Ukuqulwa Kwecala “Lesihlubuki” Nokubulawa Kwaso

NGUMLOBELI WE-PHAPHAMA! E-ITALY

NGAKOLUNYE uhlangothi lwenkantolo ekhwantabalisayo kunesitulo esiphakeme, esikhulu okuhlala kuso amajaji. Isitulo sikasihlalo phakathi nendawo sembozwe umpheme wendwangu emnyama, phezu kwawo kunesiphambano esikhulu sokhuni esigqamile kulo lonke leli gumbi. Ngaphambi kwalesi situlo, kunebhokisi likammangalelwa.

Yileyo ndlela izinkantolo ezisabekayo zokuQulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki zamaKatolika ezazivame ukuchazwa ngayo. Abamangalelwa abaneshwa babebekwa icala elisabekayo “lokuhlubuka,” okuyigama elenza umuntu acabange imifanekiso yokuhlukunyezwa nokubulawa ngokushiswa esigxotsheni. Inkantolo ekhethekile yesonto yokuQulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki (ngesiNgisi, Inquisition, okuyigama elivela esenzweni sesiLatini esithi inquiro, esisho “ukubuza”) yayimiselwe ukuqeda ukuhlubuka, okuwukuthi, imibono noma izimfundiso ezazingahambisani nemfundiso engokwesiko yamaRoma Katolika.

Izincwadi zamaKatolika zithi yamiswa kancane kancane. UPapa Lucius III wasungula ukuQulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki eMkhandlwini WaseVerona ngo-1184, futhi ukuhleleka nezinqubo zako kwapheleliswa—uma igama elinjalo lingasetshenziswa ekuchazeni leyo nkambiso esabekayo—abanye opapa. Ekhulwini le-13, uPapa Gregory IX wamisa izinkantolo zokuqulwa kwamacala ezihlubuki ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene eYurophu.

UkuQulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki eSpain okunedumela elibi kwamiswa ngo-1478 incwadi kapapa eyakhishwa uPapa Sixtus IV eyayicelwe ababusi ababephethe uFerdinand no-Isabella. Kwakumiselwe ukulwa namaMarrano, amaJuda ayezishaya aguqukele ebuKatolikeni ukuze abalekele ukushushiswa; amaMorisco, abalandeli beNkolo YamaSulumane ababeguqukele ebuKatolikeni ngenxa yesizathu esifanayo; kanye nezihlubuki zaseSpain. Ngenxa yokushiseka kwakhe ngokweqile, umquli wamacala ezihlubuki wokuqala oyinhloko eSpain, uTomás de Torquemada, indela yesigaba sikaDominic, wahlanganiswa nezici ezimbi kakhulu zokuQulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki.

Ngo-1542, uPapa Paul III wamisa ukuQulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki eRome, okwabusa wonke amaKatolika. Wamisa inkantolo ephethe yokhadinali abayisithupha, eyayibizwa ngokuthi i-Congregation of the Holy Roman and Universal Inquisition, indikimba yesonto eyaba “uhulumeni owesabekayo owesabisa lonke elaseRome.” (Dizionario Enciclopedico Italiano) Ukubulawa kwezihlubuki kwesabisa abantu bakulawo mazwe ayebuswa isigungu sabefundisi bamaKatolika.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala Ne-auto-da-fé

Umlando uqinisekisa ukuthi abaquli bamacala ezihlubuki babehlukumeza labo ababekwe icala lokuhlubuka ukuze babavumise ngenkani. Bezama ukunciphisa umuzwa wecala ngokuQulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki, abahlaziyi abangamaKatolika baye babhala ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi, ukuhlukunyezwa kwakuyinsakavukela nasezinkantolo zezwe. Kodwa ingabe lokho kuyizaba zaleso senzo sabefundisi ababethi bangabameleli bakaKristu? Kwakungafanele yini babonise isihawu esaboniswa uKristu ezitheni zakhe? Ukuze sikubone kahle lokhu, singase sicabangele umbuzo owodwa olula: Ingabe uKristu Jesu wayengabahlukumeza labo ababengavumelani nezimfundiso zakhe? UJesu wathi: “Qhubekani nithanda izitha zenu, nenza okuhle kulabo abanizondayo.”—Luka 6:27.

UkuQulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki kwakungabanikezi neze abamangalelwa isiqinisekiso sobulungisa. Eqinisweni, umquli wamacala ezihlubuki wayenamandla angenamkhawulo. “Izinsolo, ukubekwa icala, ngisho namahlebezi, kwakwanele kumquli wamacala ezihlubuki ukuba lowo muntu avele phambi kwakhe.” (Enciclopedia Cattolica) U-Italo Mereu, isazi-mlando somthetho, ugomela ngokuthi kwakuyisigungu sabefundisi bamaKatolika ngokwaso esasungula futhi samukela isimiso sobulungisa sokuqulwa kwamacala ezihlubuki, sayeka isimiso sasendulo sokumangalela esasungulwa amaRoma. Umthetho wamaRoma wawufuna ukuba ummangali akufakazele ayekusho. Uma kwakukhona ukungabaza okuthile, kwakungcono ukukhulula umuntu obekwe icala kunokuzifaka engozini yokulahla umuntu ongenacala. Isigungu sabefundisi bamaKatolika sasusa lesi simiso esiyinhloko ngomqondo wokuthi ukumsola umuntu kwakumenza abe necala, futhi kwakuwummangalelwa okwakudingeka azihlangule. Amagama ofakazi bommangali (izimpimpi) ayegcinwa eyimfihlo, futhi ummeli wommangalelwa, uma ekhona, wayeba sengozini yokuba nedumela elibi nokulahlekelwa umsebenzi wakhe uma emvikele ngokuphumelelayo lowo muntu okuthiwa uyisihlubuki. Ngenxa yalokho, kuvuma i-Enciclopedia Cattolica, “eqinisweni abamangalelwa babengakwazi ukuzivikela. Okuwukuphela kwento ummeli ayengayenza kwakuwukukhuthaza umuntu onecala ukuba alivume!”

Icala lalifinyelela emvuthwandaba kuyi-auto-da-fé, okuyigama lesiPutukezi elisho “isenzo sokholo.” Yayiyini? Imidwebo yangaleso sikhathi ibonisa ukuthi abaneshwa lokumangalelwa ngokuhlubuka babeba izisulu zombukwane oshaqisayo. I-Dizionario Ecclesiastico ichaza elithi auto-da-fé ngokuthi “isenzo sasobala sokubuyisana esasenziwa izihlubuki ezilahliwe neziphendukile” ngemva kokufundwa kwesigwebo sazo.

Isigwebo nokubulawa kwezihlubuki kwakuhlehliswa ukuze zihlanganiswe zibe ziningana embukwaneni owodwa ohlasimulisa umzimba owawuba khona kabili ngonyaka noma ngaphezulu. Uhide olude lwezihlubuki lwalumasha phambi kwezibukeli, ezazihlanganyela ngokujabula okwesabekayo nokunonya. Ababelahlwe icala babegitsheliswa ohlakeni olwaluphakathi nendawo egcekeni elikhulu, bese izigwebo zabo zifundwa ngokuzwakalayo. Labo ababelahla ukholo lwabo, okuwukuthi, ababelahla izimfundiso zabo zokuhlubuka, babekhululwa emshophini wokuxoshwa ebandleni bese begwetshwa izigwebo ezihlukahlukene kuhlanganise nokudilikelwa ijele. Labo ababengalulahli ukholo lwabo kodwa emzuzwini wokugcina bavume izono kumpristi, babeyiswa eziphathimandleni zomphakathi ukuze baklinywe, balengiswe, noma banqunywe amakhanda, bese beshiswa. Abangaphenduki babeshiswa bephila. Kwakuthatha isikhathi ukuba babulawe, ngemva komunye umbukwane wasobala.

Umsebenzi wokuQulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki eRome wawuyimfihlo kakhulu. Ngisho nanamuhla, izazi azivunyelwe ukuhlola ukwaziswa ezinqolobaneni zakhona zokugcina imilando. Nokho, ukucwaninga ngesineke kuye kwembula izincwadi eziningi zezinkantolo zokuqulwa kwamacala zaseRoma. Zembulani?

Ukuqulwa Kwecala Lesikhulu Sesonto

UPietro Carnesecchi, owazalelwa eFlorence ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16, wathuthuka ngokushesha emsebenzini wakhe wesonto enkantolo kaPapa Clement VII, owammisa njengonobhala wakhe. Nokho, umsebenzi kaCarnesecchi waphela isigubhukane lapho kufa upapa. Kamuva, wajwayelana nezikhulu nabefundisi, nabo ababemukela izimfundiso eziningi ezazifundiswa iNguquko YamaProthestani. Ngenxa yalokho, waquliswa icala kathathu. Njengoba ayegwetshelwe ukufa, wanqunywa ikhanda, futhi isidumbu sakhe sashiswa.

