Ana Cikulupi Cakuti Yaumi Yacenjile Kutyocela ku Yindu Yine Cili Cisyesyene?
Jwamlijinganye jwine lina lyakwe Richard Dawkins, jwaŵecete kuti, “Songa jakuti yaumi yatesile kucenga kutyocela ku yindu yine jili jisyene mpela mwayiŵelele kuti lyuŵa lipali soni kuti likusakoposya mtukuta.”16 Kuwungunya soni yatukusalola ni meso uli umboni wakuti yili yisyene kuti lyuŵa likusatenda mtukuta. Nambo ana yawungunyisye ŵandu soni yatukusayiwonayi yikusapeleka umboni wamacili wakuti yaumi yacenjile kutyocela ku yindu yine?
Mkanitujanje ciwusyo celeci, tukusosekwa kupikanicisya kaje songa sine. Ŵasayansi ŵajinji apatile kuti ndaŵi pajikupita, yaumi mpaka yicenje panondi. Mwambone, ŵandu akusasagula mtundu wine wa mbwa nikuwulombanya ni mtundu wine wa mbwa pakusaka kuti mkupita kwa ndaŵi cakole mtundu wa mbwa syejipi ngongolo soni syakola manyunya gelewu pakulekangana ni mwaŵelele acinangolo ŵa mbwasyo.a Ŵasayansi ŵane akusayikolanga yeleyi kuŵa mtundu wakucenga wawukusatendekwa kwa ndaŵi jamnono.
Nambope, ŵasayansi akusajiganya kuti kucenga atamose kwamnono kwa yinyama kwajigele yaka yejinji mnope. Mwambone, kuti somba sicenje kuŵa yinyama ya likuga lya lyola soni kuti majani gacenje kuŵa ŵandu pasosekwaga kuti patendekwe yindu yejinji. Yeleyi akusayikolanga kuti mtundu wakucenga wawukusajigala ndaŵi jelewu mnope.
Charles Darwin nambosoni buku jakwe ja Origin of Species
Mwambone, Charles Darwin jwasasile kuti naga tukusakombola kukuwona kucenga kwamnono, nikuti yili yakomboleka kuti yindu yicenje kwandaŵi jelewu nambo ŵandu ngakuwona kucengaku.17 Jwalakwe jwayiweni kuti mkupita kwandaŵi jelewu, yindu yine yandanda yakusayikolanga kuŵa yaumi yakutuluka, yacengaga panandipanandi mnope nikuŵa mitundu jejinji mnope ja yaumi pacilambo capasi.18
Kwa ŵandu ŵajinji yeleyi akusayiwona kuŵa yakupikanika. Jemanjaji akusaliwusya kuti, ‘Naga pasikati pa mtundu wa yindu yaumi pakusaŵa kucenga kwapanandi, kuli wuli kucenga kwampaka kutendekwe kwandaŵi jelewu?’b Kusala yisyene, cijiganyo cakuti yaumi yatesile kucenga kutyocela ku yindu yine cili cakamulana ni mbali sitatu sya adisi. Kwende tutagulilane yakwayana ni adisi syelesi.
Adisi Jandanda. Kucenga kwa tuyindu twa m’maselo kukusatandisya mitundu jasambano ja yaumi. Cijiganyo cakuti yaumi yiŵele mkucenga kwandaŵi jelewu, cikusakamulana mnope ni kucenga kwa tuyindu twa m’maselo. Kucenga kweleku kukusatendekwa m’maselo ga yakumela soni mu yinyama. Mnopemnope mbali ja selo jajikusakola umanyilisi wa kapanganye soni kawonece ka cinduco. Kucengaku ngaŵa kuti mpaka kugambe kupanganya mtundu wine wasambanope nambo mpaka kupanganyesoni makuga gane gacilendo ga yakumela soni yinyama.19
Kucenga kwa yindu m’maselo mpaka kutendekasye mitundu ja yakumela kucenga—mwambone kucenga kwa maluŵa gekulungwakulungwa—nambo kucengako kwana malile gakwe
Yisyesyene yakwe. Selo ja cakumela kapena cinyama jikusasungaga umanyilisi wa kawonece soni kapanganye ka cinduco. Yeleyi yikusatendekwa mu mbali ja selo jajikwete ulamusi mu yakutendekwa yosope ya mu selojo.c Ŵakuwungunya ŵapatile kuti kucenga kwa tuyindu mu selo ja yakumela soni yinyama kukusatendekasya kuti ŵanace ŵakupagwa aŵeje ŵakulekangana ni acinangolo ŵawo. Ana yili yisyene kuti kucenga kwa tuyindu mu selo mpaka kukoposye mtundu wine wacilendo wa yaumi? Ana ŵakuwungunya apatile yamtuli panyuma pa kuwungunya ya nganiji kwa yaka yejinji?
