Tuhaa hau
Te toto: Na vai e maiti? E faaturahia i to vai haava manaˈo?
Taote J. Dixon
Neneihia ma te parau faatia a te New York State Journal of Medicine, 1988; 88:463-464, copyright Medical Society o te Hau no New York.
UA opua maite te mau taote e faaohipa i to ratou ite, to ratou aravihi e te ohipa i itea mai ia ratou no te turu i te aroraa i te maˈi e te pohe. Tera râ, eaha ta ratou e rave ia patoi anaˈe te hoê taata maˈi i te ravea rapaauraa o ta ratou e faaau ra ia ˈna? O te ohipa ïa e tupu e te mau Ite no Iehova ia faaohipa anaˈe te ravea rapaauraa i te toto taatoa, te mau pueraa toropuru ura, te pape toto aore ra te mau taoˈa tahi e haapaari i te toto.
E manaˈo paha te hoê taote e ia maiti oia i te hoê ravea rapaauraa aita e toto to roto, e faaiti roa te taata maˈi i te ravea a te feia toroa rapaauraa e haapao maitai ra i ta ratou ohipa. Teie râ, eiaha e moehia e mea pinepine te tahi feia maˈi e ere i te Ite no Iehova, e opua nei e ore e haapao i te mau faaitoitoraa a to ratou taote. Ia au ia Appelbaum and Roth1, 19 % o te feia e rapaauhia ra i roto i te mau fare maˈi a te fare haapiiraa tuatoru o tei patoi i te hoê ravea rapaauraa aore ra te hoê tâpûraa; teie râ, i roto 15 % o teie mau taata, “ua haafifi mau â” teie mau patoiraa “i te ora o te taata maˈi”.
Mea pinepine te taata i te manaˈo e: “mea ite aˈe te taote ia ˈu”, e te aratai nei teie manaˈo i te rahiraa o te taata ia tiaturi i te aravihi e te ite o te taote. Te taote e farii i teie manaˈo mai te hoê parau papu i te pae no te ite aravihi e o te rapaau i te taata maˈi ia au i teie huru manaˈo, e riro paha oia, ma te ore hoi e ite, i te faatupu i te feruriraa atâata roa. Oia mau, ia au i ta tatou i haapii, te parau faatia ia riro tatou ei taote e tae noa ˈtu te ite i noaa mai, ua noaa ïa to tatou mau faufaa taa ê i te pae no te rapaauraa. Tera râ, e tiaraa ta to tatou mau taata maˈi. Inaha, mai ta tatou i ite, te horoa nei te ture (e tae noa ˈtu te Haapueraa ture) i te faufaa matamua na te mau tiaraa.
I roto i te rahiraa o te mau fare maˈi [marite], ua tapirihia te parau “Te mau tiaraa o te taata maˈi” i nia i te papai. Hoê o teie mau tiaraa, o te “fariiraa maramarama”, mea tano aˈe râ paha ia parau e “maitiraa maramarama”. Ia faaarahia te taata maˈi no nia i te mau faahopearaa o te mau ravea rapaauraa taa ê (aore ra te patoiraa i teie mau ravea rapaauraa), na ˈna e rave i te maitiraa hopea. Teie te faaueraa rahi i fariihia i te fare maˈi Albert Einstein, i roto i te Bronx (New York), i mua i te patoiraa i te pâmuraa toto a te mau Ite no Iehova: “Te taata maˈi tei naeahia te matahiti e e mana to ˈna i mua i te ture, e tiaraa ïa to ˈna no te patoi i te hoê huru rapaauraa noa ˈtu eaha te mau faahopearaa ino i nia i to ˈna oraora-maitai-raa2.”
