Inhlangano Yezisebenzi Iphikelelephi?
Ngomlobeli ‘wePhaphama!’ eCanada
“INGCEBO iyanqwabelana, futhi abantu bayawohloka,” kwaphawula imbongi. Nokho, abaningi bahehwa ukuheha kwengcebo yezinto ezibonakalayo eyanda njalo. Kungalesosizathu kwavumbuka isimiso sokuhweba ngokukhululekile eNkathini Ephakathi.
Izisebenzi zaqaphela ukuthi, kwabaningi, ukuwohloka ohlotsheni lokuphila ngokuvamile kwakuhambisana nesimiso sokuhweba ngokukhululekile. Ukuze zizivikele, zabumba izinyunyana. Nomaphi lapho ukuhweba ngokukhululekile kwakuchuma khona, inhlangano yezisebenzi yayivela.
Nokho, abagxeki ngisho nabanye abasekeli bazwakalisa ukukhathazeka ngokuthi inhlangano yezisebenzi ingase iwohloke. Umhleli wephephandaba uAnthony Westell uthi: “Inhlangano yezisebenzi idla ngoludala, ayikwazi noma ayizimisele ukushintsha.” IEconomist, ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi “Ukuncipha Kwamabutho Ezelamani,” iphawula ukuthi amalungu enyunyana yezisebenzi yaseBrithani ehla “okungenani ngezigidi ezimbili” eminyakeni emihlanu. Uprofesa weYunivesithi yaseIllinois uAdolf Sturmthal ubhala “ngosizi enhlanganweni yezisebenzi yezizwe zonke.”
Amanani abonakala esekela abakutholile. IJapan Quarterly yabika ukwehla kwezisebenzi zenyunyana zaseJapane kusuka kumaphesenti angu-32 ngo-1960 kuya kumaphesenti angu-29 ngo-1984 futhi eUnited States ukusuka kumaphesenti angu-33 kuya kumaphesenti angu-19. Nakuba iBrithani neNtshonalanga Jalimane zazithi amanani azo anyukile, iGerman Tribune yathi “umfanekiso awumuhle njengoba amanani engase abonise.” Yaphawula ukulahlekelwa ukuzinikela ngokugcwele kwamalungu nokwanda kwezinkampane zezomnotho ezingenazo izinyunyana. Amalungu enyunyana yezisebenzi aseAustralia, kusho iFar Eastern Economic Review, nakuba ephezulu ngamaphesenti angu-55, “axhakathiswe umuzwa wokungakhululeki, ngisho nosizi imbala.”
Izinkinga Ngaphakathi Kwenhlangano Yezisebenzi
Ukuze ziphumelele, izisebenzi kumelwe zibe nobunye. Nokho, izinhlangano eziningi zezisebenzi zikude kakhulu nokuba munye. ITimes yaseLondon yaphawula ukuthi njengoba indlela umsebenzi obhekwa ngayo ishintsha, ukuveza “umbono wesisebenzi esisodwa kuyosolwa: ngokusobala awukho.” Iziteleka zaseAustralia ngokuvamile zibangelwa izingxabano zezinyunyana eziphathelene nokulawula. Njengoba izinyunyana zilwa zodwa eCanada, kubikwa ukuthi izisebenzi zezinyunyana zazicasukele amasu angadingekile enyunyana yaseUnited States. Izisebenzi ezingaphezu kwezingu-400 ezadilizwa eCanada zasola izinyunyana ezimbili “ngokuqeda . . . isivumelwano” esasiyophephisa imisebenzi yazo.
Inkinga yesibili yangaphakathi ehlasela izinyunyana iwukuntuleka kokuzinikela ngokugcwele. Isigaba esisebenzayo, ngokuyinhloko esake safaka izimpahla zomsebenzi, ngokwandayo singabantu abasebenza emahhovisi, abasebenza ngemishini, noma abayifundele imisebenzi abayenzayo. Leliqembu elisebenza lingafake zimpahla zomsebenzi “bekulokhu ngokuvamile kunzima ukuba izinyunyama zilifinyelele,” kuphawula iLabour Law and Industrial Relations in Canada.
Ngabaningi, ukuba yilungu lenyunyana kuyisidingo. Bheka isibonelo sikanjiniyela oneziqu owajoyina izisebenzi ezisebenza emnyango kahulumeni. Watshela iPhaphama!: “Angitshelwanga nokutshelwa ukuthi ngangijoyine inyunyana. Igama lami lavele lavela ohlwini lwamalungu. Lapho kuvotelwa isiteleka, ngangingenakwenza ngenye indlela, ngakho ngateleka.”