Cakumbesi kwa yaka ya m’ma 1930, ŵasayansi ŵatandite kulupilila ni mtima wosope cijiganyo cine casambano. Jemanjaji ŵaliji ali mkulupilila kuti yaumi yayikwete macili mnope ni yampaka yikulupuce ku ndamo syakusawusya. Soni yaumiyo payikulupwice yikusatendekasya kuti papagwe mitundu jine ja yakumela ligongo lyakucenga kwa tuyindu twa m’maselo. M’yoyo, jemanjaji ŵatandite ganisya kuti ŵandu ali asagwile yaumi yamacili mnope yayicenjile maselo gakwe nikuti jemanjajo mpaka akombolesoni kupanganya mitundu jine jasambano jambone mnope. Jwasayansi jwine lina lyakwe Wolf-Ekkehard Lönnig, jwakutyocela m’ciwanja cakuwungunya ya kulombanya yindu yakumela ca Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research jwa ku Germany jwatite, “Ŵasayansi soni ŵandu ŵakulombanya yakumela soni yinyama ŵasangalele mnope.” Ligongo cici ŵasangalele? Lönnig juŵalijiganyisye kwa yaka 30 ya kucenga kwakukusatendekwa mu tuyindu twa m’maselo ga yakumela jwatite, “Ŵakuwungunyaŵa ŵaganisyaga kuti ndaŵi jikwanile jakuti acenje litala lyacikala liŵalikamulicisyaga masengo pakuyilombanya yakumela soni yinyama.”d Jemanjajo ŵaganisyaga kuti naga akulimbikasya yakuti asaguleje yaumi yayicenjile cenene, nikuti mpaka yikoposye mtundu wine wasambano wa yakumela soni wa yinyama wambone mnope.20 Ŵane ŵajembeceyaga kuti mpaka akombole koposya mitundu jine jacilendo ja yindu yaumi.
Membe syasicenjile nambo sili membepe
Ŵasayansi ŵa ku United States, Asia soni ku Europe, ŵapegwile mbiya syejinji syakuti sikamucisye pamasengo gakuwungunya matala gampaka gakamucisye kuti yakumela soni yinyama yicenjeje mwacitema. Pali pamasile yaka yakupunda 40 ali mkuwungunya mwamacili, ana yakuyicisya yakwe yaliji yamtuli? Jwakuwungunya jwine lina lyakwe Peter von Sengbusch jwatite, “Atamose kuti ŵajonasile mbiya syapawinji pakusaka kuti akoposye mitundu jasambano jambone mnope ja yaumi pakamulicisya masengo kucenga kwa tuyindu twa m’maselo, nambo yakuyicisya yakwe yimanyice kuŵa yangakamucisya ata panandi pacilambo cosope.”21 Jwalakwe ŵajendelecele kuti, “Ca m’ma 1980 pacilambo cosope capasi yamanyice kuti cembeceyo ciŵakwete ŵasayansi wosope calepelece.” M’yoyo, litala lyakuwungunya pakulombanya yinyama kapena yitela pakusaka kucenga maselo gakwe ni cakulinga cakola mbeju syambone, ŵalilesile m’yilambo ya asungu. Ciŵandika ŵanace wosope ŵaŵapagwile ligongo lyakulombanyaku, . . . ŵawile kapena ŵaliji ŵangali macili pakulandanya ni mtundu wandanda.”e
Atamose yili m’yoyo, umanyilisi wapatile ŵakuwungunya kwa yaka ciŵandika 100 pakwamba ya kucenga kwakukusatendekwa mu yaumi, soni yaka 70 yakuwungunya kwa kuyilombanya yindu, kwakamucisye ŵasayansi kumanyilila naga kucenga kwakukusatendekwa mu yindu yaumi kukusakoposya mitundu jacilendo. Panyuma pakuwungunyasoni yaŵapatile ŵanduyi, Lönnig jwatumkolasile jula jwapatile kuti, “Kucenga kwampaka kutendekwe mu yindu yaumi nganikuŵa kutendekasisye kuti yicenje nikuŵa yindu yine yacilendo. Yakuyicisya ya kuwungunya kweleku nambosoni kuwungunya kukwatendekwe m’ma 1900 kukupeleka umboni wakuti nganiyiŵa yikombolece kuti yindu yaumi yicenje nikuŵa yindu yacilendo.