Noa ˈtu e — no te tahi mau tumu i te pae no te morare aore ra no te mea te ohipa ra te reira i nia i ta ratou hopoia i te pae no te ture — e nehenehe ta te tahi mau taote e faaite i to ratou peapea, te haafaufaa nei te mau tiribuna i te hinaaro o te taata maˈi3. Ei hiˈoraa, teie ta te haavaraa hororaa no New York i faaite: “E tiaraa hau aˈe to te taata maˈi no te faataa i te tereraa o ta ˈna rapaauraa (...). Eita [te hoê] taote e nehenehe e faahapahia i to ˈna haapao-ore-raa i ta ˈna mau hopoia i mua i te ture aore ra i te pae o ta ˈna toroa mai te peu e e faatura oia i te tiaraa a te feia maˈi atoa, tei naeahia te matahiti e te faito maramarama, no te patoi i te hoê ravea rapaauraa4.” Ua faaite atoa teie tiribuna e, “noa ˈtu e e faufaa iho â to ratou, eita e tia i te mau faaueraa morare a te toroa rapaauraa ia na nia ˈtu i te mau tiaraa tumu o te taata e haapapuhia ra i ǒ nei. O te mau titauraa e te mau hinaaro o te taata, eiaha râ te mau faaheporaa a te hau, te mana hau aˈe5.”
Ia patoi anaˈe te hoê Ite i te pâmuraa toto, e riro paha te haava manaˈo o ta ˈna taote i te huru ê no te mea te manaˈo ra oia e aita o ˈna e faaohipa ra i te mau ravea atoa. Teie râ, te mea ta te Ite e ani ra i te taote e haapao maitai ra i ta ˈna ohipa, ia horoa mai ïa oia i te ravea monoraa maitai roa ˈˈe. Inaha, aita anei tatou e faahepohia ra i te tahi taime ia taui i ta tatou rapaauraa no te faaau ia tatou i te mau huru tupuraa? Ei hiˈoraa, ia roohia te hoê taata maˈi i te maraaraa o te neˈiraa toto aore ra ia patoi to ˈna tino i te mau raau aro i te manumanu, aore ra mai te peu e aita ta tatou te tauihaa moni roa o ta tatou e titau ra? No te mau Ite no Iehova, te anihia ra i te taote ia arai i te fifi i te pae rapaauraa aore ra i te pae no te tâpûraa ma te faatura i te hinaaro e te haava manaˈo o te taata maˈi, ta ˈna faaotiraa i te pae morare e i te pae faaroo e haapae i te toto.
E rave rahi mau tâpûraa rahi i ravehia i nia i te mau Ite no Iehova teie e faaite ra e e rave rahi mau taote o te nehenehe, ma te haava manaˈo tia e ma te manuïa atoa, e faatura i te hinaaro o te taata maˈi e eiaha e pâmu ia ˈna i te toto. Ei hiˈoraa, i te matahiti 1981, ua tuatapapa o Cooley e 1 026 tâpûraa o te mafatu e te mau uaua, e e 22 % tei ravehia i nia i te mau tamarii tei ore i taeahia te matahiti. Teie ta ˈna faaotiraa: “I ǒ te mau Ite no Iehova, aita te atâataraa i te pae no te tâpûraa i hau atu i ǒ te tahi atu mau taata e tâpûhia6.” Te faahiti ra o Kambouris7 i te mau tâpûraa rahi i ravehia i nia i te mau Ite, “ua patoihia hoi e tâpû ru noa i te tahi o ratou no te mea aita ratou e farii ra i te pâmuraa toto”. Te na ô ra oia e: “Na mua ˈˈe i te tâpûraa, ua haapapu-maitai-hia i te mau taata maˈi atoa e, noa ˈtu eaha te ohipa e tupu i roto i te piha tâpûraa, e faaturahia iho â ta ratou mau tiaturiraa faaroo. Aita teie huru raveraa i faatupu i te hoê noa ˈˈe fifi.”
