Ukwenza Umgunyathi Inkinga Yomhlaba Wonke
Kuze kube ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, amadoda eFrance ayebiliswa ephila ngenxa yaleli cala. Kusukela ngo-1697 kuya ku-1832, kwakuyisigwebo sentambo eNgilandi, futhi lesi senzo sasibhekwa njengobumbuka. AmaNgisi angaphezu kuka-300 alengiswa ngenxa yaso, kuyilapho amanani angenakubalwa adingiselwa ekoloni lesijeziso e-Australia ukuze athole isigwebo sokusebenza kanzima.
SEKUYIMINYAKA engaphezu kuka-130 uhulumeni wase-United States evalela abanecala lokwenza umgunyathi iminyaka engafinyelela kwengu-15 emajele kahulumeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sijeziso siye sahlanganisa izinhlawulo zezinkulungwane zamaRandi. Ngisho nanamuhla abantu abanecala ngakho basajeziswa ngokufa eRussia naseChina.
Naphezu kwezijeziso ezingathi sína ezikhishwa emazweni amaningi, lobu bugebengu buyaqhubeka. Ngisho nokwesaba ukufa akwanele ukunqanda amacebo okuceba ngokushesha alabo abanamakhono obuchwepheshe adingekile. Izikhulu zohulumeni zixakekile. Zithi: “Kuyoba nzima ukuthola indlela efanele yokubuvimbela, njengoba bekunjalo amakhulu eminyaka.”
Ukwenza umgunyathi! Esinye sezenzo zobugebengu ezindala kunazo zonke emlandweni. Ngasekupheleni kwaleli khulu lama-20, kuyinkinga yomhlaba wonke futhi kuyaqhubeka kubhebhetheka. URobert H. Jackson, isekela likamahluleli weNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States, wathi ngakho: “Ukwenza umgunyathi kuwubugebengu obungenziwa neze ngephutha, noma ngokungazi, noma ngenxa yokuthatheka, noma ngenxa yobubha. Kuwubugebengu obuklanywe ngobuchule umuntu onekhono lobuchwepheshe futhi ochitha izizumbulu zemali ukuze athole imishini.”
Ngokwesibonelo, imali yaseMelika ikhiqizwa ngokungemthetho emhlabeni wonke futhi ngamanani amakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. “Imali yase-United States,” kusho umkhulumeli we-Treasury Department (uMnyango Wezezimali), “ayiyona nje imali ethandwa kakhulu emhlabeni. Kulula kakhulu futhi nokuyenza ngomgunyathi.” Okuye kwaxaka uhulumeni waseMelika ukuthi iningi lemali yomgunyathi ikhiqizwa ngaphandle kwase-United States.
Cabangela lokhu: Umagazini i-Time wabika ukuthi ngo-1992, kwatholakala ama-dollar omgunyathi ayizigidi ezingu-30 (amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-109) emazweni aphesheya. Lomagazini wabika: “Nyakenye lengqikithi yafinyelela kuma-dollar ayizigidi ezingu-120 [amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-435], futhi kulindeleke ukuba iqophe lowo mlando ngo-1994. Inani elikhulu kakhulu kunalelo lisetshenziswa lingatholakali.” Lamanani aveza nje ingxenye yeqiniso. Ochwepheshe bezomgunyathi bakholelwa ukuthi eqinisweni inani lama-dollar omgunyathi asetshenziswa ngaphandle kwase-United States lingafinyelela kuma-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyishumi (amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-36 000).
Njengoba amazwe amaningi eyifuna kangaka imali yaseMelika—ngisho nangaphezu kwemali yawo—futhi kulula ukuyikhiqiza, amazwe amaningi namalungu obugebengu obuhleliwe ayayenza. ENingizimu Melika, sekuyiminyaka eminingi izinhlangano zezidakamizwa zaseColombia zenza imali yaseMelika yomgunyathi ukuze zisekele inzuzo yazo engemthetho. I-U.S.News & World Report yabika ukuthi manje amanye amazwe aseMpumalanga Ephakathi nawo asengabahlanganyeli abavelele ebhizinisini lokwenza umgunyathi lembulunga yonke. Lomagazini wanezela ukuthi elinye lalawo mazwe “lisebenzisa izinqubo zokunyathelisa eziyinkimbinkimbi ezifana nalezo ezisetshenziswa i-Treasury Department yase-United States. Ngenxa yalokho, [lingakhiqiza] imali eyiphepha engu-$100 cishe okunzima ukuyithola, ebizwa ngokuthi ‘imali eyiphepha enamandla.’”
Abantu baseRussia, eChina, nakwamanye amazwe ase-Asia nabo bangenela ekukhiqizeni imali yomgunyathi—ikakhulukazi imali yase-United States. Kucatshangwa ukuthi amaphesenti angu-50 emali yase-United States esetshenziswa eMoscow namuhla awumgunyathi.
Ngo-1991, ngemva kweMpi YaseGulf, lapho kusetshenziswa amakhulu ezigidi zama-dollar ase-United States, “abamabhange bomhlaba wonke bashaqeka lapho bethola ukuthi amaphesenti angaba ngu-40 emali eyiphepha engu-$100 ayewumgunyathi,” kusho i-Reader’s Digest.
IFrance inezinkinga zayo zemali, njengoba kunjalo nangamanye amazwe amaningi aseYurophu. Ukwenza imali yomgunyathi akuyona inkinga yaseMelika kuphela, njengoba amanye amazwe emhlabeni wonke engakufakazela lokho.