M’yoyo, ana mpaka tujile kuti kucenga kwa yindu yaumi mpaka kutendekasye kuti papagwe cindu cine camtundu wacilendo? Maumboni gakulosya kuti Iyayi. Pambesi pa kuwungunya, Lönnig ŵapatile kuti, “Mtundu wine wa yaumi uli wakulekangana ni wine mwamti nganiyiŵa yikombolece kuti mtundu wine wa yaumi umale kwene kapena konanjidwa ligongo lya kucenga kwa maselo gane mwangosi.”22
Kwende tuganicisyesoni yatutagulileneyi. Naga ŵasayansi ŵakumanyilila cenene masengo gawo alepele kucenga kuti papagwe mtundu wacilendo wa yaumi mwa kuyilombekanya yaumi, ana yili yisyene kuti yaumi mpaka yicenje nikoposya mtundu wine wacilendo wa yaumi? Naga yakuwungunya yilosisye kuti yaumi nganiyiŵa yicenjile ni kuŵa mtundu wine wacilendo, ana kucenga kukwatendekwe kwa ndaŵi jelewuku mpaka kutendekwe uli?
Adisi Jaŵili. Kulupuka kwa yaumi yayikwete macili mnope kukusatendekasya kuti kupagwe mitundu jine jacilendo. Darwin jwakulupililaga kuti yaumi yayikwete macili mnope mpaka yikombole kulupuka kumalo gane, nambo yanganiyikola macili mpaka yimale kuwa. Ŵasayansi ŵa masiku agano ŵakusakulupilila kuti yaumi yatesile kucenga kutyocela ku yindu yine akusajiganya kuti mitundu ja yindu yaumi jawandile nikuŵa kumalo kwajika. Yeleyi yatendekasisye kuti mitundu ja yaumi yamacili jele maselo gakwe gacenjile jikulupuce ku malo gacilendoga. Ligongo lya yeleyi, ŵasayansiŵa akusakulupilila kuti mkupita kwandaŵi mitundu jakumalo gacilendoji jacenjile mtundu wakwe ni kupanganya mitundu jine jacilendo.
Yisyesyene yakwe. Mpela mwatuyiwonele kala, maumboni ga ŵakuwungunya gakulosya mwamacili kuti kucenga kwa maselo ga yaumi kwangakoposya mtundu wine wacilendo. Nambope, ana ŵasayansi ŵakusakulupilila kuti yaumi yatesile kucenga kutyocela ku yindu yine akusasala maumboni gamtuli pakusaka kusimicisya kuti yaumi yayikwete macili mnope ni yampaka yiŵelece mitundu jine jacilendo jakulekangana ni japandanda? Kabuku kaŵakakopwesye mu 1999 ka ciwanja cine ca ku United States cacikusalimbikasya kuwungunya mwayikusatamilaga soni mwayikusatendelaga yindu yaumi, kakolasile “mitundu 13 ja yijuni ya yiwunga yele Darwin ŵayiwungunyaga pa yilumba ya Galápagos. Yijuniyi akusayikolanga kuti yiwunga ya Darwin.”23—National Academy of Sciences.
