Ukusimama Kwezomnotho EMexico Kuphumelela Kangakanani?

NGUMLOBELI WE-PHAPHAMA! EMEXICO

EMHLABENI wonke, amazwe amaningi alwa nokwenyuka okukhulu kwamanani entengo, ukuncishiswa kwamandla emali, ukuntengantenga, nokukhathazeka komphakathi. Njengoba kunezinguquko ebezenzeka eRussia eminyakeni emibili edlule, izinkinga zezomnotho kulelozwe zibonakala ziqhubeka ziba zimbi. I-United States, nakuba ibhekwa njengezwe elicebe kunawo wonke emhlabeni, izama ukululama ekuntengantengeni komnotho. Ukuchuma ngokushesha kweJapane sekunciphile, futhi abantu baseJapane sebecophelela kakhulu ngezimali zabo. ELatin America, izinkinga zomnotho zingamahlalakhona.

Kulesisimo kungase kumangalise ukufunda ezinye izimemezelo ezikhuluma ngokusimama kwezomnotho eMexico. Umongameli waseMexico uCarlos Salinas de Gortari wathi: “Siye sanciphisa ukwehla kwamandla emali kusukela kumaphesenti angaba ngu-200 ngo-1987 kuya esilinganisweni esesifinyelele kumaphesenti angu-10 kakade futhi esisaqhubeka sehla.” Enkulumweni yakhe kuyi-Foreign Policy Association eNew York, waqhubeka: “Kusukela ngo-1989, abantu baseMexico abayizigidi eziyishumi nantathu baye bakwazi ukuthola amandla kagesi, izigidi eziyishumi nanye zathola amanzi okuphuza, futhi izigidi eziyisishiyagalombili nengxenye zathola isimiso sokukhuculula indle.”

Ngakho kungase kuphakame imibuzo ethile. Lokhu kusimama kuhilelani? Ingabe abantu baseMexico bathuthukisa izinga lokuphila kwabo?

Iminyaka Yesimo Esibucayi

Ngaphambi kwawo-1970, iMexico yayibhekwa njengesimeme ngokomnotho. Njengoba ama-peso ayo angu-12,50 ayelingana ne-dollar elilodwa,a ngokuyisisekelo umnotho wawuzinzile, futhi isikweletu samazwe angaphandle sasicishe silawuleke. Kodwa ngawo-1980, lapho kubonakala sengathi kufanele kube nokuchuma ngokushesha kwezomnotho ngenxa yokutholakala kukawoyela owengeziwe eMexico, kwaphakama isimo esibucayi esididayo, futhi ngo-1987, iMexico yafinyelela ezingeni eliphakeme lokwehla kwamandla emali.

Ngalesosikhathi kwakunzima kakhulu ukubhekana nesidingo semali, futhi uhulumeni waqhubeka egaya imali eyayilahlekelwa amandla nsuku zonke. Kwaqala ukukhishwa kwemali eningi ezweni ukuze ilondolozwe emabhange akwamanye amazwe. Ukuncishiswa kwamandla e-peso kwakufana nezinga lokwehla kwamandla emali. Ngo-1992, lapho i-dollar lalilingana nama-peso angu-3 110, ukuncishiswa kwamandla emali kwase kudlule amaphesenti angu-24 000 kusukela ngawo-1970, lapho i-dollar lalilingana nama-peso angu-12,50.

Enkathini eyiminyaka eyishumi nambili yangaphambi kuka-1988, imizamo eminingi kahulumeni yokuxazulula izinkinga okukhulunywe ngazo ngenhla yabonakala ibhuntsha futhi yenza umnotho waseMexico untengantenge. Ukungathembani, kokubili phakathi ezweni nasemazweni angaphandle, kwaqala ukusakazeka, ikakhulukazi ngo-1982, lapho iMexico ithi ayikwazi ukukhokha ngisho nenzalo yesikweletu sayo samazwe angaphandle.