Ukudonsa ejele kukaCarnesecchi kwakuchazwa abahlaziyi ngokuthi ukufa uphila. Ukuze angavukeli, wahlukunyezwa futhi wabulawa ngendlala. Ngo-September 21, 1567, ukubulawa kwakhe okufungelwe kwenziwa cishe bekhona bonke okhadinali baseRome. UCarnesecchi wafundelwa isigwebo sakhe esohlakeni ngaphambi kwesixuku. Saphela ngendlela engokwesiko nokunxusa amalungu enkantolo yomphakathi, isihlubuki esase sizonikelwa kuyo, ukuthi ‘athambise isigwebo saso futhi angasibulali noma asikhiphe igazi ngokweqile.’ Ingabe lokhu kwakungekhona ukuzenzisa okudlulele? Abaquli bamacala ezihlubuki babefuna ukuqeda izihlubuki, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, babeshaya sengathi bacela iziphathimandla zezwe ukuba zibonise isihe, ngaleyo ndlela bavikele idumela labo futhi bazihlangule ecaleni legazi. Ngemva kokufundwa kwesigwebo sikaCarnesecchi, wembathiswa i-sanbenito—indwangu yesaka ephuzi eneziphambano ezibomvu eyembathiswa umuntu ophendukile noma emnyama enamalangabi nemimoya emibi eyembathiswa umuntu ongaphendukile. Isigwebo sakhishwa ezinsukwini eziyishumi kamuva.

Kungani lomuntu owayengunobhala kapapa abekwa icala lokuhlubuka? Izincwadi zokuqulwa kwecala lakhe, ezatholakala ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, zembula ukuthi watholwa enamacala angu-34 ahambisana nezimfundiso ayemelene nazo. Phakathi kwazo kwakunezimfundiso zesihlanzo, ubumpohlo babapristi nezindelakazi, ukuguquka kwesinkwa newayini, ukuqiniswa, ukuvuma izono, ukunqatshelwa kokudla, ukuthengiswa kwentethelelo yezono nokuthandaza “kosanta.” Icala lesishiyagalombili abekwa lona liyathakazelisa. (Bheka ibhokisi, ekhasini 21.) Ngokubanikeza isigwebo sentambo labo ababemukela kuphela njengesisekelo senkolelo “izwi likaNkulunkulu eliyimiBhalo Engcwele,” ukuQulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki kwakubonisa ngokusobala ukuthi iSonto LamaKatolika alilibheki iBhayibheli Elingcwele njengeliwukuphela kwencwadi ephefumulelwe. Ngakho akumangalisi ukuthi izimfundiso eziningi zaleli sonto azisekelwe emiBhalweni, kodwa esikweni lesonto.

Ukubulawa Komfundi Osemusha

Indaba yokuphila emfushane kodwa eshukumisayo kaPomponio Algieri, owazalelwa ngaseNaples ngo-1531, ayidumile, kodwa iye yavela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngosizo lokucwaninga ngenkuthalo okungokomlando kwezazi eziningi. Ngokuhlangana nothisha nabafundi basezindaweni ezihlukahlukene eYurophu lapho efunda e-University of Padua, u-Algieri wahlangana nalabo okuthiwa izihlubuki futhi wafunda izimfundiso zeNguquko YamaProthestani. Isithakazelo sakhe emiBhalweni sakhula.

Waqala ukukholelwa ukuthi iBhayibheli kuphela eliphefumulelwe, futhi ngenxa yalokho, wenqaba izimfundiso eziningi zamaKatolika, njengokuvuma izono, ukuqiniswa, isihlanzo, ukuguquka kwesinkwa newayini, ukunxusa “kosanta” kanye nemfundiso yokuthi upapa ungummeleli kaKristu.

U-Algieri waboshwa futhi waquliswa icala yinkantolo yokuQulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki yasePadua. Watshela ababemqulisa icala: “Ngiphindela ejele ngokuzithandela, mhlawumbe kuze kube ngisho nasekufeni uma kuyintando kaNkulunkulu. Ngomusa wakhe, uNkulunkulu uyokhanyisela ngamunye ngokwengeziwe. Ngizobekezelela ngenjabulo noma yikuphi ukuhlukunyezwa ngoba uKristu, uMduduzi wangempela wemiphefumulo ekhathazekile, ongukukhanya kwami kweqiniso, uyakwazi ukuqeda bonke ubumnyama.” Kamuva, ukuQulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki eRome kwamtholela imvume yokubuyela ezweni ayenze kulo icala futhi wagwetshwa intambo.

