Ɔpepem Pii Nkwa Redan Wusiw
ƐYƐ aguade a wɔtɔ sen biara wɔ wiase no biako. Nnipa pii na wɔtɔ no daa, na ne gua no mu trɛw ntɛmntɛm. Nnwumakuw a wɔyɛ no wɔ anigye na wonya mfaso akɛse, amammuisɛm mu nkɛntɛnso, ne nidi akɛse. Asɛm a ɛwɔ ho ara ne sɛ wɔn a wɔtɔ no kɛse no kɔ so wuwu!
The Economist ka sɛ: “Sigaret ka wiase aguade a mfaso wom sen biara no ho. Afei nso ɛno nkutoo ne nea (entia mmara a) sɛ wɔde di dwuma sɛnea wɔakyerɛ no a, ne nom ka wɔn a wɔde di dwuma no fã kɛse hɔ, na mpɛn pii no ekunkum wɔn.” Eyi ma nnwuma a ɛyɛ sigaret no nya wɔn ho kɛse, nanso wɔn a wodi wɔn gua no hwere ade kɛse. Sɛnea U.S. Asoɛe Ahorow a Ɛhwɛ Siw Nyarewa Ano kyerɛ no, etwa bɛyɛ mfe ɔpepem anum fi Amerikafo a wɔnom sigaret nyinaa nkwa nna so afe biara, ma ɛso tew simma biako wɔ simma biako biara a wɔde nom sigaret mu. Newsweek nsɛmma nhoma bɔ amanneɛ sɛ: “Sigaretnom kunkum Amerikafo 420,000 afe biara. Ɛno yɛ wɔn a nnuru a mmara mma ho kwan kunkum wɔn no mmɔho 50.”
Sɛnea nhoma a ɛne Mortality From Smoking in Developed Countries 1950-2000, a Britania Ahemman no Kokoram Nhwehwɛmu Foto, WHO (Wiase Akwahosan Ahyehyɛde no), ne Amerika Kokoram Kuw no tintimii kyerɛ no, afe biara sigaretnom kunkum nnipa ɔpepem abiɛsa—baasia wɔ simma biara mu —wɔ wiase nyinaa. Saa nhwehwɛmu a ɛfa sigaret a wɔnom wɔ wiase nyinaa ho yi ne nea ɛkɔ akyiri sen biara a wɔayɛ de besi nnɛ, na wɔyɛɛ no aman 45 mu. Richard Peto a ɔka Ahemman no Kokoram Nhwehwɛmu Foto ho adwumayɛfo no ho bɔ kɔkɔ sɛ: “Wɔ aman dodow no ara mu no, nea ɛbɛba daakye koraa ne ne kankan. Sɛ sigaretnom kɔ so sɛnea ɛte seesei no a, ɛnde ebedu bere a mmofra a wɔnom sigaret nnɛ no bedu mpanyin mfe so anaa wɔbɛbɔ nkwakoraa ne mmerewa no, sigaret bekunkum nnipa bɛyɛ ɔpepem 10 afe biara—ebekum onipa biako anibu abiɛsa biara mu.”
Oduruyɛfo Alan Lopez a ɔka WHO ho no ka sɛ: “Adeyɛ biara nni hɔ a asiane wom a ɛne sigaretnom sɛ. Ɛbɛtɔ da no na ekunkum nnipa baanu biara a wɔnom no biako.” Saa ara nso na Martin Vessey a ɔwɔ Ɔmanfo Akwahosan Asoɛe a ɛwɔ Oxford Sukuupɔn mu ka sɛ: “Nsɛm a wɔde mfe 40 aboaboa ano yi maa ahometesɛm a ɛne sɛ awiei koraa no, wɔn a wɔnom sigaret no mu fã suban bekunkum wɔn no daa adi—asɛm a ɛyɛ hu ankasa.” Efi 1950 mfe no mu no, sigaretnom akunkum nnipa ɔpepem 60.