Izinguquko Ezinkulu Emnothweni WaseMexico

Kuye kwaba nezinguquko phakathi nokubusa kukaCarlos Salinas de Gortari, owathatha lesisikhundla ngo-December 1, 1988. UMongameli Salinas, isazi sesayensi yezomnotho nowathola iziqu eHarvard University, ebambisene neqembu lochwepheshe kwezomnotho, wabhekana nomsebenzi wokuhlela kabusha umnotho waseMexico. Zazizimbili izinto ayengakhetha kuzona: ukuhweba ngokulinganiselwe noma ukuhweba ngokukhululekile. Isimiso sokuhweba ngokulinganiselwe sisebenza lapho uHulumeni eqondisa khona ingxenye enkulu yezimboni nezinkonzo, kuyilapho evumela ukuba kube namabhizinisi azimele. Isimiso sokuhweba ngokukhululekile sisebenza lapho izwe linikezwa khona inkululeko egcwele, futhi izimboni kanye namabhizinisi azimele evunyelwa ukuba asebenze ngaphandle kokungenela kukaHulumeni. Uhulumeni kaSalinas wakhetha isimiso sokuhweba ngokulinganiselwe, ehlehlisa inqubo eyayithathwe eminyakeni yangaphambili. Uhulumeni wangaphambili wayezithwese amabhizinisi nezinhlangano eziningi ezinakekela izidingo zomphakathi ezazidinga ukuxhaswa uHulumeni ukuze zihlale zikhona, kunokuba zikhiqize. Manje izinkampani ezizimele zanikezwa amathuba engeziwe, ngakho-ke amanye amabhizinisi angaphansi kukaHulumeni aqala ukuthengiswa—acishe abe ngu-400 manje—okwangenisa imali futhi kwehlisa umthwalo wezinto ezikhokhelwa uhulumeni.

Njengoba amabhizinisi ayesephethwe izinkampani ezizimele futhi kusetshenziswa isimiso sezomnotho esibumbene ezindlekweni zomphakathi, iMexico iye yakwazi ukubuye ikhokhe isikweletu sayo samazwe angaphandle, ngo-1993 esasifinyelela emalini engaphezu kwezigidi zezinkulungwane ezingu-103 zama-dollar.b Njengoba ikulesisimo amanye amazwe asebheka iMexico ngokuqiniseka okwengeziwe njengezwe angazibekelela imali kulo.

I-North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Kusukela ngo-1990 kuye kwaxoxwa ngesivumelwano sokuhweba ngenkululeko esihilela iCanada, i-United States, neMexico. Phakathi no-1993 kwakuqhubeka inkulumo-mpikiswano ngokuqondene nokuvunyelwa kokugcina kwalesisivumelwano, ikakhulukazi e-United States. Kwakumelwe kutholwe isiqinisekiso ekupheleni kuka-1993 ukuze lesisivumelwano siqale ukusebenza ngo-January 1, 1994. Nakuba kwaxoxwa ngalesisivumelwano phakathi nokuphatha kowayengumongameli wase-U.S. uGeorge Bush, phakathi nokubusa kwamanje kukaClinton kuye kwaba nabaphikisi abaningi balesivumelwano e-United States naseCanada. Kungani kunalempikiswano?

Kunemibono ehlukene ngemiphumela ye-NAFTA engase ivele. Ngokuqondakalayo umbono weMexico uqondile. UJaime José Serra Puche, uNobhala we-Commerce and Industrial Promotion yaseMexico, watshela iqembu losomabhizinisi baseMelika eDetroit: “I-NAFTA iwusizo kakhulu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi, i-NAFTA izosisiza sakhe amathuba engeziwe emisebenzi, izosisiza sikwazi ukuncintisana ngokwengeziwe, futhi i-NAFTA izosisiza sithuthukise nendawo ezungezile.” Okushiwo ekugcineni yilokho amaMelika amaningi akungabazayo—athi indawo ezungezile ayikabi into eyinhloko ecatshangelwa amabhizinisi aseMexico asemingceleni yase-U.S. Futhi kubikwa ukuthi izinyunyana zezisebenzi zase-U.S. zinovalo lokuthi i-NAFTA iyobangela ukuba izisebenzi eziningi zaseMelika zilahlekelwe imisebenzi. Impendulo kaMongameli uSalinas ithi: “IMexico iyimakethe ekhula ngokushesha kakhulu ethenga izinto zase-U.S.” Wathi iMexico “iyizwe lesithathu kwathenga kakhulu izimpahla zase-U.S. idlulwa iCanada neJapane kuphela.”

Ngaphandle kwe-United States neCanada njengamazwe ehlanganyela nawo kwezohwebo, iMexico inikeza namanye amazwe ithuba. IJapane iye yabonisa isithakazelo sokuzibekelela imali eMexico. Eqinisweni, enye yezinkampani (i-Teléfonos de México) eye yaba ezimele yasungulwa ngokuyinhloko ngemali yaseJapane.