Mai te peu e e Ite no Iehova te taata maˈi, hau atu i te uiraa no te maitiraa, e apitihia mai te fifi i te pae o te haava manaˈo. E ere noa hoi te haava manaˈo o te taote te tia ia haapaohia: te vai atoa ra te haava manaˈo o te taata maˈi. Te faariro nei te mau Ite no Iehova i te ora, i faahohoˈahia e te toto, mai te hoê ô no ǒ mai i te Atua ra. Te auraro nei ratou i te faaueraa bibilia e titau ra i te kerisetiano ia ‘haapae i te toto8’. (Ohipa 15:28, 29.) No reira, mai te peu e e patoi atu te hoê taote i teie mau tiaturiraa i te pae faaroo tei mau hohonu roa i roto i te haava manaˈo o te taata maˈi, e nehenehe ïa te mau faahopearaa ino mau e tupu mai. Ua faaite te pâpa Ioane-Paulo II e ia faahepohia te hoê taata ia ofati i to ˈna haava manaˈo “o te faainoraa puai roa ˈˈe ïa te nehenehe e ravehia i nia i te tiaraa tura o te taata. I roto i te tahi auraa, mea ino roa ˈtu â i te ohipa taparahi taata9.”
A patoi ai te mau Ite no Iehova i te pâmuraa toto no te tahi mau tumu i te pae faaroo, te rahi noa ˈtura te mau taata e ere i te Ite o te maiti nei i te mau ravea rapaauraa o te ore e faaohipa i te toto no te mea te mǎtaˈu nei ratou i te SIDA, te maˈi o te upaa e ere i te A, e ere i te B aore ra i te mau patoiraa a te ravea parururaa o te tino. Oia mau, e nehenehe ta matou e parau atu mai te peu e, ia au i to matou manaˈo, mea haihai anei teie mau fifi aore ra aita ia faaauhia i te mau vahi maitatai, teie râ, mai ta te Taatiraa a te mau taote marite e haapapu ra, na te taata maˈi “e rave i te faaotiraa hopea mai te peu e hinaaro oia e tamata i te ravea rapaauraa aore ra te tâpûraa e faauehia ra e te taote, aore ra mai te peu e mea au aˈe na ˈna ia haapae i te reira. Tera te tiaraa tumu o te taata, tiaraa tei fariihia e te ture10”.
No nia i teie ohipa, ua faahiti o Macklin11 i te parau no te mau vahi atâata e te mau vahi maitatai mai te peu e e nehenehe te hoê Ite “tei ore i pâmuhia i te toto, e roohia i te hoê taheraa toto o te haapohe ia ˈna”. Teie te faataaraa a te hoê taata haapii i te toroa rapaauraa no nia i teie fifi: “E taata maramarama maitai oia. Eaha te tia ia rave ia patoi te mau tiaturiraa i te pae faaroo i te ravea rapaauraa hoê roa e titauhia ra?” Teie te huru feruriraa a Macklin: “E nehenehe tatou e tiaturi e ua hape teie taata. Teie râ, te tiaturi nei te mau Ite no Iehova e, maoti te hoê pâmuraa toto, (...) [e nehenehe] ratou e roohia i te faautuaraa. Na roto i te raveraa i te toroa rapaauraa, ua matau roa tatou i te hiˈopoa i te mau vahi atâata e te mau vahi maitatai, teie râ ia faaau tatou i te faautuaraa mure ore i te oraraa e toe nei i te taata maˈi i nia i te fenua nei, e taui ïa te huru faitoraa i teie faaauraa.”
I roto i teie numera o te vea Journal, te faahiti ra o Vercillo e o Duprey12 i te haavaraa Osborne no te faaite e mea faufaa roa ia paruru i te feia parihia. Eaha te haavaraa i horoahia? E haamanaˈo na e no nia teie ohipa i te hoê tane tei pepe ino roa, e piti tamarii ta ˈna tei ore i naeahia te matahiti. Ua faaoti te tiribuna e, ahiri e e pohe oia, e haapao te mau fetii i ta ˈna mau tamarii i te pae materia e i te pae varua. No reira, mai tei itehia i roto i te tahi atu mau haavaraa apî13, aita te tiribuna i manaˈo e e tia ia na nia ˈtu i te maitiraa a te taata maˈi: aita te faufaa hau aˈe a te Hau e titau ra i te reira, e aita atoa te hoê ohipa a te ture no te faahepo i te taata maˈi i te hoê rapaauraa o ta ˈna i ore i farii i titauhia14. Maoti te hoê ravea monoraa, ua ora mai teie taata i to ˈna mau pepe e ua nehenehe atura ta ˈna e haapao i to ˈna utuafare.