U-Algieri wafa eneminyaka engu-25 ubudala. Ngosuku abulawa ngalo eRome wenqaba ukuvuma izono noma ukwamukela iSakramente. Wabulawa ngendlela enonya kakhulu kunokuvamile. Akazange ashiswe ngenyanda yezinkuni. Kunalokho, imbiza enkulu enezinto ezishayo—uwoyela, itiyela nenhlaka—yabekwa ohlakeni ngaphambi kwesixuku. Iboshiwe, lensizwa yehliselwa kuyo, kwase kokhelwa lezi zinto. Yashiswa iphila kancane kancane.

Enye Imbangela Yecala Elibomvu

UCarnesecchi, u-Algieri nabanye ababulawa ekuQulweni Kwamacala Ezihlubuki babengayiqondi ngokugcwele imiBhalo. Ulwazi lwalusazoba ‘luningi’ phakathi ‘nesikhathi sokugcina’ salesi simiso sezinto. Noma kunjalo, babezimisele ukufela ‘ulwazi’ oluyingcosana ababekwazile ukuluthola eZwini likaNkulunkulu.—Daniyeli 12:4.

Ngisho namaProthestani, kuhlanganise nabanye baBalweli Bezinguquko zawo, babulala izihlubuki ngokuzishisa esigxotsheni noma babulala amaKatolika besizwa iziphathimandla zezwe. Ngokwesibonelo, uCalvin, nakuba ayekhetha ukunquma ikhanda, washisa uMichael Servetus ephila njengesihlubuki esimelene noZiqu-zintathu.

Iqiniso lokuthi ukushushiswa nokubulawa kwezihlubuki kwakuyinsakavukela kokubili emaKatolikeni nakumaProthestani akuzithetheleli neze lezo zenzo. Kodwa izigungu zabefundisi benkolo zinelinye icala elibomvu—ukuthethelela lokhu kubulala ngemiBhalo nangokushaya sengathi uNkulunkulu ngokwakhe wayezigunyazile izenzo ezinjalo. Ingabe lokhu akunqwabelanisi isihlamba egameni likaNkulunkulu? Izazi eziningi ziqinisekisa ukuthi u-Augustine, “uFata WeSonto” odumile ongumKatolika, wayengowokuqala ukusekela isimiso sokuphoqelela “esingokwenkolo,” okuwukuthi, ukusetshenziswa kwempoqo ukuze kulwiwe nokuhlubuka. Ezama ukusebenzisa iBhayibheli ukuze asekele lomkhuba, wabhekisela emazwini omfanekiso kaJesu okuLuka 14:16-24: “Ubacindezele ukuba bangene.” Ngokusobala, lamazwi, asontwa u-Augustine, ayebonisa ukungenisa izihambi, hhayi ukuphoqelela ngonya.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngisho nalapho ukuQulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki kwakusashisa, abasekeli bokubekezelelwa kwenkolo babemelene nokushushiswa kwezihlubuki, bebhekisela emfanekisweni kakolweni nokhula. (Mathewu 13:24-30, 36-43) Omunye wabo kwakunguDesiderius Erasmus, waseRotterdam, owathi uNkulunkulu, uMnikazi wensimu, wayefuna izihlubuki, ukhula, zibekezelelwe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uMartin Luther, walwa nezihlubuki zesigaba esiphansi, futhi kwabulawa ezingaba ngu-100000.

Njengoba siqaphela icala elibomvu lezinkolo zeLobukholwa ezakhuthaza ukushushiswa kwalabo okuthiwa izihlubuki, kufanele sishukunyiselwe ukuba senzeni? Ngokuqinisekile kufanele sifune ukuthola ulwazi lweqiniso lweZwi likaNkulunkulu. UJesu wathi uphawu lomKristu weqiniso luyoba ukuthanda kwakhe uNkulunkulu nomakhelwane wakhe—ngokusobala uthando olungeke lubuvumele ubudlova.—Mathewu 22:37-40; Johane 13:34, 35; 17:3.

[Ibhokisi ekhasini 21]

Amanye Amacala UCarnesecchi Abekwa Wona

8. “[Uye wagomela] ukuthi akukho okunye okufanele kukholelwe ngaphandle kwezwi likaNkulunkulu eliyimiBhalo Engcwele.”

12. “[Uye wakholelwa] ukuthi ukuvuma isakramente akuyona i-de jure Divino [akuvumelani nomthetho waphezulu], ukuthi akuzange kumiswe uKristu futhi akufakazelwa imiBhalo, nokuthi akukho okunye ukuvunywa kwezono okudingekile ngaphandle kwalokho okwenziwa kuNkulunkulu ngokwakhe.”

15. “Uye wasingabaza isihlanzo.”

16. “Uye wabheka incwadi kaMaccabees, ekhuluma ngokuthandazela abafileyo, njengeyindaba eqanjiwe.”

[Isithombe ekhasini 18]

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