IBerlin—Isibuko Sezwe Lethu?

Ngomlobeli wePhaphama! eJalimane

NGONOVEMBER 9, 1989, izixuku ezijabulile zeqa uDonga LwaseBerlin futhi abaseMpumalanga Berlin abangenakubalwa bedlula ezindaweni zokuhlola—okungenakukholeka kumaJalimane amaningi nezibukeli zeTV emhlabeni wonke.

Kusukela ngo-1945 iBerlin, ezicini ezithile, iye yabonisa ubutha obukhona phakathi kwemibuso emibili emikhulu, emelelwe “inkosi yasenyakatho” ‘nenkosi yaseningizimu.’ (Daniyeli 11:36-45) Lobutha baqala kanjani eBerlin, futhi kungani imingcele ivulekile manje? Ingabe izwe lethu elihlukene nalo lizoshintsha?

Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, iSoviet Union, iUnited States, neBrithani zahlangana ekunqobeni iJalimane yobuNazi. Lamazwe ayelwa neJalimane athatha ngokuthi lolubambiswano lwaluzoqhubeka nangemva kwempi. Ngakho-ke, avumelana ngokwahlukaniselana iJalimane enqotshiwe ibe izindawo ezilawulwa amasosha awo nokuhlanganyela inhloko-dolobha yayo, iBerlin, eyayizojabulela isikhundla esikhethekile. Ngakho ngo-1945 iJalimane neBerlin kwahlukaniswa ukuba kulawulwe abaqondisi bezempi baseSoviet, baseMelika, baseBrithani nabamaFulentshi.

Ngokushesha kwacaca ukuthi lemibuso yayibona futhi yenza izinto ngokungafani. ISoviet Union yayifuna ukuphatha kobuKhomanisi kuyo yonke iBerlin, kodwa imibuso yaseNtshonalanga yakhuthaza isimiso sokuziphatha ezingxenyeni zayo. Okhethweni lukaOctober 1946, abane kwabahlanu babantu baseBerlin bavota ngokumelene namaKhomanisi.

Ngo-1948, lapho imibuso yaseNtshonalanga inquma ukuvuselela ezomnotho nokuba nombuso wentando yeningi owodwa ezindaweni ezilawulwa amasosha ayo eNtshonalanga Jalimane, abaseSoviet bawushiya uMkhandlu Wokulawula Wamazwe Alwa neJalimane. Kwaphela kanjalo ukuphatha kwemibuso emine okuhlangene. Ithemba lokubusa iJalimane ngobunye eBerlin labonakala lisheshe laphelelwa isikhathi.

Impi Yomshoshaphansi Iyaqala

IBerlin, iphakathi kwendawo yaseSoviet, yasilondoloza isikhundla sayo semibuso emine. NgabaseSoviet, ababelawula ingxenye engasempumalanga yalelidolobha, isiqeshana sabaseNtshonalanga “sasiyingxenye yezitha” eyingozi. NgoJune 1948 bazivimbela ngokuphelele izingxenye zabaseNtshonalanga ukuze banqamule izintambo zokuxhumana zeNtshonalanga Berlin futhi baphoqelele iNtshonalanga ukuba ishiye amalungelo ayo eBerlin. Yayizosabela kanjani iNtshonalanga?

NgoJune 26, 1948, ukuthuthwa kwempahla ngendiza okukhulu kunakho konke emlandweni kwaqala. Cishe ngonyaka owodwa nje, iUnited States neBrithani kwahlela izinkambo ezingu-279 114 zendiza, zithutha amathani ayizigidi ezingu-2,3 okudla, amalahle, nezinye izimpahla kuyiswa kulelodolobha. “Ukuvinjelwa kwaseBerlin kwakuyisingeniso seMpi Yomshoshaphansi,” kuphawula uNorman Gelb encwadini yakhe ethi The Berlin Wall. “Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukusabela ekuvinjelweni kwaqinisekisa ngokuvusa amadlingozi ukuhola kweMelika iNtshonalanga.”

