwenza iManaus ibe indawo ekhangayo eyingqayizivele!
Ngakho-ke, ngo-1974 lendawo yavuselelwa ngemali eshisiwe ukuze kulondolozwe umklamo wokuqala futhi kwenziwe intuthuko yobuchwepheshe. Kwahlanzwa izibani, izibuko nefenisha. Ochwepheshe bafaka isimiso sama-hydraulic sokwenyusa nokwehlisa isiteji se-orchestra. Bafaka iphansi elisha esiteji futhi ngemva kwaso bafaka imishini emisha yomsindo, izibani nama-video. Bafaka iziphephetha-moya engxenyeni ephansi yesakhiwo ngaphansi kwezihlalo.
Khona-ke i-orchestra yomculo yaseRio de Janeiro yavuselela ubuciko balendawo yemidlalo. Kamuva, umdansi we-ballet wodumo uMargot Fonteyn wenza ezibukwayo esiteji ngokudansa i-Swan Lake futhi washiya izicathulo zakhe ze-ballet okwabukiswa ngazo emnyuziyamu walendawo.
Ukuze kube nokunethezeka, kube kuhle futhi kulondeke kakhudlwana, kwakudingeka okunye ukulungisa. Ngemva kokucwaninga kabanzi nokuhlela ngokucophelela, izisebenzi ezingu-600 nochwepheshe abangu-30 basebenza kulendawo iminyaka emine. Bathola umbala wokuqala obomvana ngaphansi kwezingqimba zikapende ezingu-8. Isiqongo sasidinga ukuvuselelwa. Kwakhishwa ama-tile amadala. Esikhundleni sawo kwafakwa ama-tile amasha afana nawo enziwa eBrazil. Izihlalo zaphinda zambozwa nge-velvet ebomvu yaseFrance. Izinto nemidwebo entekenteke kwavuselelwa ngokupendwa nangamathuluzi okucija. Ngeshwa, umswakama wase uyonakalisile imidwebo esezindongeni, ngakho kwakhethwa indwangu ye-brocade eluhlaza yaseChina ukuze kumbozwe amapulangwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umuhlwa wase uvithize izinsika zamapulangwe ezinjengemabula nothango lukavulandi. Ukuze ususwe, lolu khuni lwachelwa ngesibulala-zinambuzane esingamalitha angu-13 780.
Ngo-1990, kwabuye kwaba nabahlabeleli bodumo kulendlu enhle. Iphimbo lomhlabeleli we-soprano waseBrazil uCeline Imbert nopiyano lukaNelson Freire kwenza lendawo yaba eyodumo.
Ingabe insimbi leyo ebikhala? Yebo, ukukhala kwensimbi okusitshela ukuthi umdlalo uzoqala emizuzwini emihlanu.
“Ukuze kugujwe iminyaka eyikhulu i-Teatro Amazonas ikhona,” kusho uqondisi walendawo uDaou, “samema umhlabeleli we-tenor odumile uJosé Carreras. Wahlola ukuzwakala komsindo (‘kwakukuhle’).” Lobo busuku baphethwa ngomdanso egumbini lakhona lomdanso. Imikhosi yaqhubeka ngokuvakasha komphathi wekwaya uZubin Mehta, umhlabeleli we-tenor uLuciano Pavarotti, neqembu lase-Argentina elethula i-opera ethakazelisayo i-Carmen.
Leyo bekuyinsimbi yemizuzu emithathu. Kungangcono sihlale phansi.
Usuku lonke izisebenzi ezingu-60 zazishabasheka zilungiselela lomkhosi. Futhi kusazoba nemikhosi eyengeziwe—amakhonsathi e-jazz, imibukiso yezomdabu nemidlalo yaseshashalazini. Kodwa namuhla ubusuku be-ballet.
Kukhala insimbi yomzuzu owodwa. Thula.
Ngakho uyoza nini kulendawo ye-opera esehlathini?
Ukuthunjwa Okwaqeda Inala Yenjoloba Futhi Kwamisa I-opera
Ngo-1876, uHenry Wickham, idelakufa laseNgilandi eliselisha, wabopha uzungu olwabhuntshisa inala yenjoloba eBrazil. Esizwa amaNdiya, “wathumba” izimbewu ezinhle ezingu-70000 ze-Hevea brasiliensis ezazibuthwe ehlathini lase-Amazon, wazilayisha emkhunjini, futhi wakhohlisa abentela baseBrazil ethi “zingamasampula ezitshalo eziyivelakancane zeNdlovukazi uVictoria.” Wazinakekela esikebheni esasiwela i-Atlantic futhi waziphuthumisa ngesiti- mela esasiqashwe ngokukhethekile ukuya endaweni yokugcina izitshalo yeRoyal Botanic Gardens eKew, eNgilandi, lapho lezi zithombo zahluma khona emasontweni ambalwa kamuva. Kusukela lapho, zathunyelwa e-Asia futhi zatshalwa emaxhaphozini aseCeylon naseNhlonhlweni yaseMalaysia. Ngo-1912, lezi zithombo ezebiwa zase zikhule zaba yizihlahla zenjoloba ezingenazifo, futhi lapho lezi zihlahla seziqala ukukhiqiza i-latex, omunye umthombo uthi “inala yenjoloba yaseBrazil [yase] ishabalale unomphela.”
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(Ukuze ubone ukuthi indaba ihlelwe kanjani, bheka encwadini)
IManaus
[Umthombo]
Mountain High Maps® Copyright © 1995 Digital Wisdom, Inc.
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Imifula emibili ayihlangani ngokuphelele
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Isiqongo esiyindilinga salendawo yemidlalo yaseshashalazini—uphawu lwendawo oluwusizo
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Isakhiwo esihle ehlathini lemvula
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Indlu yodumo futhi