Ukwenza Umgunyathi Kuba Lula
Kuze kube seminyakeni embalwa edlule, kwakuthatha izingcweti zangasese—abezobuciko, abaqophi abangongoti, abaqophi bensimbi, nabanyathelisi—amahora amaningi okuzikhandla ukukhiqiza imali yanoma iliphi izwe, okwakuba umkhiqizo ophansi ofana naleyo mali. Nokho, namuhla, njengoba kunemishini yobuchwepheshe obuphambili enyathelisa ngemibalabala, imishini ye-laser enyathelisa nhlangothi zombili, nama-scanner okutholakala emahhovisi nasemakhaya, cishe noma ubani angakhiqiza ngobuchwepheshe imali ayithandayo.
Manje sekuyinkathi yokwenza umgunyathi ngemishini emincane! Lokho okwakufuna amakhono abaqophi nabanyathelisi abangochwepheshe sekungenziwa izisebenzi zasemahhovisi nabasebenzisa ama-computer ekhaya. Izimiso zokunyathelisa ezixhunywe kuma-computer ezibiza amaRandi angaphansi kuka-18 000 zingakhiqiza imali yomgunyathi ngisho nochwepheshe abaqeqeshiwe abangase bakuthole kunzima ukuyibona. Lokho kungasho ukuthi othile odinga imali angase angayi emshinini wemali oseduze kodwa anyathelise imali yakhe siqu—ngesilinganiso esinganelisa izidingo zakhe! Kakade lezi zimiso ziyizikhali ezinamandla ezisetshenziswa abenzi bomgunyathi banamuhla. “Lapho zenza lokhu, lezi zigebengu ezinobuqili zizinqoba ngokuphindaphindiwe izikhulu ezishaya umthetho futhi ngolunye usuku zingase zisongele imali enamandla emhlabeni wonke,” kubhala i-U.S.News & World Report.
Ngokwesibonelo, eFrance amaphesenti angu-18 ama-Franc ayizigidi ezingu-30 (amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-18) emali yomgunyathi eyatholwa ngo-1992 ayekhiqizwe ngemishini yasemahhovisi. Isikhulu esithile seBanque de France sithi lokhu kuwusongo hhayi emnothweni kuphela kodwa nasekuthembeleni komphakathi kuhulumeni. Sakhala: “Lapho bethola ukuthi ungenza imali esebenzayo ngobuchwepheshe obutholakala emphakathini kabanzi, bangalahlekelwa ukuthemba.”
Njengengxenye yokunqanda ukusakazeka kwemali yomgunyathi eMelika nakwamanye amazwe, kusungulwa imali eyiphepha entsha, futhi kwamanye amazwe sekusetshenziswa imali eyiphepha entsha. Ngokwesibonelo, emalini eyiphepha yaseMelika umfanekiso kaBenjamin Franklin ku-$100 uyokhuliswa ngengxenye futhi usondezwe ngakwesobunxele ngamasentimitha amabili. I-Reader’s Digest yabika: “Kuyonezelwa nezinye izinguquko eziyishumi nane ezicini eziqoshiwe nezifihlekile.” Kucatshangelwa nezinye izinguquko eziningi, njengezimpawu zephepha ezifihlekile noyinki abashintsha umbala lapho bebhekwa ezinhlangothini ezihlukahlukene.
Sekuyisikhathi iFrance ihlanganisa izinto ezintsha ezivimbelayo emalini eyiphepha lezo okwethenjwa ukuthi ziyonqanda abenzi bomgunyathi ngokwezinga elithile. Nokho, umkhulumeli weBanque de France uyavuma ukuthi “ayikabi bikho indlela ephumelelayo enokwethenjelwa yokunqanda abangase benze umgunyathi,” kodwa wanezela ukuthi “sesiyakwazi ukuhlanganisa izithiyo eziningi emalini ngokwayo kangangokuthi kuwumsebenzi [onzima], nomba eqolo.” Uchaza lezi zithiyo ngokuthi “isinyathelo esiyinhloko sokunqanda ukwenziwa komgunyathi.”
Sekuyisikhathi iJalimane neGreat Britain zenza ushintsho lokuphepha emalini yazo ngokufaka imithungo eyenza ukukhiqiza imali yazo kube nzima. Imali eyiphepha yaseCanada engu-$20 inesikwele esincane esicwebezelayo esibizwa ngokuthi i-optical security device, esingenakukhiqizwa ngemishini yokunyathelisa. I-Australia yaqala ukunyathelisa imali yepulasitiki ngo-1988 ukuze ifake izici zokuphepha ezingenakwenziwa ngephepha. EFinland nase-Austria kusetshenziswa izingcwecwana ezishintsha ukukhanya emalini eyiphepha. Ziyacwazimula futhi zishintsha umbala njenge-hologram. Nokho, izikhulu zikahulumeni zinovalo lokuthi ngeke kuthathe isikhathi eside ukuba abenzi bomgunyathi benze ushintsho oludingekile ukuze baqhubeke nobugebengu babo—kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiziphi izinyathelo zokulungisa ezithathwayo, imizamo yazo yokuhlakanipha ingase ekugcineni isilele njengoba kuye kwenzeka esikhathini esidlule. “Kunjengokusho kwesisho esidala,” kusho esinye isikhulu se-Treasury Department, “wakha udonga lwamafidi angu-8, bese izigebengu zakha isitebhisi samafidi ayishumi.”
Ukunyathelisa imali yomgunyathi kuyisici esisodwa nje sokusebenza komenzi womgunyathi, njengoba izihloko ezilandelayo zizobonisa.
[Amazwi acashunwe esihlokweni ekhasini 4]
Izimiso zokunyathelisa ezixhunywe kuma-computer ezibiza amaRandi angaphansi kuka-18 000 zingakhiqiza imali yomgunyathi ngisho nochwepheshe abaqeqeshiwe abangase bakuthole kunzima ukuyibona