Ca m’ma 1970, likuga line lyakuwungunya lilyalongoleledwaga ni Peter ni Rosemary Grant, ŵakutyocela ku koleji jine ku United States ŵatandite kuyiwungunya yijuni ya yiwungayi. Payilumbayi pali patendekwe cilala kwa caka, yijuni yayakwete ngomo syekulungwa panandi yakulupwice kulekangana ni yijuni yayakwete ngomo syakunandipila. Pakuŵa kuti kuwungunya ngomo sya mitundu 13 sya yijuni ya yiwunga ni kwakuwonece kuŵa litala limo lyekulungwa lyakumanyililila mitunduji. M’yoyo yaŵapatile ŵakuwungunyaŵa yawonece kuŵa yakamucisya. Kabuku ka ciwanja kala kajendelecele kusala kuti, “Peter ni Rosemary Grant ŵayiweni kuti, yikaŵe kuti cilala catendekwaga kamo pa yaka 10 yiliyose pa yilumbayi, nikuti mtundu wine wa yiwungayi ukapagwile panyuma pa yaka 200.”24
Nambope, kabukuka ngakakusala kuti yaka yakuyicisya panyuma pa cilala cila, yiwunga yayakwete ngomo syakunandipila ni yayatupile mnope. Ŵakuwungunyaŵa ŵapatile kuti nyengo ja pa yilumbayi pajacenjile, yiwunga yayakwete ngomo syekulungwa yagambaga kutupa mnope caka cimo, nambo mkupita kwandaŵi yangomo syamwana yila ni yayatupaga mnope. Jemanjaji ŵayiwenisoni kuti yaŵaganisyaga kuŵa mitundu jine jacilendo, nganijiŵa mitundu jacilendo ja yijuni, nambo wagambile kuŵa mtundu wine wa yiwunga wawapagwile ligongo lya kulombana kwa mitundu jiŵili jakulekangana ja yiwunga. M’yoyo ŵanace ŵakupagwawo ni ŵaŵakombolaga kulupuka cenene kupunda acinangolo ŵawo. Pambesi pakwe jemanjaji ŵayiweni kuti mitundu jaŵaganisyaga kuŵa jacilendo jila naga jikwendelecela kulombana, mkupita kwandaŵi mitundu jiŵiliji jicipanganya mtundu umo.25
Yijuni ya Darwin ya yiwunga yikulosya kuti yaumi mpaka yicenje panandi kuti yikamulane ni kucenga kwa nyengo
Sambano, ana tujile kuti yaumi yayikwete macili yikusapanganya mtundu wine wacilendo? Yaka yipiteyo, jwasayansi jwakusakulupilila kuti yaumi yatesile kucenga kutyocela ku yindu yine, George Christopher Williams, jwakayicile naga yaumi yamacili mnope mpaka yipanganye mtundu wine wacilendo.26 M’caka ca 1999, jwasayansi jwinesoni, Jeffrey H. Schwartz jwalembile kuti yaumi yayikwete macili yikusagamba kamucisya kuti mtunduwo ukamulaneje ni kucenga kwa malo gayikutama, nambo yangapanganya mtundu wine uliwose wacilendo.27
Kusala yisyene, yijuni ya Darwin nganiyicenga ni kuŵa “mtundu wine wacilendo.” Yijuniyi yili yiwunga mpaka lelo. M’yoyo, kulombana kwa yaumi ya mitundu jiŵili jakulekangana kutendekasisye kuti ŵandu akayicileje litala lyaŵalikamulicisyaga masengo pakusaka kuti amanyilile kulekangana kwa mitundu ja yindu yaumi. Konjecesya pelepa, yindu yakwamba yijuniyi yikulosya kuti ŵasayansi ŵalijiganye mnope akusakola maumboni gakuti gakamulaneje ni yikulupi yawo.