Ukonakala noma imisebenzi yobugebengu kunengxenye ekuvukeleni. EDolobheni laseNew York, icala elikhulu leqembu lezigebengu ezaziwayo lembula ukuhileleka kwezinyunyana okubanzi. Ezinye zezinyunyana zaseAustralia kubikwa ukuthi “zigcwele izigebengu.” Izenzo ezingekho emthethweni phakathi neziteleka zamuva zaseCanada zaphumela ekuboshweni kwabantu abangaphezu kwabangu-700, kuhlanganise nomholi wezombangazwe wesigodi.
Izinkinga Izinyunyana Ezingakwazi Ukuzilawula
Ezinye izici izinyunyana ezingakwazi ukuzilawula zikhungathekisa abaholi bezinyunyana. Umphakathi wabantu usesiphithiphithini. Ubudlelwano bamalungu enyunyana buye bawohloka. Enye indoda—eyayingumenzi wemishini yokushisisa amanzi iminyaka engu-49 neyake yaba umxhumanisi wenyunyana nabaphathi basemsebenzini isikhathi esithile—yatshela iPhaphama! indlela ukuthatha kwayo umhlala-phansi okwakungabalulekile ngayo emalungwini enyunyana ekanye nawo: “Ngosuku lwami lokugcina, badlulisa isigqoko futhi banginika u$35 [amaRandi angu-80]. Idlanzana lamadoda langixhawula, futhi kwase kuyaphela njalo. Ngenxa yokuthi ngadilizwa ngesikhathi sesiteleka, ngashoda ngezinyanga eziyisithupha ukuba ngihlanganise iminyaka engu-50, ngakho angilitholanga iwashi legolide elivame ukunikwa abaneminyaka engu-50 besebenza!”
Ngokwezinga elithile, ukungateleki kuphumela ekuhlulekeni ukubeka isibonelo okumelwe siqophe umlando. Enye inzalo yebhizinisi lezinyunyana iye yanda yaba indawo enkulu yezombangazwe inyunyana engumqashi kuyo. Kuphawula uGerald Stewart weCanberra Times: “Izinyunyana zalahlekelwa ilungelo lazo lokugxeka isimiso sokuhweba ngokukhululekile lapho zilingisa izici zaso ezingathandeki.”
Izinguquko ebuchwephesheni bezemisebenzi nokwehla kwezomnotho kungase kuphumele ezikhaleni ezimbalwa zemisebenzi eyenziwa imishini esebenzelanayo. Umagazini iTime wabika ukwehla ekuqashweni kwezisebenzi ezifaka izimpahla zomsebenzi eMilwaukee zisuka kwezingu-223 600 ngo-1979 ziya kwezingu-171 300 ngo-1986. Khona-ke, futhi, izinhlobo ezintsha zemisebenzi zikhanga abantu abasebasha abanamakhono akhethekile. Inyunyana yezisebenzi ayivamile ukwanelisa izidingo zaloluhlobo lwezisebenzi ezingazodwa.
Izisebenzi zifuna okungaphezu nje kwemali. Kodwa izinkonzo zokunakekela abantwana, amasonto okusebenza amafushane, amashifu owashintsha ngokuzithandela, ukuhlanganyela umsebenzi, nosizo lwezempilo kungase kuzuzise kuphela iqembu elithile lezisebenzi. Kunzima kakhulu nganoma iyiphi inhlangano eyodwa ukuba yanelise izidingo eziningi kangaka. Futhi abaqashi ngokuvamile bayazehlula izinyunyana ngokuzinika ngokuqondile izisebenzi izinzuzo.
Kwamanye amazwe, ukuhileleka kwezombangazwe noma enkolweni kwezinyunyana kwenza amalungu azo azigxeke. Angase angafuni ukuba izimali ezikhokhwa amalungu zisetshenziselwe ukusekela imisebenzi angavumelani nayo. Izinkantolo zaseCanada zasekela ilungelo lelungu lokwenqaba ukukhokha izimali enyunyaneni ngenxa yezizathu ezinjalo.
Nakuba isikhali sokugcina sezinyunyana kuyisiteleka, siye sangaphumelela njengakuqala. ECanada, umongameli wabahluleli bendawo wenza isiphakamiso sokuthatha ilungelo lokuteleka kwamaphoyisa, futhi iQuebec yamisa imithetho eqinile ukuze ibhekane neziteleka ezingekho emthethweni zenhlangano yezempilo. EUnited States, uhulumeni ohlangene wangenela ukuze ahlakaze inyunyana yabaqondisi bezindiza lapho itelekile. Amanye amazwe, anjengeAustralia, anesimiso sokulamula okuphoqelelwe.
Abaqashi baye benza amasu okukhubaza izinyunyana. Izinhlangano eziningana ezinkulu ziye zabhekana nohlobo oluthile lobumpofu ukuze zibalekele izivumelwano zezinyunyana eziwumthwalo. Ezinye zimangalela ukuhlukunyezwa, kuyilapho ezinye zihlangana ndawonye ukuze zibe ibutho elihlangene ngokumelene nenyunyana yezisebenzi.
