Ukufuna Amakhambi
“LAPHO sikhuluma ngalesi sigubuzelo,” kubhala umlobi oyiNgisi uJohn Lyly, “siyeka ukubhekana neqiniso.” Ngempela, ukuze sigweme lolo gibe, kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi ifu eligubuzele ihlathi lemvula namuhla liwumphumela wezinkinga ezinkulu nokuthi ukubhujiswa kwamahlathi kuzoqhubeka ngaphandle kokuba kusingathwe izimbangela zakho eziyinhloko. Ziyini lezo zimbangela? “Amandla ayinhloko ahlasela ukulondolozwa kwe-Amazon,” kusho ukuhlola okuxhaswe yi-UN, “ubumpofu nokungabi nabulungisa kwabantu.”
Ukungakhiqizwa Kokudla Okusanhlamvu
Abanye abacwaningi baphikisa ngokuthi ukubhujiswa kwehlathi ngokwengxenye kuwumphumela walokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukukhiqizwa kokudla okusanhlamvu okwaqala eminyakeni engaba yishumi edlule eningizimu nasenkabeni yeBrazil. Ngaphambi kwalokho, izinkulungwane zemikhaya emincane yasemapulazini alapho zaziphila ngokutshala ilayisi, ubhontshisi namazambane futhi zazinanemfuyo. Khona-ke, imisebenzi emikhulu yokutshala ubhontshisi ngemishini neyokuphehla ugesi yathatha indawo yazo futhi esikhundleni sezinkomo nezitshalo kwafakwa imikhiqizo yezolimo egcinelwe ukondla amazwe anezimboni. Phakathi kuka-1966 no-1979 kuphela, amasimu agcinelwe izilimo ezithunyelwa emazweni angaphandle anda ngamaphesenti angu-182. Ngenxa yalokho, abalimi bomdabu abangu-11 kwabangu-12 balahlekelwa yizwe nokuphila kwabo. Kubo, ukukhiqizwa kokudla okusanhlamvu kwaphumela esimweni esidumazayo.
Babezoyaphi laba balimi ababengasenazindawo? Izazi zezombangazwe, zingazimisele ukubhekana nokwabiwa kwezwe okungalungile ezifundeni zazo, zeza nekhambi elikhuthaza ukuthi isifunda sase-Amazon “siyizwe elingenabantu labantu abangenazwe.” Phakathi neminyaka eyishumi ngemva kokuvulwa komgwaqo omkhulu wokuqala e-Amazon, abalimi abampofu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili baseningizimu yeBrazil nabasenyakatho-mpumalanga yeBrazil ekhungethwe isomiso nobumpofu base bezinze ezinkulungwaneni zemijondolo engakulomgwaqo omkhulu. Lapho kwakhiwa imigwaqo eyengeziwe, abaningi ababezoba abalimi baya e-Amazon, sebelungele ukuguqula ihlathi libe amasimu. Lapho bebheka emuva ezinhlelweni zokwenziwa kwamakoloni, abacwaningi bathi “ayimihle imiphumela yeminyaka engaba ngu-50 yokwenziwa kwamakoloni.” Ubumpofu nokungabi nabulungisa buye “bayiswa e-Amazon,” futhi “kuye kwaba nezinkinga ezintsha esifundeni sase-Amazon.”
Izinyathelo Ezintathu Zentuthuko
Ukuze isize ekubhekaneni nezimbangela zokuqedwa kwamahlathi futhi kuthuthukiswe izimo zokuphila kwabantu ehlathini lemvula lase-Amazon, i-Commission on Development and Environment for Amazonia, yanyathelisa incwadi etusa ukuthi, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ohulumeni basesigodini sase-Amazon kufanele bathathe izinyathelo ezintathu eziyinhloko. (1) Basingathe izinkinga ezingokomnotho nezenhlalo ezifundeni ezikhungethwe ubumpofu ezingaphandle kwehlathi lemvula lase-Amazon. (2) Basebenzise ihlathi elingakagawulwa bese bephinda basebenzise izindawo esezigawuliwe. (3) Babhekane nokungabi nabulungisa okungathi sína komphakathi—okuyizimbangela zangempela zosizo lomuntu nokubhujiswa kwamahlathi. Ake sihlole lendlela enezinyathelo ezintathu.