Adisi Jatatu. Umboni wakulosya kuti yindu yayawile kalakala yikusalosya kuti yaumi yaŵele mkucenga kwandaŵi jelewu. Kabuku katukakolasile kala, kakusatendekasya ŵakuŵalanga kuti akulupilileje umboni wasayansi wakuti yindu yayawile kalakala yikusapeleka umboni wakwanila wakuti yaumi yaŵele yili mkucenga kwandaŵi jelewu. Kabukuka kasasile kuti, “Mitundu jejinji ja yaumi jisimanikwe pasikati pakucenga kwa somba kuŵa yindu yamtundu wa malyola, soni malyola kuŵa yakwaŵa mpela majoka, soni yakwaŵa kuŵa yakonjesya, soni m’likuga lya majani pagacengaga pasimanikwe mitundu jejinji, mwamti yikusaŵaga yakusawusya kumanyilila ndaŵi jisyesyene jele kucengaku kwatendekwe kutyoka pa mtundu wine wa yaumi kwawula ku mtundu wine.”28
Yisyesyene yakwe. Yakasasile kabukuka yili yakusimonjesya mnope. Ligongo cici tukuŵeceta yeleyi? Jwasayansi jwine juŵakulupililaga mnope kuti yaumi yatesile kucenga kutyocela ku yindu yine, lina lyakwe Niles Eldredge, jwasasile kuti yindu yayawile yangalosya kuti paliji pana kucenga kwapanandipanandi, nambosoni kuti yinduyi nganiyicenga ni kuŵa mitundu jine jacilendo atamose kuti japite ndaŵi jelewu mnope.f29
Kuwungunya yindu yayawile kalakala, kukulosya kuti mitundu josope jekulungwakulungwa ja yinyama jasimanikwe mwangosi soni nganijicenga mnope.
Masiku agano, ŵasayansi kusyungulila pacilambo cosope awukwile yindu yewe yekulungwa ciŵandika 200 miliyoni soni yamwana mabiliyoni gejinji yayilembile panepakwe nikuyisunga. Ŵakuwungunya ŵajinji asimicisye kuti yindu yeleyi yikulosya kuti yinyama yekulungwa yasimanikwe mwangosi soni nganiyicenga, soni mitundu jejinji nganijitamaga kwandaŵi jelewu.
Ana Cikulupi Cakuti Yaumi Yatesile Kucenga Kutyocela ku Yindu Yine Catyocele Kwapi?
Ligongo cici ŵasayansi ŵajinji ŵakumanyikwa mnope akusalimbicila kusala kuti kucenga kwa yaumi kwatendekwedi kwandaŵi jelewu? Jwasayansi jwine jwakumanyikwa mnope, lina lyakwe Richard Lewontin, jwalembile kuti ŵasayansi ŵajinji akusasala mwakusimicisya kuti yaumi yatesile kucenga ligongo lyakuti jemanjaji “akusasaka kulupicika ku cijinganyo cawo cakuti yindu yaumi yasimanikwe pacilambopa yisyenepe soni kuti pangali juŵayipanganyisye.” Ŵasayansi ŵajinji akusakana soni atamose ganicisya kwene yakuti yindu yayili pacilambopa pana jwine jwalunda juŵayipanganyisye, mpela mwaŵaŵecetele Lewontin kuti, “Ŵasayansi nganaŵa ajiticisye kuti kwana Mkupanganya jwali Mlungu.”30
Pakusala ya nganiji, mundu jwine jwakumanyilila mnope ya ndamo sya ŵandu lina lyakwe Rodney Stark, ŵakolasile maloŵe gagali m’buku ja Scientific American kuti, “Papite yaka 200 tuli mkusalilidwa kuti naga tukusaka kuŵa ŵasayansi tukusosekwa kutyosya nganisyo silisyose sya dini ligongo sikusamlepelekasya mundu kuŵeceta mwagopoka pakwamba ya sayansi.” Jwalakwe jwajendelecele kuŵeceta kuti, “Ku makoleji gakuwungunya yakwaya kucenga kwa yindu, ŵandu ŵa dini akusiŵawugala pakamwa mwakwasalila kuti akasaŵeceta yiliyose yakwamba Mlungu.”31
Naga akwiticisya cijiganyo cakuti yindu yaumi yiŵele yili mkucenga kwa ndaŵi jelewu amanyilile kuti, ŵasayansi ŵakusakulupilila kuti kwangali Mlungu ngasakunda kuti yakusakulupilila wawojo yicenje nganisyo syawo pa yindu yawungunyisye. Nikuti akusosekwa kulupililasoni kuti kucenga kwa yaumi kwakutyocela m’maselo gakwe, soni kulupuka kwa yaumi yayikwete macili mnope ni kwakutendekasisye kuti papagwe yindu yaumi yakulekanganalekangana yatukusayiwonagayi. Atamose yili m’yoyo, amanyilile kuti yaŵapatile ŵakuwungunya kwa yaka 100, yikulosya kuti mitundu ja yaumi nganijicenga ni kuŵa mitundu jine jacilendo. Naga akwiticisya cijiganyo cakuti yindu yaumi yiŵele yili mkucenga kwa ndaŵi jelewu, nikuti akusosekwasoni kwiticisya kuti yakupanganyikwa yosope yikusacengaga panandipanandi kutyocela kwa nangolo jumo, atamose kuti yindu yakala yayipatile yikusapeleka umboni wamacili wakuti mitundu jine jekulungwakulungwa ja yakumela soni yinyama yagambile kusimanikwa mwangosi soni nganijicenga nikuŵa mitundu jine ja yindu yaumi, atamose kuti papitile yaka yejinji. Ana pelepa tujile kuti yili yisyene kuti yaumi yatesile kucenga kutyocela ku yindu yine, kapena jigambile kuŵa adisi? Kusala yisyene kuŵeceta kuti yindu yapali ligongo lyakucenga, kugambile kuŵa kulupilila yindu yangali maumboni.
