Umhlaba Kusukela Ngo-1914

Ingxenye 2:1929-1934 Ukwehla Kwezomnotho Emhlabeni Wonke lokuphindela Empini

UMA INHLANHLA yake yabonakala yehlela eUnited States kwakungalolosuku.” Isazimlando uDavid A. Shannon uluchaza kanjalo usuku ngo-1929 lapho umongameli waseU.S. uHerbert Hoover ethatha izifungo zakhe zalesikhundla. UShannon uyachaza: “Kwakungunyaka wokuthula, ayengekho amafu empi emkhathizwe, futhi umnotho waseMelika wawusabalala ngokunamandla nangaphesheya kwezilwandle futhi uguqula izimo ezingxenyeni zomhlaba ezingamile kahle kangako ngakwezomnotho.”

Kodwa ngasekupheleni kwesikhathi sikaHoover sokuba umongameli, “isimo sesizwe sasiye saphenduka ngokuphelele. Esikhundleni sokuba nombono omuhle ngezinto kwase kunombono ophambene, wokulahlekelwa ithemba okukhulu.” Kwakwenzekeni?

‘Usuku LwangoLwesine Olinefu Elimnyama’—Ukuphela Kwenkathi

NgoLwesithathu, ngoOctober 23, 1929, ngaphandle kwesizathu esibonakalayo abathengisi abaningana abafuna inzuzo baqala ukuthengisa izinto ezibiza ngokweqile emakethe yaseNew York. Ngosuku olulandelayo, ngoLwesine, befuna ukuthengisa ngaphambi kokuba izimpahla zabo zehle kakhulu ngenani, abanikazi bamasheya babangela ukuba kuze abantu abaningi kakhulu kangangokuba ngesonto elilodwa bashanela izimpahla zenani elingaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-33 zamaRandi futhi ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezilandelayo nezinkulungwane zezigidi eziningi ezengeziwe. Kwaqala kanjalo Ukwehla Okukhulu Kwezomnotho.

Izazi zezomnotho nezazimlando zinemiqondo eminingi ngokuqondene nonobangela. Kodwa, njengoba omunye wabo ekubeka, kuyakhanya ukuthi izimbangela eziningi zoKwehla Kwezomnotho “zazingene ngokujulile eminyakeni yawo-1920 echumayo.” Njengoba ukuchuma kwayo “kwakwakhiwe esisekelweni esintengantengayo . . . , ukuwa kwezentengiselwano . . . kwembula ngokushesha ukubola kwezomnotho okungaphansi [kwayo].”—The United States in the Twentieth Century, amakhasi 10, 12.

Nokho, iminyaka yobudlova yeMinyaka Yawo-1920 Ehlokomayo yabe isidlulile. Ayesephelile futhi namathemba ajabulisayo eyayikade iwavezile. “Ukuwa okukhulu kwezentengiselwano kwango-1929 kwaqalisa okubi kakhulu,” kusho izazimlando uF. Freidel noN. Pollack. “Njengoba inala yayiphela, ishiya izigidi zingenalutho, iminyaka yawo-1920 yabonakala iyinkathi engelona iqiniso noma ihlaya lonya—inkathi engcolile yejazz, inkathi yethole legolide.”—American Issues in the Twentieth Century, ikhasi 115.

Ngokushesha izigidi zazingenamsebenzi. Abantu abasezikweletini balahlekelwa yilokho ababekuthenge ngesikweleti, kuhlanganise namakhaya abo. Imikhaya yayihlangana ukuze inciphise izindleko. Njengoba amanani ezimpahla ayehla kakhulu, ingcebo yayishanelwa ngokushesha. Amabhizinisi awa. Igagasi lokuzibulala lashaqisa isizwe njengoba izinkulungwane zamabhange aseU.S. zazivalwa. Kwahlekwa kabi lapho omunye umhlekisi ethi wayevame ukubuyiselwa amasheke ebhalwe ukuthi “ayikho imali.” Kodwa manje wayewabuyiselwa ebhalwe ukuthi “alikho ibhange.”

Ukuwa kwezomnotho kwakungokwesilinganiso somhlaba wonke futhi imiphumela yakho yayifinyelela kude. Eqinisweni, incwadi iThe United States and Its Place in World Affairs 1918-1943 ithi “lenhlekelele engokwezomnotho yathinta wonke amazwe nazo zonke izici zokuphila, zezenhlalo nezombangazwe, ezasekhaya nezomhlaba wonke.”