Ukwenza Inzuzo
Ukusingatha izinkinga zezenhlalo nezingokomnotho. “Enye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokunciphisa ukuqedwa kwamahlathi,” kuphawula lekhomishane, “ukutshala imali kwezinye zezindawo ezimpofu kakhulu emazweni ase-Amazon, lezo eziphoqelela abantu ukuba bathuthele e-Amazon bayofuna amadlelo aluhlaza.” Nokho, labokhomishane benezela ukuthi “ngokuvamile lendlela ayicatshangwa ohlelweni lokuthuthukisa lamazwe noma izifunda noma yilabo abasemazweni anezimboni abasekela ukuncishiswa okukhulu kwezinga lokuqedwa kwehlathi lase-Amazon.” Nokho, iziphathimandla ziyachaza ukuthi uma izikhulu zikahulumeni nohulumeni bamazwe angaphandle abakhathazekile besebenzisa ubuchwepheshe babo nokusekela ngokwezimali ekuxazululeni izinkinga ezinjengokwabiwa komhlaba okungagculisi noma isimo sendawo sendlala emadolobheni asezifundeni ezizungeze i-Amazon, bayokunciphisa ukuthutheleka kwabalimi e-Amazon futhi basize ekuvikeleni leli hlathi.
Nokho, yini engenziwa ngabalimi abancane kakade asebehlala e-Amazon? Ukuphila kwabo kwansuku zonke kuxhomeke ekutshaleni izilimo enhlabathini engakulungele ukulinywa.
Ihlathi Lezihlahla
Ukusebenzisa ihlathi ngokuphindaphindiwe. “Amahlathi asezindaweni ezishisayo ayaxhashazwa kodwa awasetshenziswa ngokwanele. Ukusinda kwawo kuxhomeke kulendida,” kusho i-Disappearing Forests, incwadi ye-UN. Ochwepheshe bathi esikhundleni sokuxhaphaza ihlathi ngokuligawula, umuntu kufanele alisebenzise ngokukhipha noma ukuvuna imikhiqizo yalo, njengezithelo, amantongomane, amafutha, injoloba, amakha, izitshalo zokwelapha neminye imikhiqizo engokwemvelo. Kuthiwa imikhiqizo enjalo imelela “amaphesenti alinganiselwa kwangu-90 enzuzo engokomnotho yaleli hlathi.”
UDoug Daly, we-Botanical Garden yaseNew York, uchaza isizathu sokuba akholelwe ukuthi ukushintshela ekukhipheni izinto ehlathini kunengqondo kunokulibhubhisa: “Kwenza uhulumeni uzole—ungaziboni izingxenye ezinkulu ze-Amazon zikhishwa kwezentengiselwano. . . . Kunganikeza abantu ukuphila okuyobenza baqhubeke bephila futhi besebenza, futhi kulondoloza ihlathi. Kunzima ukuthola okuthile okungekuhle ongakusho ngalo.”—I-Wildlife Conservation.
Ukulondoloza leli hlathi ngenxa yezihlahla zalo eqinisweni kuthuthukisa izimo zokuphila kwezakhamuzi zalo. Ngokwesibonelo, abacwaningi baseBelém, enyakatho yeBrazil, baye balinganisela ukuthi ukuguqula ihektare elilodwa libe idlelo kunikeza inzuzo engu-R120 kuphela ngonyaka. Ngakho ukuze nje athole isilinganiso seholo lenyanga laseBrazil, umuntu kungadingeka abe nedlelo elingamahektare angu-48 nezinkomo ezingu-16. Nokho, i-Veja ibika ukuthi lowo ozoba umlimi angenza imali enhle ngokukhipha imikhiqizo engokwemvelo yaleli hlathi. Futhi isazi sezinto eziphilayo, uCharles Clement, sithi izinga lemikhiqizo okulindeleke ukuba iqoqwe liyamangalisa. UDkt. Clement uyanezela: “Kunenqwaba yezilimo eziyimifino, amakhulukhulu ezilimo eziyizithelo, inhlaka namafutha okunganakekelwa futhi kuvunwe. Kodwa inkinga iwukuthi umuntu kumelwe afunde ukuthi leli hlathi liwumthombo womnotho kunokuba isithiyo sokuceba.”
Elinye Ithuba Lezwe Elenziwe Incithakalo
UJoão Ferraz, umcwaningi waseBrazil, uthi intuthuko yezomnotho nokulondolozwa kwendawo ezungezile kungahambisana. “Bheka ukuthi yihlathi elingakanani eselibhujisiwe kakade. Asikho isidingo sokugawula elinye ihlathi. Kunalokho, singaphinde sizithathe futhi sizisebenzise izindawo esezigawuliwe neseziwohlokile.” Futhi esifundeni sase-Amazon, kunenqwaba yezwe eseliwohlokile elingaphinde lisetshenziswe.
Kusuka ekupheleni kwawo-1960, uhulumeni wakhipha izindodla zemali zokuxhasa ukuze akhuthaze abatshali bezimali ezinkulu ukuba benze leli hlathi libe amadlelo. Bakwenza lokho, kodwa njengoba uDkt. Ferraz echaza, “lamadlelo awohloka ngemva kweminyaka eyisithupha. Kamuva, lapho wonke umuntu eqaphela ukuthi kwakuyiphutha elikhulu, abanikazi bezindawo ezinkulu bathi: ‘Kulungile, siyitholile imali eyanele kuhulumeni,’ base beshaya bechitha.” Waba yini umphumela? “Amamayela-skwele angaba ngu-80 000 [amakhilomitha-skwele angu-200 000] amadlelo ashiywe dengwane aba incithakalo.”
