Inqwaba Yemfucumfucu—Ingabe Iyosingcwaba?
NGEMPELA, kuyindida emangalisayo. Kulesizukulwane, umuntu uye waya futhi wabuya enyangeni. Imikhumbi-mkhathi yamuva echwepheshile enamakhamera athatha imifanekiso ecace kakhulu iye yathunyelwa izinkulungwane zezigidi zamakhilomitha emkhathini ongaphandle ithumela emuva izithombe ezithathelwe eduze zamaplanethi akude. Umuntu uye washona ekujuleni kwezilwandle futhi wathola imikhumbi emikhulu eyacwila eminyakeni eminingi edlule futhi wakhipha izinto zayo eziyigugu zenkathi yamandulo. Izazi zesayensi ziye zasebenzisa iathomu encane kakhulu, ngenjongo yokuzuzisa umuntu noma ukuqothula wonke amadolobha nezakhamizi zawo ebusweni bomhlaba. Ezinhlayiyaneni ezincanyana ezimbalwa zecomputer ezenziwe ngesilicon ezingangozipho lomuntu, umbhalo walo lonke iBhayibheli ungagcinwa ukuze udlalwe ngokushesha ngokuphindaphindiwe. Nokho, ngesikhathi esifanayo, abantu abanaleliqoqo lengcebo yekhono nokuhlakanipha abakwazi ukukhipha imfucumfucu yekhaya labo futhi bayichithe ngokufanele, ngaleyondlela bekhulula isizukulwane sabo ekwesabeni ukungcwatshwa kuyo siphila.
Okokuqala, cabangela inkinga yemfucumfucu yaseUnited States. Kubikwa ukuthi abantu baseMelika balahla imfucumfucu engaphezu kwamathani angu-400 000 usuku nosuku. Uma singaluphathi udaka nodoti okuwumphumela wokwakha, amathani ayizigidi ezingu-160 ayachithwa unyaka ngamunye—“anele ukusabalala izitezi ezingu-30 ukuphakama ezinkundleni zebhola likanobhutshuzwayo ezingaphezu kuka-1 000, anele ukugcwalisa phamá uchungechunge lwamaloli athintene athwala imfucumfucu ibanga eliyingxenye ukuya enyangeni,” kwabika umagazini iNewsweek. Amaphesenti angaphezu kwangu-90 alemfucumfucu athuthwa ngamaloli eyochithwa ezindaweni zokulahla udoti kuze kube yilapho inqwaba yemfucumfucu ifinyelela amamitha angamakhulu ngaphezu komhlaba.
Ngokwesibonelo, iDolobha laseNew York liyakwazi ukulahlela udoti endaweni yokulahla imfucumfucu yedolobha enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni—amahektare angu-800 esiQhingini iStaten saseNew York. Usuku ngalunye, amathani angu-24 000 emfucumfucu ayaqoqwa futhi alethwa imini nobusuku yinqwaba yezikebhe kulendawo yokuchitha enezintaba. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ngonyaka ka-2000, lenqwaba yemfucumfucu iyobe “isiphakeme futhi ngengxenye ngokuphakama okulingana nokweStatue of Liberty futhi igcwalise amamitha engeziwe kuneGreat Pyramid enkulu kunawo wonke yaseGibithe.” Kulindeleke ukuthi ngesikhathi lendawo yokuchithwa kwezibi ivalwa, phakathi neshumi leminyaka, iyobe isifinyelele ukuphakama okungamamitha angu-150. Lapho uDavid Dinkins, imeya esanda kukhethwa yaseDolobheni laseNew York engena esikhundleni, wabingelelwa ngalombiko owawuvela esikhulwini sezokuchithwa kwezibi: “Sawubona. Uyemukelwa eHholweni leDolobha. Konje, awunayo indawo yokuchitha izibi.”
“Wonke amadolobha amakhulu eUnited States anenkinga yendawo yokuchitha imfucumfucu,” kwasho esinye isazi. “Izindawo zokuchitha imfucumfucu zaseMelika zimane ziyagcwala, futhi azikho ezintsha ezakhiwayo,” kwaphawula iU.S.News & World Report. “Ngo-1995, ingxenye yezindawo zokuchitha ezikhona iyobe isivaliwe. Abaningi abahlangabezani nezindinganiso zendawo ezungezile zesimanje,” lombiko waqhubeka.
ECalifornia kulinganiselwa ukuthi isakhamuzi esivamile sichitha imfucumfucu nezibi okulinganiselwa kumakhilogremu angu-1 100 ngonyaka. Esinye isazi sendawo ezungezile sathi: “ELos Angeles County senza izibi ezanele ukugcwalisa iDodger Stadium ngemfucumfucu cishe njalo ngezinsuku eziyisishiyagalolunye.” Izindawo zokuchitha imfucumfucu eLos Angeles kulindeleke ukuba zibe sezichichima ngo-1995. Bese kwenzekani? kubuza izakhamuzi zayo. Kodwa usuku lokwamukela lokho njengokuyiqiniso lungase lufike ngokushesha kunokuba kulindelwe, njengoba kuboniswa esinye isazi sendawo ezungezile saseCalifornia: “Eqinisweni sinamaloli achitha imfucumfucu ehla enyuka edolobheni nsuku zonke angenandawo yokuchitha.”
