Inhlupho Yokuntuleka Kwemisebenzi

NGUMLOBELI WE-PHAPHAMA! E-ITALY

Kuyisimo esiphuthumayo emazweni amaningana athuthukile—kodwa futhi kuyawahlupha namazwe asathuthuka. Kuye kwagadla lapho kwakubonakala sengathi akukho khona. Kuthinta abantu abangamakhulu ezigidi—iningi labo elingomama nobaba. Kubantu base-Italy abayizingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu, “kuwusongo oluphambili.” Kubangela izinkinga ezintsha ezingokwenhlalo. Ngokwezinga elithile, kuwumthombo wezinkinga zentsha eningi ehileleka ekusebenziseni izidakamizwa. Kuphazamisa izigidi zabantu ebuthongweni, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi kunyonyobela izigidi zabanye . . .

“KUNGENZEKA ukuthi ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi kuyisenzakalo esisatshwa kakhulu kunazo zonke ezikhathini zethu,” kugomela i-Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). “Liyaziwa izinga nemiphumela yalesi senzakalo,” kubhala i-Commission of European Communities, kodwa “kunzima ukubhekana naso.” “Kuyinto ekhathaza ingqondo,” kusho uchwepheshe othile, “ebuyele ukukhathaza leliZwekazi Elidala.” Kuyi-European Union (EU), abantu abantula imisebenzi sebeyizigidi ezingaba ngu-20, futhi ngo-October 1994, e-Italy kuphela, babengu-2726 000 ngokusemthethweni. Ngokukakhomishani we-European Union uPadraig Flynn, “ukuxazulula ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi kuyinselele yezenhlalo nezomnotho enkulu kunazo zonke esibhekene nazo.” Uma untula umsebenzi noma usengozini yokulahlekelwa yiwo, uyakwazi ukwesaba okukubangelayo.

Kodwa ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi akuyona inkinga yaseYurophu kuphela. Kuhlupha wonke amazwe aseMelika. Akuyishiyi i-Afrika, i-Asia, noma amazwe ase-Oceania. Amazwe aseMpumalanga Yurophu aye abhekana nalenkinga eminyakeni yamuva nje. Yiqiniso, akugadli ngendlela efanayo kuyo yonke indawo. Kodwa ngokwezinye izazi zezomnotho, amazinga okuntuleka kwemisebenzi eYurophu naseNyakatho Melika ayohlala ephakeme isikhathi eside kunasemashumini eminyaka adlule.a Futhi lesi simo “siba sibi kakhulu ngenxa yokwanda kwabantu ababamba amatoho nokuncipha okusakazekile kokutholakala kwemisebenzi emihle,” kusho isazi sezomnotho uRenato Brunetta.

Isimo Esingaguquki

Ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi kuye kwagadla kuyo yonke imikhakha yezomnotho ngamunye ngamunye: okokuqala ezolimo, nemishini yazo eyandisiwe, eyenza ukuba abantu balahlekelwe umsebenzi; bese kuba ezezimboni, eziye zathintwa inhlekelele yamandla kusukela ngawo-1970 kuya phambili; futhi manje, umkhakha wezinkonzo eziwusizo—ezohwebo, ezemfundo—umkhakha ngaphambili owawubhekwa njengongenakuthinteka. Eminyakeni engu-20 edlule izinga lokuntuleka kwemisebenzi elingaphezu kwamaphesenti amabili noma amathathu lalingabangela ukwesaba okukhulu. Namuhla kuthiwa izwe elinezimboni liqhuba kahle uma ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi kugcinwe kungaphansi kwamaphesenti amahlanu noma ayisithupha, futhi amazwe amaningi athuthukile anamazinga aphakeme kakhulu.

Ngokwe-International Labor Organization (ILO), umuntu ontula umsebenzi umuntu ongasebenzi, ozimisele ukusebenza, futhi owufuna ngentshiseko umsebenzi. Kodwa kuthiwani ngomuntu ongasebenzi isikhathi esigcwele noma okwazi ukusebenza amahora ambalwa kuphela ngesonto? Ukubamba itoho kubhekwa ngendlela ehlukile kuye ngokwamazwe ngamazwe. Kwamanye amazwe abanye abaswele umsebenzi ngempela babalwa ngokusemthethweni njengabasebenzayo. Ukungacaciswa kahle kokusebenza nokuntula umsebenzi kwenza kube nzima ukunquma ukuthi ubani ngempela ontula umsebenzi, futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu izibalo ziveza ingxenye kuphela yalesi simo esingokoqobo. Okunye ukuhlola kwaseYurophu kuthi: “Ngisho nesibalo esingokomthetho sabantu abantula imisebenzi abayizigidi ezingu-35 [emazweni e-OECD] asilibonisi ngokuphelele izinga labantu abangasebenzi.”

Umphumela Odabukisayo Wokuntuleka Kwemisebenzi

Kodwa lezi zibalo azivezi yonke imininingwane. “Izindleko zokuntuleka kwemisebenzi ezingokomnotho nezingokwenhlalo zinkulu,” kusho i-Commission of European Communities, futhi azibangelwa “ngokuqondile izindleko zokusiza abantu abantula imisebenzi kuphela kodwa futhi nokulahlekelwa intela abantu abantula imisebenzi abebezonikela ngayo ukuba bebesebenza.” Futhi ukusiza abantu abantula imisebenzi kuyaqhubeka kuba umthwalo osindayo hhayi kohulumeni kuphela kodwa nakwabasebenzayo, okufanele bakhokhe izintela ezikhushuliwe.

Ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi akuyona indaba yokwaziswa nezibalo kuphela. Kuba nezigigaba kumuntu ngamunye, ngoba lenhlupho ihlasela abantu—abesilisa, abesifazane, nentsha yezigaba ezihlukahlukene ezingokwenhlalo. Njengoba kuhlanganiswe nezinye izinkinga zalezi ‘zinsuku zokugcina,’ ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi kungaba umthwalo osindayo. (2 Thimothewu 3:1-5; IsAmbulo 6:5, 6) Ikakhulukazi uma ehlaselwe “ukuntuleka komsebenzi isikhathi eside,” umuntu osekuyisikhathi eside engasebenzi uyokuthola kunzima nakakhulu ukuthola umsebenzi. Ngokudabukisayo, abanye bangase bangaphinde baqashwe.b

Izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo zithola ukuthi phakathi kwabantu banamuhla abantula imisebenzi izinkinga zezifo zengqondo nezokusebenza kwayo ziyanda kanye nokungasimami okungokomzwelo, ukukhungatheka, ukunganaki okuqhubekayo, nokuphelelwa ukuzihlonipha. Kuba usizi oludabukisayo lapho umuntu onabantwana abondlayo ephelelwa umsebenzi. Bafelwa yizwe. Ukulondeka kuyanyamalala. Eqinisweni, namuhla abanye ochwepheshe baphawula ukuqubuka “kokulindela ukukhathazeka” okuhlobene namathuba omuntu okuphelelwa umsebenzi. Lokhu kukhathazeka kungalimaza ubuhlobo bomkhaya futhi kungaba nemiphumela eyinhlekelele nakakhulu, njengoba kungase kuboniswe ukuzibulala kwamuva nje kwabantu abantula imisebenzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubunzima bokuthola umsebenzi buphakathi kwezimbangela ezicatshangelwayo zobudlova nokuzehlukanisa kwentsha nomphakathi.

‘Iziboshwa Zesimiso Esonakele’

I-Phaphama! iye yaxoxa nabantu abaningi abaye baphelelwa imisebenzi. U-Armando oneminyaka engu-50 ubudala wathi kuye kwasho “ukubona imizamo yokusebenza iminyaka engu-30 iphelela emoyeni, kumelwe aqale phansi,” futhi wazizwa “njengesiboshwa sesimiso esonakele.” UFrancesco ‘wazibona efelwe yizwe.’ UStefano “wazizwa edumele kakhulu ngalesi simiso samanje sokuphila.”

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uLuciano, owaxoshwa ngemva kokusebenza enakekela ezobuchwepheshe embonini ethile ephambili yezimoto e-Italy iminyaka engaba ngu-30, “wathukuthela futhi wadideka lapho ebona ukuthi imizamo yakhe, ubuqotho, nokuthembeka kwakhe phakathi nokusebenza iminyaka eminingi kangaka kwakubhekwa njengokuyize.”

Ukubikezela Nokudumala

Ezinye izazi zezomnotho zazilindele izimo ezihluke kakhulu. Ngo-1930 isazi sezomnotho uJohn Maynard Keynes sabikezela ngethemba “ukuba khona kwemisebenzi kuwonk’uwonke” phakathi neminyaka engu-50 ezayo, futhi sekungamashumi eminyaka ukutholakala kwemisebenzi eminingi kubhekwa njengomgomo ongafinyeleleka. Ngo-1945 uMthetho-sisekelo wenhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene wakwenza umgomo ukuvula ngokushesha imisebenzi eyanelisayo. Kuze kube muva nje kwakucatshangwa ukuthi intuthuko yayiyosho ukutholakala komsebenzi nokusebenza amahora ambalwa kukawonk’uwonke. Kodwa izinto azizange zibe njalo. Ukuntenga kwezomnotho okungathi sína eshumini leminyaka elidlule kuye kwabangela “inhlekelele yemisebenzi embi kunazo zonke embulungeni yonke kusukela eKuwohlokeni Kwezomnotho Okukhulu ngawo-1930,” kusho i-ILO. ENingizimu Afrika okungenani abantu abayizigidi ezingu-3,6 abasebenzi, kuhlanganise nabantu abansundu base-Afrika abangaba izigidi ezintathu. Ngisho neJapane—ebinabantu abangasebenzi abangaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili nyakenye—ibhekene nenhlekelele.

Kungani ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi kuyinhlupho esabalele kangaka? Imaphi amakhambi aye aphakanyiswa ukuze kubhekanwe nakho?

[Imibhalo yaphansi]

[Ibalazwe ekhasini 2, 3]

(Ukuze ubone ukuthi indaba ihlelwe kanjani, bheka encwadini)

ECanada—amaphesenti angu-9,6

E-U.S.A.—amaphesenti angu-5,7

EColombia—amaphesenti angu-9

E-Ireland—amaphesenti angu-15,9

ESpain—amaphesenti angu-23,9

EFinland—amaphesenti angu-18,9

E-Albania—amaphesenti angu-32,5

ENingizimu Afrika—amaphesenti angu-43

EJapane—amaphesenti angu-3,2

EPhilippines—amaphesenti angu-9,8

E-Australia—amaphesenti angu-8,9

[Umthombo]

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