Ɛyɛ asɛm a ɛyɛ hu ankasa nso ma nnwuma a ɛyɛ sigaret no. Sɛ seesei sigaretnom ma nnipa ɔpepem abiɛsa wuwu wɔ wiase nyinaa afe biara, na sɛ afoforo pii nso gyae nom a, ɛnde ɛsɛ sɛ afe biara wonya nnipa foforo ɔpepem abiɛsa a wobefi ase anom hyɛ ananmu.
Esiane mmea ahofadi a nnwuma a ɛyɛ sigaret kamfo kyerɛe no nti, wɔanya baabi de wɔn ani akyerɛ. Sigaret a mmea nom yɛ ade a akɔ so ankasa wɔ Atɔe Fam aman mu mfe bi ni, na seesei ɛretrɛw kɔ mmeae a na anka wobu no aniwude. Nnwuma a ɛyɛ sigaret no asi nketekrakye sɛ wɔbɛma ɛnonom nyinaa asesa. Wɔpɛ sɛ wɔboa mmea ma wodi wɔn taamudi ne ahofadi foforo no. Sigaret ahorow bi a ɛyɛ soronko a wɔkyerɛ sɛ tar ne nicotine kakraa bi pɛ na ɛwom no daadaa mmea a wɔnom sigaret no ma wobu ɛnonom sɛ ano nyɛ den pii. Wɔyɛ sigaret afoforo nso ma ɛyɛ huam anaa wɔyɛ no teaa—na saa na mmea bɛpɛ sɛ wɔnam sigaretnom so bɛyɛ. Wohu Asiafo a wɔasiesie wɔn ho te sɛ Atɔe Famfo a wɔhyehyɛ ntade a ɛkanyan akɔnnɔ wɔ sigaret ho adawurubɔ mu wɔ Asia.
Nanso, bere a mmeae pii hwehwɛ “ahofadi” no, nnipa dodow no ara wuwu esiane sigaretnom nti. Mmea a wɔanya aharawa mu kokoram wɔ mfe 20 a atwam ni mu no dodow abu abɔ ho wɔ Britain, Japan, Norway, Poland, ne Sweden. Wɔ United States ne Canada no, dodow no akɔ soro ɔha biara mu nkyem 300. Sigaret dawurubɔ bi se: “Awuraa, woanya nkɔanim papa!”
Nnwuma a ɛyɛ sigaret bi wɔ ɔkwan a wɔn ankasa fa so. Adwumakuw bi a ɛwɔ Philippines, a ɛyɛ ɔman a Katolekfo na wɔdɔɔso wɔ hɔ no kyekyɛɛ kalenda a Ɔbaabun Maria mfonini a wɔakyerɛw wɔn sigaret no dawurubɔ asɛm wɔ mfonini no ase animtiaabu so no maa nkurɔfo kwa. Oduruyɛfo Rosmarie Erben a ɔyɛ WHO akwahosan ho ɔfotufo a ɔwɔ Asia kae sɛ: “Ná minhuu biribi a ɛte saa da. Wɔbɔɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔde mfonini no bɛbata sigaret ho, sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɛrenhaw Philippines mmea sɛ wɔbɛnom sigaret.”
Wobu akontaa sɛ mmarima mpanyimfo a wɔwɔ China no ɔha biara mu 61 nom sigaret, bere a mmea no ɔha biara mu 7 pɛ na wɔyɛ saa. Atɔe Fam nnwuma a ɛyɛ sigaret de wɔn ani asi “ahofadi” a wɔde bɛma Apuei Fam mmea ahoɔfɛfo yi a wɔde “anigyede” a wɔn nuanom Atɔe Famfo a wɔn ho yɛ anika no nya no akame wɔn mu ɔpepem pii bere tenten no so. Nanso akwanside biako ne sɛ: Aban nnwuma ahorow na ɛyɛ sigaret no fã kɛse no ara.