Ukulungisa Ukuze Zisinde
Ezicini eziningi, izidingo ekuqaleni ezabangela ukuba kube khona inhlangano yezisebenzi azisekho. Ukumiswa komphakathi—okwagqugquzelwa inhlangano yezisebenzi ehleliwe—manje kuvikela abantwana, kubeka izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe zemisebenzi, futhi kuvikela izivumelwano zeqembu. Kodwa abaholi bezinhlangano zezisebenzi babona amandla ebhizinisi elikhulu nokwanda kokungabikho kwemisebenzi kwamanye amazwe njengobufakazi bokudingeka kwabo okuqhubekayo.
Izizukulwane ezintsha zabaholi benhlangano yezisebenzi zivuselela ukusekelwa. Eqaphela ukuthi izinyunyana azisathandeki kwabaningi emphakathini, omunye umongameli wenyunyana uthi “umholi wenhlangano yezisebenzi namuhla uyakubhekisisa ukulungiselela nokucwaninga,” kunokushaya itafula. Impumelelo yabo iyodinga ukuba kube nezinguquko ekuhleleni nasezinqubweni zezinyunyana zezisebenzi.
Kwezinye izimboni, inhlangano yezisebenzi iye yazivumelanisa nezimo futhi yaphumelela. Abenzi bemishini bazuza amalungelo amaningi ezinyunyaneni zezimboni okwenyusa umkhiqizo. Izikhungo ezintsha zokukhiqiza ezinciphisa izisebenzi ukuze zisebenzise imishini nazo ziye zaheha ukusekelwa izinyunyana. Ngokuphathelene nokunye ukusetshenziswa kwemishini esinye isikhulu senyunyana savuma ukuthi, “kunokukhathazeka, kodwa futhi kunomuzwa wokufeza okuthile ngokwazi ukuthi abahlobo bethu bafeza ingxenye ethile.”
Nakuba ezinye izinyunyana ziyiphikisa imizamo yokunciphisa izisebenzi, ezinye zivumelana nabaphathi bemisebenzi bese zihlola lokho ngokuhlanganyela umsebenzi, noma ukushintshisana ngawo. INyunyana Yezizwe Zonke Yamatilosi YaseCanada ingesinye isibonelo. Lokhu kuye kwahlolwa ngamaqembu amadoda amane, okuthi ngayinye yawo, esimisweni sokushintshisana ngomsebenzi, isebenze izinsuku ezingu-90 bese ingasebenzi ezingu-30. Iphephandaba laseToronto iGlobe and Mail, libika ukuthi “inzuzo eyinhloko yalokhu, ukuthi amatilosi engeziwe athola umsebenzi.”
Nakuba kuye kwaba khona ukwehluleka okuphawulekayo ekufakeni izimboni ezinkulu ezinyunyaneni, izinyunyana zisaphumelela kubaqashi abanemisebenzi emincane. Kwesinye isifunda saseCanada, izinkampane ezingu-42 kuphela ezinkampaneni ezingu-704 ezintsha ezigunyaziwe phakathi nonyaka owodwa ezakwazi ukuqasha abantu abangaphezu kwekhulu. “Kodwa kudala zaphela izinsuku lapho izinyunyana zazikwazi ukunezela inani lamalungu azo ngobuningi,” kuphawula omunye umuntu.
Ngokusobala, izimbangela eziningi zokuwohloka enhlanganweni yezisebenzi, njengoba kunjalo ngokuwohloka komphakathi uwonke, zingaphezu kokuba umuntu azilawule. Amadoda nabesifazane abadonseleka enhlanganweni yezisebenzi ngenxa yesifiso sokuthola izwe elingcono badinga ukutuswa ngenxa yemizamo yabo eqotho yokusiza abantu abakanye nabo. Abantu abanengqondo ekahle bayayiqaphela imizamo enjalo yokulondoloza izimo ezingcono zokusebenza. Kodwa nakuba kunjalo, isimo esikhona sezinyunyana zemisebenzi sisinikeza obunye ubufakazi bezinhloso ezinhle kodwa eziyizinhlangano zabantu nje eziye zakhukhuleka ezikhathini zethu ezinzima.—2 Thimothewu 3:1-5.
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Isimiso Sokuhweba Ngokukhululekile
Ngokwesinye isichaza-mazwi, isimiso sokuhweba ngokukhululekile siyisimiso okuthi kuso “indlela yokukhiqiza nokuthengisa kube ngeyomuntu siqu futhi ayenzele inzuzo.”
