1945-1995—Iminyaka Engu-50 Yentuthuko?

INGABE uye wabona intuthuko ethile ezingeni lokuphila kwakho kuleminyaka engu-50 edlule?a Cabangela ezokwelapha. Kwamanye amazwe, njengeBrithani, iCanada, iCuba, neSweden, ukusungulwa kwesimiso senhlala-kahle sikahulumeni, nesimiso saso somphakathi sezokwelapha, kwaqinisekisa ukuthi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi sinjani isimo sezomnotho sesiguli, odokotela nezibhedlela kwakuyotholakala kubo bonke.

Ngisho namanye amazwe asathuthuka aye akwazi ukuthuthukisa amazinga empilo yezakhamuzi zawo. I-JAMA (The Journal of the American Medical Association) yavuma ukuthi “abanye ongqongqoshe bezempilo bamazwe asathuthuka baye baphumelela ekunikezeni ukunakekelwa kwempilo okuyisisekelo kuwonk’ uwonke ngezindleko amazwe abo angazikhokha. . . . Kuye kwenziwa intuthuko ephawulekayo ekunciphiseni ukufa kwezinsana nezingane eChina, eCosta Rica, eSri Lanka, nasesifundazweni saseNdiya iKerala.”

Ukuthuthuka Ngokwezinto Ezibonakalayo

Uma kuqhathaniswa nesimo sezomnotho sango-1945, abantu abaningi bangcono kakhulu ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo ngo-1995. Abaningi eminyakeni engu-50 edlule ababengeke bakwazi ukuthola izinto zokunethezeka manje banezimoto, ama-TV, ama-VCR, imishini yokudlala ama-CD, iziqandisi, izingcingo eziphathwayo, neminye imikhiqizo yesimanje. Mhlawumbe ungomunye walezo zigidi.

Njengoba abalobi bochungechunge lwencwadi ethi A History of Private Life bechaza, “iminyaka engamashumi amathathu ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II iFrance [kanye namanye amazwe asentshonalanga Yurophu] yasimama kwezomnotho, okwathi nakuba kungakuqedanga ukucwasana, kwaletha ukuchuma okusha kuzo zonke izigaba zomphakathi. Ngokuba nendlu ‘enhle,’ imoto ‘ekahle,’ nethelevishini, kanye nezibusiso ezengeziwe zenhlala-kahle yezakhamuzi nezokwelapha zesimanje, wonke umuntu wayengajabulela okungenani ukuphila okusesilinganisweni, uma kungelona ipharadesi emhlabeni.”

Nokho, umbuzo uwukuthi, Ingabe izinto ezibonakalayo ezengeziwe zisho ukuthi abantu basesimweni esingcono ngokuphelele? Ingabe ukuqongelela izinto ezibonakalayo kumane kusho ukuthi ukuphila kungcono noma kuphephe kakhudlwana? Ukuba nempahla eningi kwabanye kusashiya abantu abaningi abampofu bengenalutho. Lokho kwandisa isilingo sokweba, ukuphanga, ukukhwabanisa, nezinye izenzo zobugebengu ezinobudlova. Abanye abampofu bazimisele ngokuceba—kumnyama noma kubomvu. Ngokwesibonelo, eNew York City, kwebiwa izimoto ezingaphezu kuka-100 000 unyaka ngamunye. Izinto ezibonakalayo aziqinisekisi ukuphila okulondeke kakhudlwana.

Kuye kwaba nentuthuko kweminye imikhakha, nakuba kungelona izinga abanye abebengathanda kube yilo.

Abesifazane—Ngaleso Sikhathi Namanje

IMpi Yezwe II yafaka ugqozi endimeni entsha kwabanye besifazane. Abaningi babejwayele ukuba omama nokuba amakhosikazi angasebenzi, kuyilapho umyeni engumondli. Impi yezwe yesibili yakushintsha konke lokho. Amadoda abuthelwa empini, futhi ngokungazelele abafazi bawo bazithola besebenza emafektri ezikhali noma kweminye imisebenzi eyayishiywe amadoda. Ezikhathini zamuva nje, abanye baye baya emabuthweni ezempi futhi bafunda ukubulala. Izigidi zabesifazane zathola imisebenzi eneholo futhi zanambitha indlela entsha yokuphila nokuzimela ngokwezimali. Lokho kwakuyisiqalo esincane esaqhubeka sivula indlela “yowesifazane okhululekile” wanamuhla. Njengoba belwela ukulingana, abanye besifazane bathi kusekude phambili emazweni amaningi. Bathi ‘kunophahla lwangaphakathi lwengilazi’ oluvimbela ukukhushulelwa kwabo ezikhundleni emisebenzini eminingi.

Ukufuduka Kwabaningi Kudala Izinkinga

Olunye ushintsho olukhulu kuleminyaka engu-50 edlule ukushiywa kokuphila kwasemadolobhaneni nezolimo ngomzamo wokuthola ukuphila okungcono emadolobheni. Kwabanye siye safezeka lesi sifiso. Kodwa iye yaba yini imiphumela kwabanye abaningi?

Unyaka ngamunye izigidi zifudukela emadolobheni kakade asenabantu abaningi, lapho izindlu zinganele khona futhi zimba eqolo. Uye waba yini omunye umphumela? Imijondolo eba umthombo wezifo, ubugebengu, nokuntenga kwezombangazwe. Lezi zindlu zokuzenzela, ezakhiwa ngezicucu zamakhadibhodi, amapulangwe, noma uthayela, zingamafuku, ama-barraca noma ama-chabola (ngeSpanishi), ezihlala izigaba ezizabalazayo futhi ezimpofu emhlabeni. Lemijondolo—ama-favela ngesiPutukezi futhi ama-gecekondu ngesiTurkey (okusho “okwakhiwe ngokuphazima kweso”)—iyiqiniso elingenakushaywa indiva, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yise-Afrika, eNdiya, eNingizimu Melika, noma kunoma iyiphi enye indawo.

Isikhathi Samanje Nesizayo Samanye Amazwe Ase-Afrika

Kungathiwani nge-Afrika? Bebhala kuyi-JAMA, odokotela ababili banikeza indaba yabo lesi sihloko: “I-Afrika Isonqenqemeni—Ikusasa Elibi Kodwa Hhayi Elingenathemba.” Bavuma ukuthi izimo zezombangazwe nezenhlalo engxenyeni enkulu ye-Afrika zibangela isimo esiqubula izinkinga. Babhala: “Eningizimu yeSahara e-Afrika [indawo enamazwe angu-45], iminyaka engu-20 edlule iye yaba inhlekelele. Lendawo iye yahlaselwa indlala, isomiso, izimpi zombango, ukonakala kwezombangazwe, ingculaza, ukwanda ngokushesha kwenani labantu, ukwehla komkhiqizo wokudla, ukonakala kwendawo ezungezile . . . Ochwepheshe bayavumelana ekubikezeleni kwabo ukuthi ukuwohloka kwezomnotho, ubumpofu, nokuhlupheka akunakugwenywa okungenani okwesikhashana.” Lesi sihloko sibika ukuthi amazwe angu-32 kwangu-40 ampofu kunawo wonke emhlabeni aseningizimu yeSahara e-Afrika.

Manje kuthiwani ngesimo sokuziphatha esikhona emhlabeni? Isihloko esilandelayo sizodingida ngamafuphi “intuthuko” yezwe kulesi sici.

[Umbhalo waphansi]

[Umthombo Wesithombe ekhasini 6]

USAF photo

[Umthombo Wesithombe ekhasini 7]

NASA photo