Nanso, Atɔe Fam nnwumakuw rebɔ kwan ato hɔ nkakrankakra. Esiane dawurubɔ hokwan a sigaret nnwumakuw bi nnya papa nti, wɔfa nyansakwan so twetwe wɔn a wɔbɛtɔ wɔn aguade daakye no. China kra sini ahorow fi Hong Kong, a emu pii mu no, wotua sika ma wɔn a wɔwom no ma wɔnom sigaret—anifere kwan a wɔfa so di gua!
Esiane sɛ Amerika nnwuma a ɛyɛ sigaret a wɔwɔ sika no rehyia ɔsɔretia kɛse wɔ wɔn ankasa man mu nti, wɔretrɛw wɔn dwumadi no mu na wɔatumi asum nnipa foforo afiri. Nokwasɛm ahorow no da no adi sɛ wɔde wɔn ani asi aman a wonnyaa nkɔso pii no so pɛ sɛ wodi wɔn awu.
Akwahosan ho mpanyimfo a wɔwɔ wiase nyinaa bɔ kɔkɔ. Atesɛm nkrataa mu nsɛmti bi ka sɛ: “Afrika Ko Tia Ɔhaw Foforo—Sigaretnom.” “Wusiw Dan Ogya wɔ Asia Bere a Sigaret Aguadi no Nya Nkɔanim No.” “Asia Sigaretnom Dodow De Kokoram Owuyare Bɛba.” “Ɔko Foforo a Aman a Wonnyaa Mfiridwuma mu Nkɔso Redi Tia Tawanom.”
Ɔpɛ, amanko, ne AIDS owuyare no asɛe Afrika asasepɔn no pasaa. Nanso, Oduruyɛfo Keith Ball, Britaniani a ɔhwɛ komayare, ka sɛ, “Sɛ yeyi nuklea akodi ne ɔkɔm to nkyɛn a, sigaretnom ne ade biako a ɛsen biara a ebetumi de Afrikafo akwahosan ato asiane mu daakye.”
Amanaman ntam aguadifo akɛse no tua sika ma akuafo ma wodua tawa. Akuafo no twa nnua a wobehia no kɛse de anoa aduan, asɔ gya, na wɔde asi dan no de sɔ gya tõtõ tawa. Wodua tawa a sika wom kɛse sen sɛ wobedua nnuan a ɛmfa sika pii mma no. Afrikafo a ahia wɔn no taa sɛe wɔn akatua a ɛnso wɔn no fã kɛse wɔ sigaret ho. Enti Afrika mmusua fomfɔn esiane aduan pa a wonnya nni nti, bere a Atɔe Fam nnwuma a ɛyɛ sigaret nya mfaso akɛseakɛse.
Atɔe Fam nnwuma a ɛyɛ sigaret hu aman a wonnyaa nkɔso pii no sɛ wɔn na wɔbɛma wɔanya gua kɛse, na wɔde wɔn ani si Afrika, Europa Apuei Fam, ne Latin Amerika nyinaa so. Nanso Asia a nnipa ayɛ hɔ ma no na wonya mfaso wɔ hɔ sen biara. Seesei nnipa a wɔnom sigaret wɔ China nkutoo no dɔɔso sen United States nnipa nyinaa—ɔpepem 300. Sigaret nko ara a wɔnom no afe biara yɛ ɔpepepepem 1.6, na ɛyɛ nea wɔnom no wiase nyinaa no mu abupɛn abiɛsa mu biako!
The New York Times bɔ amanneɛ sɛ: “Nnuruyɛfo ka sɛ akwahosan mu haw a sigaret a abu so wɔ Asia no de bɛba no yɛ hu kɛse.” Richard Peto bu akontaa sɛ nnipa ɔpepem du a wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ sigaretnom bekunkum wɔn afe biara wɔ mfe aduonu anaa aduasa a edi hɔ mu no mu ɔpepem abien befi China nkutoo. Peto ka sɛ ebia nyarewa a sigaretnom de ba bekunkum China mmofra a wɔte ase nnɛ no ɔpepem aduonum.
Oduruyɛfo Nigel Gray bɔɔ no mua sɛ: “Sigaretnom ho abakɔsɛm a ɛwɔ China ne Europa Apuei Fam a wɔaboa ano bɛboro mfe aduonum a atwam no da no adi sɛ sigaret ho owuyare bɛtrɛw wɔ saa aman no mu.”