E ere anei i te parau mau e aita te rahiraa o te mau tupuraa ta te taote e farerei aore ra e farerei atu, e titau ra e ia faaohipahia te toto? Te mea o ta tatou i haapii e ta tatou i ite maitai aˈe, o te mau tumu parau iho â ïa i te pae rapaauraa, teie râ, e feia maramarama ta tatou mau taata maˈi, e eita ta tatou e nehenehe e haapae i ta ratou mau faufaa e ta ratou mau opuaraa teitei. Mea ite aˈe ratou ia tatou i te mea faufaa roa ˈˈe no ratou, eaha ta ratou mau ture morare e te mea ta to ratou haava manaˈo e titau ra ia ratou, e mau mea anaˈe hoi o te horoa i te hoê auraa i to ratou oraraa.
Ia faaturahia te haava manaˈo faaroo a te mau Ite, o te hoê ïa tamataraa i to tatou aravihi. Teie râ, ia faaruru tatou i teie tamataraa, e haafaufaa tatou i te mau tiamâraa faufaa rahi o ta tatou paatoa e poihere nei. Mai ta John Stuart Mill i papai ma te tano maitai, “noa ˈtu eaha te huru o ta ˈna faatereraa, mai te peu e eita teie mau tiamâraa, i roto i te taatoaraa, e faaturahia, e erehia ïa te hoê totaiete i te tiamâraa (...). O te taata tataitahi te tiai o to ˈna oraora-maitai-raa i te pae tino, i te pae feruriraa e i te pae varua. Mea maitai aˈe te huru o te taata ia farii ratou e ia ora vetahi ê mai ta ratou e hinaaro eiaha râ mai te peu e e faahepo ratou ia vetahi ê ia ora mai ta te tahi atu toea o te huiraatira e titau ra15”.
[TABULA O TE MAU FAAHORORAA]
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2. Macklin R: The inner workings of an ethics committee: Latest battle over Jehovah’s Witnesses. Hastings Cent Rep 1988; 18(1):15-20.
3. Bouvia v Superior Court, 179 Cal App 3d 1127, 225 Cal Rptr 297 (1986); In re Brown, 478 So 2d 1033 (Miss 1985).
4. In re Storar, 438 NYS 2d 266, 273, 420 NE 2d 64, 71 (NY 1981).
5. Rivers v Katz, 504 NYS 2d 74, 80 n 6, 495 NE 2d 337, 343 n 6 (NY 1986).
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7. Kambouris AA: Major abdominal operations on Jehovah’s Witnesses. Am Surg 1987; 53:350-356.
8. Jehovah’s Witnesses and the Question of Blood. Brooklyn, NY, Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1977, pp 1-64.
9. Pope denounces Polish crackdown. NY Times, January 11, 1982, p A9.
10. Office of the General Counsel: Medicolegal Forms with Legal Analysis. Chicago, American Medical Association, 1973, p 24.
11. Kleiman D: Hospital philosopher confronts decisions of life. NY Times, January 23, 1984, pp B1, B3.
12. Vercillo AP, Duprey SV: Jehovah’s Witnesses and the transfusion of blood products. NY State J Med 1988; 88:493-494.
13. Wons v Public Health Trust, 500 So 2d 679 (Fla Dist Ct App) (1987); Randolph v City of New York, 117 AD 2d 44, 501 NYS 2d 837 (1986); Taft v Taft, 383 Mass 331, 446 NE 2d 395 (1983).
14. In re Osborne, 294 A 2d 372 (DC Ct App 1972).
15. Mill JS: On liberty, in Adler MJ (ed): Great Books of the Western World. Chicago, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc, 1952, vol 43, p 273.