Chidzidzo Kubva Munhau Yezvaiitika Kare muRoma

“KANA, sevanhu, ndakarwa nezvikara paEfeso, . . . ” Vamwe vanofunga kuti mashoko iwaya, akanyorwa pana 1 VaKorinde 15:32, anoreva kuti muapostora Pauro akatongerwa kurwa mune imwe nhandare yemitambo muRoma. Zvisinei nokuti akazviita here kana kwete, kurwa kusvikira pakufa munhandare dzemitambo yokurwa kwaiva kwakakurumbira munguva iyoyo. Nhau yezvakaitika kare inotiudzei nezvenhandare yacho uye zvaiitwa imomo?

Zvatiri vaKristu, tinoda kuumba hana dzedu maererano nokufunga kwaJehovha, zvingatibatsira kuita zvisarudzo mune zvevaraidzo dzemazuva ano. Somuenzaniso, chimbofunga maonero anoita Mwari chisimba, anooneka mumashoko aya, anoti: “Usagodora munhu unomanikidza; usatevera kunyange nomumwe wemitoo yake.” (Zvirevo 3:31) VaKristu vokutanga vakapiwa zano iroro kuti rivatungamirire apo vakawanda vaiva vakavapoteredza vakatanga kufarira kwazvo makwikwi emitambo yevanhu vanorwisana nechinangwa chokuurayana. Tichitarisa zvaiitika mumitambo iyoyo, ngationei kuti chidzidzoi chiri pachena kuvaKristu nhasi.

Varwi vaviri vane zvombo vanotarisana munhandare yemitambo muRoma. Pavanotanga kutemana nemapakatwa vachivharana nenhoo, boka revanhu rinoita serinopenga rinodanidzira richikuza warinofarira. Kurwa kwacho ndekwokuti afa afa. Nenguva isipi, akuvadzwa uye asingachagoni kuramba achirwa, mumwe wacho anokandira zvombo zvake pasi opfugama, achibvuma kuti akundwa okumbira kunzwirwa tsitsi. Ruzha rwuye ndipo parunotonyanyisa. Rimwe boka rinodanidzira kuti anzwirwe tsitsi, rimwe richiti ngaafe. Maziso ose akatarisa kuna mambo. Iye, achiteerera zvido zvoruzhinji, anogona kusunungura murwi akundwa kana kuti achinongedzera pasi neminwe yake anorayira kuti aurayiwe.

VaRoma vaida kwazvo kuona mitambo yevarwi vanorwisana vachida kuurayana. Ungashamisika kuziva kuti mitambo yakadaro yakatanga kuitwa pamariro evanhu vaikosheswa. Zvinonzi makwikwi acho akatanga nokubayira vanhu kwaiitwa nevaOscan kana kuti vaSamnite veyava kunzi Italy zvino. Zvibayiro zvacho zvaiitirwa kupira midzimu yevakafa. Kurwisana kwakadaro kwainzi munus, kana kuti “chipo” (kana kwawanda, munera). Mitambo yokutanga muRoma yakanyorwa yakaitwa muna 264 B.C.E., apo zvikwata zvitatu zvevaviri vaviri vanoda kuurayana zvakarwa pamusika wemombe. Pamariro aMarcus Aemilius Lepidus, zvikwata 22 zvevaviri vaviri zvakarwisana. Pamariro aPublius Licinius, pakarwisana zvikwata 60 zvevaviri vaviri. Muna 65 B.C.E., Julius Caesar akatumira zvikwata 320 zvevaviri vaviri munhandare yemitambo.

“Mariro evanhu vane mukurumbira yaiva nzira yokusimudzira nayo zvematongerwe enyika,” anodaro mumwe munyori wezvakaitika kare anonzi Keith Hopkins, “uye mitambo yemariro yaiva nezviito zvematongerwe enyika . . . nemhaka yokupindwa kwayo nevavhoti vakawanda. Zvechokwadi, kunyanya kufarirwa kwemitambo yevanhu vanorwisana vachida kuurayana kwainyanya kuwedzerwa nokukwikwidzana pakati pevanhu vanotsvaka mukurumbira.” Augustus paakazotonga (muna 27 B.C.E. kusvikira muna 14 C.E.), munera yakanga yazova zvipo zvakawanda—zvokuvaraidza voruzhinji—zvaipiwa nevakuru vakuru vehurumende kusimudzira mabasa avo ezvematongerwe enyika.

Vakwikwidzi uye Kudzidziswa

Ungabvunza kuti, ‘Vanhu vaiita mitambo yokuurayana vaiva vanaani?’ Vangave vaiva varanda, makororo anenge atongerwa rufu, vasungwa vehondo, kana kuti vanhuwo zvavo vaikwezvwa nemanyawi kana kuti tarisiro yokuwana zita noupfumi. Vose vaidzidziswa muzvikoro zvakaita semajeri. Bhuku rinonzi Giochi e spettacoli (Mitambo Nevaraidzo) rinotaura kuti vanhu vaiita mitambo yokuurayana vaidzidziswa “nguva dzose vaichengetedzwa nevarindi uye vairangwa zvakaomarara, vaipiwa mirayiro yakaomesesa uye zvirango zvakaoma kwazvo. . . . Mabatirwo akadai aiwanzokonzera kuzviuraya, kupandukira chiremera uye kumukira.” Chikoro chikuru muRoma chaiitirwa mitambo yokuurayana chaiva nemakamuri aigara vanhu vanenge chiuru. Munhu oga oga aiva nounyanzvi hwakati. Vamwe vairwa vakapfeka zvipfeko zvokuzvidzivirira, vaine nhoo, uye bakatwa, vamwe nemambure nepfumo rine zvibayiso zvitatu. Vamwezve vaidzidziswa kurwisana nezvikara mumumwe mutambo waiva nomukurumbira, wokuvhima. Kuti Pauro angave aireva chiitiko chakadaro chaicho here?