Oduruyɛfo Prakit Vateesatokit a ɔka Ɔsatu a Wɔde Ko Tia Sigaretnom wɔ Thailand ho no bisae sɛ: “Dɛn nti na ade a ɛde ɔpatuwu ba nnipa 400,000 so wɔ US afe biara, ade a US Aban rebɔ mmɔden kɛse sɛ ɛbɛboa ne mamfo ma wɔagyae, atumi afi Amerika abɛyɛ ade a wogye tom wɔ mmeae foforo? Sɛ wɔtɔn ade koro no ara kɔ aman foforo mu a, ɛma akwahosan ho asɛm bɛyɛ nea ɛho nhia bio anaa?”
Nnwuma a ɛyɛ sigaret a ɛrenya nkɔso no wɔ ɔboafo kɛse a ɔne U.S. aban no. Wɔabom ako anya gyinabea ahorow wɔ amannɔne, titiriw wɔ Asia guaso. Mfe pii mu no, na wɔmma wɔmfa Amerika sigaret nkɔ Japan, Taiwan, Thailand, ne aman foforo a na emu nniso ahorow agye sigaret ho nneɛma ho aguadi akɛntɛn so no mu. Akuw a wɔko tia sigaretnom no kasa tiaa ne kra, nanso U.S. aban nam biribi so nyaa wɔn—tow akɛseakɛse a wɔma wotuae wɔ nneɛma kra ho.
Esiane nhyɛso kɛse a U.S. aban no de baa Asia aman pii so nti, efi 1985 no, wɔabue hokwan no ma wopia Amerika sigaret pii ba hɔ. Sigaret a efi U.S. kɔ Asia no kɔɔ soro ɔha biara mu nkyem 75 wɔ 1988 mu.
Ɛbɛyɛ sɛ mmofra na sigaret ho akansi no apira wɔn sen biara. Nhwehwɛmu bi a wɔbɔɔ ho amanneɛ wɔ The Journal of the American Medical Association mu ka sɛ “nnipa a wɔafi ase nom sigaret foforo nyinaa ɔha biara mu 90 yɛ mmofra.”
Asɛm bi a epuee U.S.News & World Report mu bu akontaa sɛ wɔn a wonnii mfe aduonu a wɔnom sigaret wɔ United States no dodow yɛ ɔpepem 3.1. Da biara, nnipa 3,000 na wofi sigaretnom ase foforo—1,000,000 afe biara.
Wɔ sigaret ho dawurubɔ bi mu no, wohu yoma bi a ɔpɛ agoru ne anigyede ho mfonini, a wɔtaa de sigaret tua n’ano. Wɔkyerɛ sɛ sigaret ho dawurubɔ yi daadaa mmofra ma nicotine yɛ wɔn nkoa ansa na wɔahu asiane a ɛwom. Bere a saa dawurubɔ yi kɔɔ so mfe abiɛsa no, egua a mmofra di sigaret adwumakuw no akɔ soro ɔha biara mu nkyem 64. Nhwehwɛmu bi a wɔyɛe wɔ Ayaresa Kɔlege a ɛwɔ Georgia (U.S.A.) daa no adi sɛ wɔn a wɔadi mfe asia a wobisabisaa wɔn nsɛm no ɔha biara mu 91 hyɛɛ saa aboa a wɔayɛ ne ho mfonini sɛ ɔrenom sigaret yi nsow.
Sigaret ho mfonini foforo a agye din ne mmoahwɛfo kakabenfo bi a hwee mfa ne ho, a sɛnea abofra ketewa bi kae no, n’asɛm a okura ne sɛ, “Sɛ worenom sigaret a, obiara ntumi ntwitware w’anan mu.” Wɔka sɛ aguade a wɔtɔ no kɛse paa wɔ wiase nyinaa ne sigaret bi a wɔn a wɔtɔ no ɔha biara mu 69 yɛ wɔn a wonnii mfe aduonu, na wɔbɔ no dawuru sen biara no. Ade a wɔde ka ho de twetwe nkurɔfo ne sɛ, wɔde nkrataa hyehyɛ adaka biara mu, a wobetumi de akogye gyense, ɛkyɛw ahorow, ne agumadi mu ntade a mmofra ani gye ho kɛse.