Ngalesosikhathi, eJapane izikhulu zezempi nazo zazisebenzisa isimo sezomnotho ngokwenzuzo yazo. IThe New Encyclopcedia Britannica ithi: “Umqondo wokuthi ukwandisa imingcele ngokunqoba ngempi wawungaxazulula izinkinga zomnotho zaseJapane wangenisa imali phakathi noKwehla Kwezomnotho Okukhulu kwango-1929.” Ukuntengantenga kwasekuqaleni kweminyaka yawo-1930 kwavumela lezikhulu zempi ukuba zizuze ukuphatha okunjalo kangangokuba zakwazi—ngisho nangaphandle kwemvume kahulumeni obusayo—ukuba zingene eManchuria futhi ziyinqobe ngezinyanga nje ezinhlanu. iNhlangano Yezizwe iyiqaphela njengomhlaseli, iJapane ayizange iphendule ngokuhoxa eManchuria, kodwa ngokuhoxa eNhlanganweni.

Yimi Kuqala!

Ngokugcizelela izinjabulo nokuphakamisa izinto ezibonakalayo, Iminyaka Yawo-1920 Ehlokomayo yayikhuthaze isimo sokuthi yimi kuqala esasiye saphazamisa ingokomoya. Kodwa “ukuzamazama komhlaba okungokwezomnotho okwaqala ngo-1929,” njengoba incwadi eshiwo ngenhla yomlando iThe United States and Its Place in World Affairs 1918-1943 ikubiza, manje kwenza lesisimo sabonakala ngisho nangokwengeziwe. Kanjani? Ngoba Ukwehla Kwezomnotho “kwawubhubhisa noma imuphi umqondo wesivumelwano okwakungenzeka ukuthi wawukhula, futhi kwenza umkhaya ngamunye wagcizelela ekuzinakekeleni wona ngokwawo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi wawuyini umphumela kwabanye. Umuntu ngamunye wayezikhathalela, sisindisa imiphefumulo yethu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubani ogcina emuva!”

Kubantu ngabanye lesisimo sokuzazisa, sobugovu, sokungacabangeli ngokuvamile siyenyanywa. Kodwa ngaphansi kwesimo sokushisekela izwe, isimo esifanayo ngasohlangothini lwamaqembu obuzwe ngokuvamile sibhekwa njengesamukelwayo, ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nesifiselekayo. Ukwehla Kwezomnotho Okukhulu kwakhuthaza umoya onjalo.

Isazimlando uHermann Graml uthi “isimo esibucayi sezomnotho sezwe senza kwaba khona umoya wokuzwana nokubambisana kwezwe lonke owabonisa eNhlanganweni Yezizwe inhlekelele embi kakhulu,” nokuthi lokhu kwavula indlela “yentuthuko yokuzazisa yokungakhathali ngasohlangothini lwezizwe ezingazodwa.” Uthi “izizwe eziningi zaqondiswa esimweni sokungakhathaleli muntu esingenangqondo—kodwa esiqondakalayo—esisekelwe ekuzisindiseni okubangela iningi lishaywe uvalo.”—Europa zwischen den Kriegen, ikhasi 237 (Europe Between the Wars).

Mhlawumbe ayikho indawo lapho lesisimo savezwa khona ngokungenazwela njengasenkulumweni eyanikezwa nguHeinrich Himmler waseJalimane yobuNazi eminyakeni ethile kamuva. Wathi: “Ukwethembeka, ukuhleleka, ubuqotho nobungane, kumelwe kuboniswe lapho umuntu esebenzelana nabanegazi elifanayo kodwa hhayi komunye umuntu. Okwenzeka kumuntu waseRashiya, kowaseCzechoslovakia, akungithakazelisi nakancane. . . . Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izizwe ziphila kamnandi noma zibulawa indlala njengezinkomo kungithakazelisa kuphela lapho sizidinga njengezigqila zesiko lethu. . . . Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi abesifazane abayizi-10 000 baseRashiya bawela phansi ngenxa yokukhathala lapho bemba umsele wokuvimba ombayimbayi kungithakazelisa kuphela uma umsele wokuvimba ombayimbayi waseJalimane uqediwe.”