Uyaqhubeka: “NgeMoscow, ikhono laMazwe ayelwa neJalimane lokumelana nemizamo yamaSoviet yokuwaxosha esiqeshini sawo esingenamsebenzi phakathi kwendawo yamaKhomanisi laqinisekisa iqiniso elingenakuphikwa lokuthi iNtshonalanga yayizimisele ukusiqeda isimiso saseSoviet. Kwakungasekho kungabaza eKremlin ngokuthi, ukuze isinde, iSoviet Union kwakumelwe ibe umbuso onamandla ngokwezempi. Umbango weBerlin walungiselela ubutha bemibuso emikhulu phakathi kweRashiya neMelika obabuzoba isici esivelele ezindabeni zezwe lonke phakathi nengxenye yesibili yekhulu lamashumi amabili leminyaka.”

Lapho lokhu kuvinjelwa kunqamuka, imibuso yaseNtshonalanga yazimisela ukuhlala eBerlin, ivikela isikhundla sayo. Igebe phakathi kweMpumalanga neNtshonalanga labonakala lingenakuvaleka lapho, ngo-1949, kumiswa imibuso emibili yaseJalimane: iFederal Republic of Germany (eNtshonalanga) neGerman Democratic Republic (eMpumalanga). IBerlin manje yayisinohulumeni bezakhamizi ababili nesimiso semali esikabili. Phakathi kuka-1952 no-1953, umbuso waseJalimane oseMpumalanga wavala ukuxhumana ngocingo futhi wanqamula ukuxhumana ngemigwaqo nemizila yamabhasi phakathi kweMpumalanga neNtshonalanga Berlin.

Abaningi eMpumalanga basala benganelisekile, kuyilapho izakhamuzi zaseNtshonalanga zazijabulela iWirtschaftswunder, ukuchuma kwezomnotho okwakunikeza abathengi izinhlobonhlobo zezimpahla. Lokhu kwacaca ngoJune 1953, ngenkathi abaseMpumalanga Berlin bebhikisha, ukumasha kokubhikisha kwasabalala kuzo zonke izingxenye zaseMpumalanga Jalimane. Ukudlondlobala kwaholela ekuvukeleni kobudlova ngokumelene nesimiso samaKhomanisi. Uhulumeni waseMpumalanga Jalimane wacela usizo lwamasosha aseSoviet. Ombayimbayi bakucindezela lokhu kuvukela.

Imibuso yaseNtshonalanga yamane yabukela nje, inikeza kuphela iziqinisekiso ezingxenyeni eziqondene nayo eziseBerlin. Amathemba okuthi ukwahlukana kweJalimane kwakuzoba okwesikhashana afiphala. Umngcele phakathi kwezindawo zakuqala zeSoviet nezaseNtshonalanga waba umugqa ohlukanisayo phakathi kweMpumalanga neNtshonalanga.

Udonga “Lokuthula” ‘Nolwehlazo’

“Inkosi yaseningizimu” yenza iNtshonalanga Berlin yaba “ifasitela lasesitolo lasentshonalanga” elihehayo, futhi abantu abasuka eMpumalanga ababekwazi ukuhambela abangane nezihlobo kalula babebona indlela impilo eyayihluke ngayo lapho. Ngo-1960 cishe amaJalimane angu-200 000 eqa esuka eMpumalanga eya eNtshonalanga, amaningi engena ngaseNtshonalanga Berlin. “Inkosi yasenyakatho” yayizokuvimba kanjani lokhu “kopha”? Ekuseni ngoAugust 13, 1961, onogada abahlomile baseMpumalanga Berlin nezisebenzi bamisa “lokho ngokushesha okwabizwa ngokuthi ‘uDonga Lwehlazo’ noma ‘uDonga Lokuthula’—kuye ngokuthi wena wawulubheka kanjani,” njengoba uNorman Gelb ekubeka. UmKhomanisi waseMpumalanga Jalimane wachaza: “Sasingenakwenza ngenye indlela. Sasilahlekelwa abaningi babantu bethu abangcono kakhulu.”