a Panyuma pakuti mbwasi asilombenye, ŵanace ŵasikusaŵeleka, mbali sine sya m’maselo mwawo syangakamulaga masengo cenene. Mwambone, pana mtundu wine wa mbwa wawukusaŵaga wejipi soni wangakula cenene. Yeleyi yikusatendekwa ligongo lyakuti minowu jakulimba mnope jajikusaŵaga mwakulumbikanila mawupa ga mbwasi jangakulaga cenene. Yeleyi yikusatendekasya kuti mtundu wa mbwasi uŵeje wejipi mnope.
b Atamose kuti munganiji tukamulicisya masengo maloŵe ga sayansi gakuti mtundu, nambo tumanyilile kuti Baibulo jangakamulicisya masengo maloŵe ga sayansi pa maloŵega. M’Baibulo, maloŵe gakuti mtundu, gakwete ngopolelo jekulungwa. Mtundu umo ukusapanganyidwa ni makuga gakulekanganalekangana ga yindu yaumi. Ŵasayansi pakusala ya mtundu akusaŵa ali mkusala ya kulekangana kwa yaumi ya m’likuga limo mu mtunduwo.
c Yiŵapatile ŵakuwungunya yikulosya kuti mbali ja mesimesi ja selo soni kalipende kakoloŵa kakakusateteya selo ni mbali syakwe sine, sikusakamucisya kagumbice ka cindu caumi.
d Lönnig ŵakulupililaga kuti yaumi yatesile kupanganyidwa. Yasasile m’buku ajino sili nganisyo syakwe ngaŵaga sya ciwanja cakuwungunya ya kulombanya yindu yakumela.—Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research.
e Pambesi pakuwungunya mwakuwilisyawilisya ya kucenga kwa yindu yaumi, ŵakuwungunya ŵapatile kuti kucenga kwakukusatendekwa kwandaŵi jandanda kukusaŵaga kwamnono mu yaumi ya mtundu umpepe. Nambosoni kucengako kwangajendelecela. Konjecesya pelepa, cakumela cimo pa yakumela 100, ŵacisagwile kuti akajendelecele kucikamulicisya masengo pakuwungunya. Nambo yakuyicisya yakwe yaliji yakuti, yakumela yaŵayisagwile yila, pa yakumela 100 yiliyose cakumela cimo ni cacawonekaga kuŵa cambone campaka acikamulicisye masengo pa unamalima. Nambope, pangali mbeju jine jacilendo jiŵakombwele kujipanganya ata panandi. Yakuyicisya yakulombanya yinyama yaliji yangakamucisya ata panandi pakulandanya ni yakumela. Camti m’yoyo, litala liŵalikamulicisyaga masengo pakuwungunyako ŵagambile kulileka.
f Atamose yisyasyo ya yindu yayawile kala akusayikamulicisya masengo ŵakuwungunya pakusaka kupeleka umboni wakuti yindu yatesile kucenga kutyocela ku yindu yine, nambope ŵandu ngakuyipikanicisya mwamti akuyitagulilanape. Alolesoni kabuku kakuti Yiwusyo Msano Yakusosekwa Kuliwusya Yakwamba Kuwatyocele Umi, pa mapeji 22 mpaka 29, kakuwandisya Ŵamboni sya Yehofa.