IChicago ibhekene nokuvalwa kwezindawo zayo zokuchitha imfucumfucu ezingu-33 ngasengxenyeni yokuqala yalelishumi leminyaka. Amanye amadolobha amakhulu abhekene nobhadane lwemfucumfucu amane nje anqamule imingcele ayochitha udoti wawo kwezinye izindawo zokuchitha imfucumfucu. Lokhu kuye kwavusa intukuthelo enkulu emazweni amukela imfucumfucu engafuneki yabanye abantu. Amathani angu-28 000 emfucumfucu ayathuthwa emigwaqweni emikhulu yaseMelika nsuku zonke kuyilapho omunye efuna indawo yokuyichitha. Kubikwa ukuthi iNew York, iNew Jersey, nePennsylvania zithuthela kwamanye amazwe amathani ayizigidi eziyisishiyagalombili zemfucumfucu ngonyaka. Inqubo yokuchitha ebizayo ngempela. Umagazini iNewsweek uyabhala: “Okubi nangokwengeziwe ukuthi, abanye abashayeli bamaloli abathuthela inyama nomkhiqizo eMpumalanga ngamaloli aneziqandisi bathwala imfucumfucu egcwele izimpethu bephindela nayo emuva eNtshonalanga emalolini afanayo.” Umkhandlu ucabangela ukuvimbela lomkhuba ngenxa yezingozi zempilo ezisobala.
Inkinga yemfucumfucu ayiyona inkinga yeUnited States kuphela. Ezinye izizwe nazo zisongelwa inqwaba yemfucumfucu. Ngokwesibonelo, iJapane izama ukulwisana nenkinga yayo. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ngonyaka ka-2005, iTokyo namadolobha amathathu angomakhelwane ayobe esenemfucumfucu engaphezulu ngamathani ayizigidi ezingu-3,43. Nabo futhi babhekene nokuyithumela kwamanye amazwe. Omunye umlobi wathi: “Imfucumfucu ingenye yezimpahla zaseJapane ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ezingathengwa.”
Nakuba ezinye izizwe zingakahlaselwa inkinga yokuchitha imfucumfucu yazo yasendlini, eziningi ziye zabhekana ubuso nobuso nenkinga yokuthi yini okumelwe ziyenze ngodoti wasezimbonini zazo. Ngokwesibonelo, amazwe anezokhela-mlilo ezinkulu zokushisa imfucumfucu yawo abhekene nezinkulungwane zamathani omlotha, omunye wawo ongaba noshevu oyingozi kakhulu. Ukuthi NIMBY (Not in my back yard [hhayi egcekeni lami langemuva]) kuwukuzikhalela okwandayo okuvela ezakhamuzini zawo lapho zibhekene nokuchithwa kwezibi endaweni ezihlala kuyo. Ukuthi yini ezokwenziwa ngezibi kuba umbuzo oyindida ngalabo abathintekile. Izikebhe ezilayishwe izinkulungwane zamathani kadoti owushevu zizula ezilwandle zifuna “amagceke angemuva” ezingwini zakwamanye amazwe. Eziningi ziyaxoshwa. Ziye zashayisana nesinqumo esingaguquki sokuthi NIMBY.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, amazwe asathuthuka aye aba inkundla yokuchitha izinkulungwane zamathani kadoti ongafuneki. Okunye kwakho kuye nje kwachithelwa ezindaweni ezivulekile abantu abangenazimiso. Umagazini iWorld Press Review wabhala: “Abantu baseYurophu nabaseMelika bathola ukuthi ukuvikela indawo yabo ezungezile kungase kusho ukungcolisa amazwe abanye abantu.”
IGerman Tribune kaOctober 1988 yabika ukuthi iZurich, eSwitzerland, yayithumela imfucumfucu yayo eningi eFrance nokuthi iCanada, iUnited States, iJapane, neAustralia yayithole izinkundla zokuchitha “egcekeni elingemuva” eMpumalanga Yurophu.
Kwenzeka ngaleyondlela. Esinye isikhulu saseU.S. sathi: “Inkinga yemfucumfucu ayifani nanoma iyiphi enye esake sabhekana nayo. Uma kunesomiso, abantu bayawonga amanzi. Kodwa kulenkinga, simane nje sikhiqize imfucumfucu eyengeziwe.”
[Amazwi acashunwe esihlokweni ekhasini 4]
‘Yanele ukugcwalisa phamá amaloli athintene athwala imfucumfucu ingxenye yebanga ukuya enyangeni’
[Amazwi acashunwe esihlokweni ekhasini 5]
“Imfucumfucu ingenye yezimpahla zaseJapane ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ezingathengwa”