UDonga lwaseBerlin alunqamulanga nje kuphela ukuthutheleka kwababaleki kodwa futhi lwahlukanisa izihlobo nabangane phakathi. Ezinyangeni ezingamashumi amabili nesishiyagalombili emva kokuba lwakhiwe, abeNtshonalanga Berlin banikwa imvume yokungena babone izihlobo eMpumalanga Berlin ngosuku olulodwa kuphela. Ngemva kwesivumelwano semibuso emine, ngawo-1970 isimo saxega kakhudlwana, sivumela ukushaywa kwezingcingo nokuhambelana phakathi kweMpumalanga neNtshonalanga. Nakuba kunjalo, cishe abantu abangu-80 balahlekelwa ukuphila kwabo bezama ukweqa uDonga LwaseBerlin.

Ngaphambi kokuba uDonga lufohlwe, uNobhala kahulumeni uKohl waphawula: “Indlela yokwakha kabusha kaNobhala-jikelele uGorbachev iza nethemba eliqinisekile lokunqoba ukungezwani phakathi kweMpumalanga neNtshonalanga, ngokokuqala selokhu iMpi Yezwe II yaphela.” Kuye kwaziveza kanjani lokhu eBerlin?

Izinguquko zangaphakathi endaweni ‘yenkosi yasenyakatho’ zavumela izinkulungwane zabantu baseMpumalanga Jalimane ukuba zibalekele emahhovisi amanxusa aseNtshonalanga Jalimane emazweni amaningana aseMpumalanga Yurophu maphakathi no-1989. Amahhovisi amanxusa agcwala achichima, isimo singenakubekezeleleka. USeptember 1989 weza nombukwane wababaleki abakhathele ababekhululwe eMpumalanga futhi bahalaliselwa lapho befika eNtshonalanga. Intshiseko yayingenamingcele, umzwelo ungalawuleki.

Lolufuduko lwabhebhezela izinkulumo-mpikiswano eMpumalanga Jalimane. Yayiyini imbangela yalokuphuma kwabantu? Izinguquko ezisheshayo zenqatshwa, futhi ngo-October nangoNovember 1989, abantu baseMpumalanga Jalimane abangaphezu kwesigidi babhikisha ngokuthula eLeipzig, eMpumalanga Berlin, nakwamanye amadolobha, bememeza: “Nathi singabantu.” Uhulumeni waseMpumalanga Jalimane waphonsa ithawula, futhi ngemva kweminyaka engu-28, wavula uDonga lwaseBerlin neminyango yoshintsho olungokwezombangazwe nolungokwezomnotho. Kunjengoba iphephandaba lesiJalimane iZeit laphawula: “Ngo-1989 umlando wezwe wanyakaziswa kwasezisekelweni zawo impela, unyakaziswa ikakhulu ngabantu kunemibuso.”

Kusukela imingcele yavulwa, abaseBerlin “abasahlali esiqhingini,” kusho iphephandaba lesiJalimane iSüddeutsche Zeitung. Ukubhidlizwa ngokuphelele koDonga kwaqala ngo-1990.

Ukuthula Kweqiniso Nokulondeka Kuseduze

Isikhathi eside, iNtshonalanga neMpumalanga Berlin kwabonakala kungabonakalisi nje kuphela izwe lethu elehlukene kodwa futhi nezinkinga zalo. Ngokwesibonelo, nakuba abaningi abaseMpumalanga Jalimane babejabulela amalungelo athile ngokwenhlalo, iMpumalanga yayihlushwa izinkinga ezingokomnotho nokungcola okusakazeke nendawo yonke. INtshonalanga Berlin yayibhekene nezinkinga zayo nayo, njengokuvukela kwabafundi, ubuphekula, nobugebengu obungokwezombangazwe. Ngaleyondlela, iNtshonalanga noma iMpumalanga ayinalo iqhinga lokuxazulula izinkinga zesintu zembulunga yonke.—IzAga 14:12.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yini izizwe ezingafinyelela ukuyifeza, imizamo yomuntu yokuhlanganisa umhlaba wethu ohlukene ngeke ibususe ubugovu noma yenze lomhlaba ube ipharadesi. Amandla angaphezu kwawomuntu kuphela angaletha ubunye beqiniso futhi asuse ngisho nokugula nokufa. UMbuso kaNkulunkulu uzowufeza lomsebenzi omkhulu.—Mathewu 6:10; IsAmbulo 21:1-5.