I-nuevo Peso (I-peso Entsha) YaseMexico

Enye yezindlela zikahulumeni zokulawula imali kangcono iwukuthuthukiswa kwemali yaseMexico. Njengoba kwancishiswa amandla e-peso uma iqhathaniswa ne-dollar lase-U.S., kwakudingeka ama-peso amaningi lapho lamazwe ehwebelana. Kuze kube ngo-1992, ama-peso angu-3 150 ayelingana ne-dollar elilodwa, okwakusho ukuthi inani lama-dollar angu-1 000 lalidinga ama-peso angu-3 150 000. Ungacabanga yini ngemali eningi, njengama-dollar ayisigidi noma izigidi eziyikhulu? Lemali yayiyodinga izinombolo eziningi ngokweqile ukuze ingene ezincwadini zamabhizinisi. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1993 kwanqunywa ukuba kususwe amaqanda amathathu kuyi-peso. Manje ama-peso angu-3,20 ayelingana ne-dollar, futhi imali engamasenti isingaphinde isetshenziswe emnothweni wezwe.

Umnotho Omusha—Imiphumela Ezweni

Sekuyiminyaka ethile manje kunesivumelwano eMexico phakathi kwabaqashi, izimboni, nabamabhange sokuzama ukulawula amanani entengo. Izinyunyana zezisebenzi nazo ziye zavuma ukungafuni ukukhushulwa kwamaholo. Lokhu kuye kwaba indlela yokulawula ukwehla kwamandla emali. Nokho, iye yaphumelela kangakanani lendlela yokulawula? Abanye abantu bacabanga ukuthi nakuba ukukhushulwa kwamaholo kuye kwalawulwa, amanani entengo aye enyuka. Nakuba ukwehla kwamandla emali, ngokwezibalo zikahulumeni, kuye kwagcinwa ngaphansi kwamaphesenti ayishumi ngo-1993, abantu abavamile, kuhlanganise nomama bamakhaya, baba nomuzwa wokuthi usuku ngalunye bangathenga izinto ezimbalwa ngenani lemali elifanayo. I-Economist yaseLondon yasibeka ngamafuphi lesimo, ithi: “Lesisimo ebesithembisa siye sabangela umnotho ongathuthuki.”

Lokhu kuphakamisa umbuzo: Ingabe intuthuko yezomnotho iye yabangela intuthuko yangempela emphakathini waseMexico? Ngeshwa, ubumpofu buyaqhubeka banda ngokushesha. Kuthiwa iholo elivamile lezisebenzi, elingadluli kuma-dollar angu-150 ngenyanga, lenza zingakwazi ukugwema ubumpofu ezindaweni eziningi. Kwezinye izifunda zaseMexico, iholo elivamile lingaphansi kwalokho. Isisebenzi esivamile noma umakhi angase ahole imali elingana no-$200 noma $300 ngenyanga, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuba ondle umkhaya. Ngokokuhlola kwamuva nje, “phakathi kwamaphesenti angu-91,9 omphakathi waseMexico ophila ngobumpofu, amaphesenti angaba ngu-30,1 ampofu ngokwedlulele.”—I-Universal, ka-March 31, 1993.

Kulesisimo, oFakazi BakaJehova abangaphezu kuka-380 000 bashumayela isigijimi esihle kubantu baseMexico abayizigidi ezingu-85—sokuthi ngokushesha ubumpofu nokungabi nabulungisa kuzoqedwa emhlabeni wonke ngaphansi kokubusa koMbuso kaNkulunkulu ophethwe uKristu Jesu ovusiwe. IBhayibheli liyathembisa: “Ngiyadala izulu elisha nomhlaba omusha; izinto zakuqala aziyikukhunjulwa, zingene enhliziyweni.” “Bayakwakha izindlu, bahlale kuzo; bayakutshala izivini, badle izithelo zazo. Abayikwakha, kuhlale omunye; abayikutshala, kudle omunye, ngokuba izinsuku zabantu bami ziyakuba-njengezinsuku zomuthi, nomsebenzi wezandla zabakhethiweyo bami uyakugugela kubo.” (Isaya 65:17, 21-24) Ngalesosikhathi ubumpofu buyophela, kunoma iyiphi indawo obabukhona kuyo.

[Imibhalo yaphansi]

[Amazwi acashunwe esihlokweni ekhasini 20]

“IMexico iyimakethe ekhula ngokushesha ethenga izinto zase-U.S.”—UMongameli uSalinas