Bere a wɔn a wɔko tia sigaretnom ahu tumi kɛse a dawurubɔ wɔ no, wɔatumi ama wɔabara sigaret ho adawurubɔ wɔ television ne radio so wɔ aman pii mu. Nanso ɔkwan biako a sigaret ho adawurubɔfo a wɔn ani atew no fa so guan nhyehyɛe no ne sɛ, wɔyɛ anifere de amanneɛbɔ nkrataa bobɔ mmeae pa bere a agumadi ahorow rekɔ so no. Enti, wɔ agodie a woyi kyerɛ wɔ television so a mmofra a wɔhwɛ no dɔɔso mu no, wobetumi ahu ogumadifo a wɔn ani gye ne ho kɛse a wayɛ krado sɛ ɔrebedi agoru wɔ anim, na sigaret amanneɛbɔ krataa kɛse bi wɔ n’akyi.
Wɔ mmeae a aguadi kɔ so wɔ hɔ kɛse ne sukuu ahorow anim no, mmea a wɔde anifere asiesie wɔn ho hyehyɛ ntade ntiantia anaasɛ apɔnkɔsotefo ntade kyekyɛ sigaret ma wɔn a wonnii mfe aduonu a wɔn ani gye ho anaa wɔrepɛ biribi ahu a wonnye sika. Wɔ sinidan mu, disko, ne rock kɔnsɛt ase no, wɔkyekyɛ bi mema obiara kwa. Adwumakuw bi aguadi nhyehyɛe a obi tii ho kyerɛɛ nsɛm amanneɛbɔfo daa no adi sɛ wɔhyɛɛ da yɛɛ biako wɔ Canada maa mmarimaa a wɔka Franse kasa a wɔadi fi mfe 12 kosi 17 titiriw.
Asɛm a ɛka pefee ne sɛ sigaretnom ma anigye, ahoɔden, mmaninyɛ, ɛma wogye din. Adawurubɔ ho ɔbenfo bi kae sɛ: “Baabi a na meyɛ adwuma no, na yɛrebɔ mmɔden kɛse sɛ yɛbɛma mmofra a wɔadi mfe 14 afi ase anom sigaret.” Wɔ Asia adawurubɔ mu no, wohu Atɔe Fam mmofra a wɔn ho yɛ den a wɔredi agoru wɔ mpoano ne agoprama so—bere a wɔrenom sigaret ankasa. Aguadi ho nsɛmma nhoma bi kae sɛ: “Atɔe Famfo adawurubɔ ne wɔn asetra kwan ma wonya afɛfɛde a wobetumi asuasua, na Asiafo a wɔnom sigaret tu gu so.”
Bere a sigaret ho aguadifo de dɔla ɔpepepem pii abɔ dawuru no, wɔanya mfaso pii. Reader’s Digest mu amanneɛbɔ soronko bi daa no adi sɛ mmofra a wɔnom sigaret no dodow akɔ soro ma ɛyɛ ahodwiriw. Amanneɛbɔ no se: “Wɔ Philippines no, nnipa a wonnii mfe 18 no ɔha biara mu 22.7 nom sigaret seesei. Wɔ Latin Amerika nkurow bi mu no, nea ɛyɛ nwonwa ne sɛ nnipa a wonnii mfe aduonu a wɔyɛ saa no yɛ ɔha biara mu 50. Wɔ Hong Kong no, mmofra a wɔadi mfe ason pɛ renom sigaret.”
Nanso, bere mpo a sigaret renya nkɔanim wɔ amannɔne no, sigaret nnwumakuw ani tua sɛ wɔn ho rebɛkyere wɔn wɔ wɔn ankasa man mu ma wɔredi ho yaw. Hokwan bɛn na ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ sigaret bedi nkonim?