Nokho, namuhla, abacwaningi abanjengoFerraz bathola izindlela ezintsha zokusebenzisa lezi zindawo eziyincithakalo. Ngayiphi indlela? Eminyakeni eminingi edlule batshala izithombo ezingu-320 000 zezihlahla zamantongomane ase-Amazon epulazini lezinkomo elikhala ibhungane. Namuhla, lezo zithombo zithela izithelo. Njengoba lezi zihlahla zikhula ngokushesha futhi kutholakala kuzo amapulangwe ayigugu, izithombo zamantongomane ase-Amazon sezitshalwa endaweni egawuliwe ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene esigodini sase-Amazon. Ngokochwepheshe, ukukhipha imikhiqizo, ukufundisa abalimi ukutshala izitshalo ezingabuni unyaka wonke, ukusebenzisa izindlela zokuthola amapulangwe ngaphandle kokulimaza amahlathi nokuvuselela indawo ewohlokile kungezinye izindlela zokuhlakanipha ezingasiza ekulondolozeni leli hlathi.—Bheka ibhokisi elithi “Ukulwela Ukulilondoloza.”
Nokho, izikhulu zithi ukuvikela ihlathi kudinga okungaphezu kokuguqula izwe eliyincithakalo. Kuhilela ukuguqula isimo somuntu.
Indlela Yokuqondisa Okuyisigwegwe
Ukubhekana nokungabi nabulungisa. Ukuziphatha kwabantu okungalungile okwephula amalungelo abanye ngokuvamile kubangelwa ukuhaha. Futhi, njengoba isazi sefilosofi sasendulo uSeneca saphawula, “yonke imvelo incane kakhulu uma kunokuhaha”—kuhlanganise nodukathole wehlathi lemvula lase-Amazon.
Ngokungafani nabalimi base-Amazon abampofu abathwele kanzima, osozimboni nabanikazi beziqephu ezinkulu zezwe baphundla leli hlathi ukuze bacebe. Iziphathimandla zithi izizwe zaseNtshonalanga nazo kufanele zisolwe ngokubamba iqhaza elikhulu ekuqedweni kwehlathi lase-Amazon. “Amazwe acebile anezimboni,” kuphetha elinye iqembu labacwaningi baseJalimane, aye “abangela ikakhulukazi umonakalo osukhona kakade endaweni ezungezile.” I-Commission on Development and Environment for Amazonia ithi ukulondoloza i-Amazon ngokuqinisekile kudinga “isimiso esisha sokuziphatha embulungeni yonke, isimiso sokuziphatha esizokwenza kube nendlela ethuthukisiwe yentuthuko, esisekelwe obumbanweni nasebulungiseni.”
Nokho, ukuqhubeka kokuthunqa kwentuthu e-Amazon kukhumbuza umuntu ukuthi naphezu kwemizamo yenani elandayo labesilisa nabesifazane abakhathazekile ngendawo ezungezile emhlabeni wonke, ukuguqula imibono nokuqonda kube ngokoqobo kubonakala kunzima njengokuxhakathisa intuthu. Ngani?
Izimbangela zalezi zenzo ezimbi ezinjengokuhaha zigxilile emphakathini wabantu, zigxile ngaphezu kwezimpande zezihlahla zase-Amazon ezingena zijule enhlabathini yehlathi. Nakuba kufanele senze esingakwenza ngokomuntu siqu ukuze sibe nengxenye ekulondolozeni amahlathi, akukhona ukubhekana namaqiniso ukulindela ukuthi abantu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi baqotho kangakanani, bayophumelela ekuvumbululeni nasekusombululeni izimbangela zokubhujiswa kwamahlathi. Lokho iNkosi yasendulo uSolomoni, ingqapheli ehlakaniphile yemvelo yabantu, eyakuphawula eminyakeni engaba ngu-3000 edlule kuseyiqiniso. Ngemizamo yomuntu kuphela, “okuyisigwegwe akunakuqondiswa.” (UmShumayeli 1:15) Okufana nalokho isisho sesiPutukezi esithi, “O pau que nasce torto, morre torto” (Isihlahla esizalwa sigwegwile, sifa sigwegwile). Noma kunjalo, amahlathi emvula emhlabeni wonke anekusasa. Ngani?