Lapho kokubili abantu ngabanye nezizwe bebonisa lesimo sengqondo sokuthi yimi kuqala nokunganakwa okunjalo komthetho kaNkulunkulu wokuthanda ‘umakhelwane wakho njengalokhu uzithanda wena,’ ukuthula ngokunokwenzeka kungazuzwa noma kulondolozwe kanjani? (Luka 10:27) “Abathanda umthetho wakho banokuthula okukhulu,” kusho iBhayibheli kumaHubo 119:165. Kodwa njengoba loluthando lwaluntuleka, izizwe zazingazihlela kalula ukuba zibe sesimweni sempi entsha. Ngokubalulekile, kokubili ukuntuleka kothando nesimo sengqondo sokuthi yimi kuqala kwakuyobonisa ‘izinsuku zokugcina’ zesimiso sikaSathane esonakele.—2 Thimothewu 3:1-5; Mathewu 24:3, 12.

Umuntu Kumelwe Athembele Kubani?

Ingabe isimo somhlaba ngokusobala esasiya siwohloka sabangela abantu ukuba babuyele kuNkulunkulu lowo ababeye bamfulathela phakathi neMinyaka Yawo-1920 ehlokomayo? Kwezinye izehlakalo, kwaba njalo. Abantu abaningi basabela esigijimini esimenyezelwa oFakazi BakaJehova, igama elemukelwa ngo-1931 ngamaKristu ayehlangene neWatch Tower Society. Kodwa izizwe zizonke azizange zisabele, ithemba lazo zingalibekanga kuNkulunkulu kodwa kubantu “abakhulu.”

Ngokwesibonelo, ekuqaleni kwawo-1930 uMohandas Gandhi wayesekelwa kakhulu eNdiya ngomkhankaso wakhe onamandla owawumelene nodlame wokuhlonishwa kwemithetho kahulumeni. Abaningi bathemba ukuthi inkululeko ekubusweni yiBrithani leyo ayeyifuna yayiyoholela eNdiya engantengantengi nenokuthula. Ingabe kwaba njalo?

Ngalowonyaka ofanayo uMongameli waseChina uChiang Kaishek waba yilungu lesonto laseWeseli. Abaningi babanethemba lokuthi ukuphendukela kwakhe ebuKristwini kwakuyovula indlela yobudlelwano obuseduze phakathi kweChina nezizwe zaseNtshonalanga ezibizwa ngokuthi amaKristu. Ingabe kwaba njalo?

Ngo-1932, emhlanganweni owawuseVatican, uMussolini wagubha umkhosi weminyaka eyishumi ebusa. Abaningi babanethemba lokuthi isibusiso sikapapa asinikeza lapho sasiyoqinisekisa amaNtaliyane akholiwe, umHoli wawo, nezwe lawo ngokulondeka okuhlala njalo nesivikelo. Ingabe kwaba njalo?

Futhi ngo-1932 uFranklin D. Roosevelt, umongameli owayesanda kukhethwa waseUnited States, wathembisa abantu bezwe lakhe uHlelo Olusha kwezenhlalo nasekuthuthukiseni ezomnotho ukuze enze izinto ziqhubekele phambili futhi. Esikhathini esingangonyaka kamuva wahlela amasu okungahlomi eU.S. futhi wanxusa izwe lonke ukuba lichithe zonke izikhali zokulwa. Abaningi bathemba ukuthi loluHlelo Olusha lwezenhlalo nokuthuthukiswa kwezomnotho lwaluyohilela ekupheleni kokuswelakala komsebenzi nobumpofu ngokufanayo nasekuthuleni. Ingabe kwaba njalo?

Ngo-1933 uHitler waba umholi omusha waseJalimane. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, enkulumweni yakhe ebizwa ngokuthi Inkulumo Yokuthula, enye yeziphumelela kakhulu ake wayinikeza, wayilulaza impi ‘njengobuhlanya obungenamkhawulo obabungabangela ukuwa kohlelo lwanamuhla lwezenhlalo nolungokwezombangazwe.’ Wagcizelela isifiso seJalimane sokungahlomi, ngokuvumelana nesiphakamiso sikaRoosevelt, ethi: “iJalimane izimisele ukuvumelana nanoma isiphi isivumelwano esingathi sina sokungahlaselani, ngoba ayicabangi kuphela ngokunisela kodwa ngokuzuza ukulondeka.” Abaningi babethemba ukuthi lesimiso sasiyobuyisela inhlonipho nesithunzi sesizwe saseJalimane futhi ngezindlela zokuthula siqinisekise umbuso womholi onamandla weminyaka eyinkulungwane. Ingabe kwaba njalo?