UJakob Fugger, umthengisi ocebile weNkathi Ephakathi waseAugsburg, eJalimane, naye wayeqondisa iBhizinisi likapapa, elaliqoqa izimali zokuhlawula izono. Isazi-mlando uErich Kahler ukholelwa ukuthi isimiso sokuhweba ngokukhululekile savela ngoFugger, sibhala:
“Ezinye izazi zezomnotho nezenhlalo zanamuhla ziye zazama ukubonisa ukuthi umkhondo wesimiso sokuhweba ngokukhululekile uhlehlela emuva eBabiloni. Kodwa eziye zakuthola akusona isimiso sokuhweba ngokukhululekile. Isimiso sokuhweba ngokukhululekile asifani nengcebo nempahla ongayithutha, asifani nokwenza imali nokubolekisa ngayo, asifani ngisho nokugcina impahla ngenjongo yokuba iveze inzalo. Konke lokhu akukhona ngempela ukuhweba ngokukhululekile, ngoba konke lokhu kungase kusize isimiso sokuphila, akuhlangene nezinjongo zezohwebo, kungase kwenzelwe ukusiza umuntu, ukufeza injongo yakhe, kusetshenziselwa okuthile umuntu angakujabulela. Kodwa lapha, ngokokuqala ngqá, . . . ibhizinisi ngokwalo, ukwenza imali ngokwakho, ukukhiqiza izimpahla nokunqwabelanisa izinto zokunethezeka, kwaba namandla ngaphezu komuntu kangangokuthi wasebenzisa wonke amandla akhe, inhliziyo yakhe, isikhathi sakhe samanje nesizayo, bonke ubuntu bakhe, ngomqondo ongokoqobo wezwi, emkhiqizweni owanda njalo, umkhiqizo, konke lokho asekulahlile futhi wakukhohlwa.
“Futhi lesi isiqalo sesimiso sokuhweba ngokukhululekile, esiyimiso sokubuswa komuntu izimpahla, ukubuswa kwenhliziyo yomuntu isimiso sokusebenza kwezomnotho. Lapha kuqala ukuzibusa kwezomnotho, intuthuko engahlelekile, engenamngcele yokuphanga imvelo nokukhiqiza izinto okungasekho muntu onenkululeko noma amandla okuzijabulela. Imiphumela yalokhu ibonakala ngokucacile namuhla.”—Man the Measure.
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UMLANDO WENHLANGANO YEZISEBENZI
“Inhlangano yezisebenzi” “iyigama elisetshenziselwa ukuchaza yonke imisebenzi ehleliwe yabantu abasebenzela iholo abanjongo yabo iwukwenza ngcono izimo zabo manje noma esikhathini esizayo.”—The American Peoples Encyclopedia.
Abanye bathi ukwenqaba kwezigqila ezingamaHeberu eGibithe ukwenza izitini ngaphandle kotshani kwakuyisiteleka sokuqala sezisebenzi, kodwa amaIsrayeli ayengaholi, ayeyizigqila. (Eksodusi 5:15-18) Ngokufanayo, ukubuyisela kukaPawulu uOnesimu kuFilemoni akusebenzi kubantu abasebenzela iholo ngenxa yokuthi uOnesimu wayeyisigqila.—Filemone 10-20.
Ukuvela kwezinhlangano zabenzi bemisebenzi yezandla, okuyizinhlangano zezisebenzi ezaziqasha izisebenzi ezingawufundele umsebenzi wazo, zekhulu le-14 nele-15 leminyaka kwaphendlela izinyunyana indlela. Ngasekuqaleni kuka-1383 ngokweHistory of Trade Unionism, amadoda aqashiwe “ahlangana amelana nababusi bawo.”
Umthetho wokuqala wezinhlangnao zezisebenzi eNgilandi kwakuyiOrdinance of Labourers (1349 noma 1350). Iminyaka eminingi iStatute of Apprentices (1563) yahlelela izizukulwane ubudlelwano bezinhlangano zezisebenzi eNgilandi. Ngekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, amazwe amaningi axegisa imithetho evimbela izinyunyana.
I-I.L.O. (INhlangano Yezizwe Zonke Yezisebenzi) yamiswa ngo-1919 ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 23 seSivumelwano SeNhlangano YeZizwe futhi namanje sisekhona. Izivumelwano zeI.L.O. ziye zafakwa emithethweni yezizwe eziningi.
Izinyunyana zivunyelwe umthetho emazweni amaningi. Zingase zibe izinyunyana ezingaphoqeleli muntu, okuthi kuzo izisebenzi zijoyine noma zingajoyini lapho ziqala umsebenzi, noma kube izinyunyana eziphoqelelwe, okuthi kuzo isisebenzi siphoqeleleke ukuba sijoyine ngaphambi kokuba siqashwe.