Ukukhanyiselwa Ngaphambili
Eminyakeni engaba yikhulu edlule, umlobi waseBrazil u-Euclides da Cunha wahlatshwa umxhwele ubuningi bezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zase-Amazon kangangokuba wachaza leli hlathi ngokuthi “ikhasi lanamuhla likaGenesise elingakanyatheliswa.” Nakuba umuntu ebelokhu ematasa elima futhi ephundla lelo ‘khasi,’ i-Amazon engakagawulwa, njengoba umbiko othile i-Amazonia Without Myths usho, “isewuphawu lokulangazelela okubuhlungu kokubuyiselwa komhlaba esimweni sawo sangesikhathi sokuDalwa.” Kodwa kuyoba isikhathi eside kangakanani?
Cabanga ngalokhu: Leli hlathi lemvula lase-Amazon namanye amahlathi emvula asemhlabeni anikeza ubufakazi, njengoba uDa Cunha akubeka, “bokuhlakanipha okuyingqayizivele.” Kusuka ezimpandeni zazo kuya emaqabungeni, izihlahla zaleli hlathi zimemezela ukuthi ziwumsebenzi womklami oyingcweti. Njengoba kunjalo, ingabe loMklami Oyingcweti angavumela ukuba umuntu ohahayo aqothule amahlathi emvula futhi achithe umhlaba? Isiprofetho seBhayibheli siphendula lombuzo ngocha onamandla! Sifundeka kanje: “Izizwe zaba nolaka, nolaka lwakho [lukaNkulunkulu] siqu lwafika, nesikhathi esimisiwe . . . [s]okuchitha labo abachitha umhlaba.”—IsAmbulo 11:18.
Nokho, phawula ukuthi lesi siprofetho asisitsheli kuphela ukuthi uMdali uyosusa umnyombo walenkinga ngokuqeda abantu abahahayo kodwa futhi uyokwenza esikhathini sethu. Kungani singasho lamazwi? Phela, lesi siprofetho sithi uNkulunkulu uthatha isinyathelo ngesikhathi lapho umuntu ‘echitha’ umhlaba. Lapho lawo mazwi elotshwa eminyakeni engaba ngu-2000 edlule, abantu babengebaningi futhi babentula amandla okwenza lokho. Kodwa isimo sesishintshile. “Ngokokuqala ngqá emlandweni waso,” kuphawula incwadi ethi Protecting the Tropical Forests—A High-Priority International Task, “namuhla isintu siseqophelweni lokubhubhisa izisekelo zokusinda kwaso hhayi ngokwezinga lezifunda noma lezindawo kuphela, kodwa ngokwezinga lembulunga yonke.”
‘Isikhathi esimisiwe’ lapho uMdali eyothatha isinyathelo ngokumelene ‘nalabo abachitha umhlaba’ siseduze. Ihlathi lemvula lase-Amazon nezinye izindawo ezizungezile ezisengozini emhlabeni zinekusasa. UMdali uyoqikelela ukuthi lokho kuyenzeka—futhi lokho akuyona inganekwane, kodwa kuyiqiniso.
[Ibhokisi ekhasini 13]
Ukulwela Ukulilondoloza
Indawo engamamitha-skwele angaba ngu-400 000 yehlathi elimilé kabusha enkabeni yedolobha lase-Amazon iManaus inamahhovisi ahlukahlukene e-National Institute for Research yaseBrazil, e-Amazon, noma i-INPA. Lesi sikhungo esineminyaka engu-42 sikhona, esineminyango ehlukahlukene engu-13 ehlanganisa zonke izinto kusuka kuyisayensi yezinto eziphilayo nendawo yazo ezungezile kuya kuyisayensi yokutshalwa nokulondolozwa kwamahlathi kuya empilweni yomuntu, iyisikhungo sokucwaninga esikhulu kunazo zonke kulesi sifunda. Futhi ineqoqo elicebe kunawo wonke emhlabeni lezitshalo, izinhlanzi, izilwane ezihuquzelayo, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni, izilwane ezincelisayo, izinyoni nezinambuzane zase-Amazon. Umsebenzi wabacwaningi bakulesi sikhungo abangu-280 ubambe iqhaza ekuqondeni komuntu kangcono ukusebenzelana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezinto ezihlala futhi ziphile e-Amazon. Abantu abavakashela kulesi sikhungo bahamba benomuzwa wethemba. Naphezu kwemibandela kahulumeni neyezombangazwe, ososayensi baseBrazil nabasemazweni angaphandle baye bazimisela ukulwela ukulondoloza leli hlathi elivelele kunawo wonke amahlathi emvula emhlabeni wonke—i-Amazon.
[Isithombe ekhasini 10]
Umgwaqo wokuyogawula owenziwe ehlathini
[Izithombe ekhasini 11]
Imikhiqizo yasehlathini lemvula: izithelo, amantongomane, amafutha, injoloba nokunye okwengeziwe
[Umthombo]
J. van Leeuwen, INPA-CPCA, Manaus, Brazil