Khonake futhi kwaba naleyonhlangano “enkulu,” iNhlangano Yezizwe. Umagazini INqabayokulinda yesiNgisi kaMay 15, 1932, wathi ngayo: “Amakhosi omhlaba, ngokwelulekwa abefundisi, . . . ahlangana ndawonye eNhlanganweni Yezizwe futhi athembele kuyo nasekuhlakanipheni komuntu ukuba akhulule izwe elididekile nelihluphekayo ebucayini balo bamanje.” Abaningi bathemba—nakuba oFakazi BakaJehova babengekho phakathi kwabo—ukuthi iNhlangano ngempela yayiyokhula izwe ebucayini balo. Ingabe kwaba njalo?

Eminyakeni engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili edlule, umhubi wabhala: “Ningethembi ezikhulwini nasendodaneni yomuntu okungekho kuyo ukusiza.” Ngokwenzuzo yalokho osekwenzekile kakade, awunakuvumelana nokuhlakanipha kwalamazwi?—iHubo 146:3.

Ukuba Kwakungekho Ukwehla Kwezomnotho . . .

“Kungaba ukweqisa okuwubuwula ukwesulela lonke icala lezehlakalo nezimo zawo-1930 ekwehleni kwamandla ezomnotho.” Basho kanjalo abalobi bencwadi iThe United States and Its Place in World Affairs 1918-1943. Bayavuma, “nokho, ukuhlupheka okwakusakazeke yonke indawo nokungalondeki kweminyaka yendlala kwahlela inkundla, kwanikeza abadlali ezinye izindlela ezinamandla, kwanezela izigcawu ezinkulu esimweni esisabekayo, futhi kwanikeza izibukeli amaqhawe amasha ukuba ziwahalalisele noma amagwala amasha ukuba ziwahleke ngokuwagcona.” Baphetha ngokuthi ukuba kwakungekho ukwehla kwezomnotho, kunokwenzeka impela ukuthi yayingenakuba khona impi yezwe yesibili.

Kodwa kwaba nokwehla kwezomnotho ezweni, futhi kwaba nempi yezwe yesibili. Ngakhoke ngokusobala, naphezu kokusekela kwenkolo, iNhlangano Yezizwe yahluleka ukufinyelela ukuthula eyayiklanyelwe ukubulondoloza. Kusukela khona kanye ekuqaleni kwayo iNhlangano yayisifile. Kodwa yayingenakufa masinyane. Yayiyoyendayenda kancane kancane iya ekufeni kwayo. Funda ngayo kumagazini wethu olandelayo.

[Ibhokisi ekhasini 20]

Ezinye Izihloko Okwakimgezezindaba

Ngo-1929—Imiklomelo Yemfundo Ephakeme Yobuciko Bezithombe Ezinyakazayo Nesayensi (Oscars) yakhishwa eHollywood okokuqala

Ngo-1930—Kwatholwa unozungezilanga iPluto

IUruguay engeyokuqala ukuzuza iNdebe yebhola yoMhlaba

Ngo-1931—Izikhukhula eChina zishiya

abangaphezu kwezi-8 000 befile nabayizigidi ezingama-23 bengenamakhaya

Abangaphezu kwezi-2 000 bafa ekuzamazameni komhlaba kwaseNicaragua

Isakhiwo eside kunazo zonke emhlabeni ngalesosikhathi, Isakhiwo soMbuso saseNew York, siyaqedwa

Ngo-1932—Ukutholwa kweneutron nokwedeuterium (ihydrogen esindayo) kusiza ukuba kube khona isayensi yenuzi

Ngo-1933—IJalimane iyaphuma eNhlanganweni Yezizwe; uHitler ubekwa njengomHoli; ikamu lokuhlushwa lokuqala, eDachau, liyavulwa; kusayinwa isivumelwano phakathi kweJalimane ne Vatican; ukushiswa kwasobala kwezincwadi ezingafiseleki eBerlin

Ngo-1934—IFBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) iyahlelwa eUnited States ukuze ilwe nobugebengu

IButho lamaKhomanisi lasechina lamasosha ayizi-90 000 liqala uHambo lwalo Olude olubheke eYenan

[Isithombe ekhasini 19]

Ngesikhathi nje esifushane, izigidi zasala zingenamisebenzi

[Umthombo]

A. Rothstein/Dover