[Asɛm a wɔafa aka wɔ kratafa 15]
Wɔn a wɔtɔ no kɛse paa no kɔ so wuwu
[Asɛm a wɔafa aka wɔ kratafa 18]
Wɔn a wɔafi ase nom sigaret nyinaa ɔha biara mu 90—wɔyɛ mmofra!
[Asɛm a wɔafa aka wɔ kratafa 19]
Asia dawurubɔ bi a ɛyɛ fɛ ne nkurɔfo a wɔyɛ maa wɔn
[Kratafa 16 adaka]
Mfrafrae a Edi Awu—Dɛn na Ɛwɔ Sigaret Wusiw Mu?
Ebetumi aba sɛ wɔn a wɔyɛ sigaret no de nnuru bɛyɛ 700 na ɛyɛ, nanso mmara ma kwan sɛ wɔmmobɔ nneɛma a wɔde yɛ no din. Nanso nneɛma a wɔde yɛ no bi ne fagude ahorow a ano yɛ den, nnuru a ekunkum mmoawammoawa ne nea ekunkum akoekoemmoa. Emu nneɛma no bi tumi di awu araa ma mmara mma ho kwan sɛ wɔde begu asase mu de aduradura so. Nnuru bɛyɛ 4,000 na ɛwɔ sigaret wusiw a etwa ne ho ma ɛyɛ anika no mu, na ebi ne acetone, arsenic, butane, carbon monoxide, ne cyanide. Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnuru a wonim sɛ ɛde kokoram ba 43 na ebetumi akɔ wɔn a wɔnom sigaret ne wɔn a wɔbɛn wɔn aharawa mu.
[Kratafa 17 adaka]
Wɔn a Wɔnnom Sigaret Wɔ Asiane Mu
Wo ne wɔn a wɔnom sigaret pii te faako, yɛ adwuma, anaa wo ne wɔn tu kwan? Sɛ ɛte saa a, ebetumi de wo ato asiane kɛse a ɛbɛma woanya aharawa mu kokoram ne komayare mu. Nhwehwɛmu bi a U.S. Asoɛe bi a Ɛhwɛ Siw Nyarewa Ano (EPA) yɛe wɔ 1993 mu no daa no adi sɛ tawa wusiw a ɛwɔ mframa mu (ETS) ka Nneɛma Atitiriw a ɛde kokoram ba no ho, na ɛyɛ hu sen biara. Amanneɛbɔ tenten no pɛɛpɛɛ nea wohui bere a wɔyɛɛ nhwehwɛmu ahorow 30 a ɛkyerɛe sɛ sigaret ano wusiw ne nea wohuw gu mframa mu ho wɔ asɛm no mu no.
EPA kyerɛ sɛ tawa wusiw a obi a ogyina nkyɛn home ma aharawa mu kokoram kunkum nnipa 3,000 wɔ United States afe biara. Amerika Aduruyɛfo Kuw no foaa saa nsɛm no so wɔ June 1994 mu, denam amanneɛbɔ bi a etintim de kyerɛe sɛ hokwan a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ mmea a wɔnnom sigaret da, nanso wɔhome ETS betumi anya aharawa mu kokoram asen afoforo a wɔn nso wɔnnom sigaret wɔn nkwa nna nyinaa no yɛ ɔha biara mu nkyem 30.
Wusiw a mmofra nkumaa home no ma wɔn mu 150,000 kosi 300,000 nya aharawa mu ntini mu yare bi a wɔfrɛ no bronchitis ne mpafe afe biara. Afe biara wusiw ma mmofra 200,000 kosi 1,000,000 ntehyewa mu yɛ den wɔ United States.
Amerika Komayare Fekuw no bu akontaa sɛ nnipa a koma ne mogya ntini mu nyarewa a efi ETS kunkum wɔn afe biara no yɛ 40,000.
[Kratafa 17 mfonini ahorow]
Asia, beae foforo koraa a tawa kunkum nnipa wɔ hɔ