Vaironga mitambo yacho vaigona kutsvaka kubatsirwa nevezvemabhizimisi vaipinza basa nokudzidzisa vanhu vane makore 17 kana kuti 18 kuita mitambo yokurwa zvokuurayana. Kutengesa raiva bhizimisi guru muupenyu hwevanhu. Mumwe mutambo wakanyanya kukurumbira wakaitwa naTrajan achipemberera kukunda kwake muhondo wakava nevanhu vanorwisana kuti vaurayane vanokwana 10 000 uye mhuka 11 000.

Zuva Munhandare yeMitambo

Munhandare yemitambo, mangwanani aitanga nezvokuvhima. Mhuka dzomusango dzemarudzi ose dzaigona kumanikidzwa kupinda munhandare yacho. Vaoni vaiwanzofarira kurwisana kwehandira nebheya. Kazhinji kacho zviviri izvi zvaisungwa pamwe chete kuti zvirwisane kusvikira chimwe chafa, zvadaro chainge chisina kufa chaizourayiwa nomuvhimi. Mamwe makwikwi aiwanzoitwa kwaiva kurwisanisa shumba nematiger, kana nzou nemabheya. Vavhimi vairatidza unyanzvi hwavo nokuuraya mhuka dzaiunzwa kubva kune dzimwe nyika dzoumambo hwacho, pasinei nokuti zvaidhura sei—mbada, zvipembere, mvuu, twiza, mapere, ngamera, mhumhi, nguruve dzomusango, uye dzimwe mhuka.

Magadzirirwe aiitwa nhandare yacho aiita kuti kuvhima kusakanganwike. Matombo, madziva, uye miti zvaishandiswa kuti muite semasango. Mune dzimwe nhandare, zvikara zvaiita sezvinopinda munhandare nenzira yemapipi, zvichibudiswa zvichibva nechepasi penhandare uye nepamisuo inenge iri pamidhuri kana pauriri. Maitiro asingatarisirwi emhuka ndiwo aiita kuti zviwedzere kunakidza, asi utsinye ndihwo hwaiita kuti mitambo yokuvhima iite seinonyanya kunakidza.

Kuuraya kwaizotevera mupurogiramu yacho. Paiedzwa chaizvo kuti kuuraya uku kuve chaikoiko. Mitambo yengano yaiitwa umo vatambi vaifa chaizvoizvo.

Mumasikati, zvikwata zvakasiyana-siyana zvevanhu vairwisana kuti vaurayane vakashongedzera kurwa munzira dzakasiyana-siyana uye vakadzidziswa unyanzvi hwakasiyana zvairwisana. Vamwe vaibvisa mitumbi yacho vaipfeka samwari wevhu.

Zvazvaiita Pane Vaiona

Mapoka ainge asingagutsikani nokuona kurwa, saka varwi vaisada kurwa vaizvamburwa nezvamboko uye simbi dzinopisa. Mapoka aidanidzira kuti: “Nei achivhika bakatwa nenzira youmbwende kudai? Ari kumuroverei zvishoma? Nei [asingadi] kufa? Murove kuti adzorere! Ngavabayane nemapakatwa, vasina zvokuvharidzira zvipfuva kuti vanyatsochekana zvakanaka!” Mumwe mushandi wehurumende yeRoma anonzi Seneca anonyora kuti panguva yokumbozorora paipiwa chiziviso chinoti: “Tomboti onei vamwe vachichekwa huro, kuti mumbofanovaraidzwa!”

Hazvishamisi kuti Seneca anobvuma kuti akadzokera kumba ava “noutsinye kwazvo uye asisina tsitsi.” Kubvuma pachena kwomuoni uyu kunofanira kuita kuti tifungisise. Vamwe vaoni vemitambo yemazuva ano vangatapurwawo here saizvozvo, vobva vava ‘noutsinye kwazvo uye vasisina tsitsi’?

Vamwe vangadaro vakatofunga kuti vaita rombo rakanaka kudzoka kumba vari vapenyu. Mumwe muoni paakataura jee achishora Domitian, mambo iyeye akaita kuti azvuzvurudzwe kubva pachigaro chake ndokukandirwa kumhumhi. Kushayikwa kwemakororo aifanira kuurayiwa kwakaita kuti Caligula arayire kuti chimwe chikamu cheboka chibatwe chokandirwa kuzvikara. Uye michini yepachikuva paisina kushanda sezvaaida, Claudius akarayira kuti vanamakanika vayo varwe munhandare.

Kutsigira divi rakati kwevaoni kwaiitawo kuti pave nenjodzi uye bongozozo. Imwe imba yomutambo yaiva kuchamhembe kweRoma yakawondomoka, uye zvinonzi zviuru zvakafa. Bongozozo rakaitika munguva yomutambo muPompeii muna 59 C.E. Tacitus anotaura kuti kukakavadzana pakati peboka revaridzi venzvimbo nevakwikwidzi veguta repedyo kwakatanga nokungotukana, vakazotanga kukandirana matombo, ndokuzopedzisira voshandisa mapakatwa. Vazhinji vakaremadzwa kana kuti vakakuvadzwa, uye vakawanda vakaurayiwa.

Chidzidzo Chiri Pachena

Mutambo uchangobva kuratidzwa (Sangue e arena, “Ropa uye Jecha”) muimba yemitambo yeColosseum muRome unoyeuchidza zvinhu zvinoitwa mazuva ano zvakafanana nemunera. Zvinokosha ndezvokuti, yakaratidza mavhidhiyo okurwisana nehandira, tsiva, kubonderana kunotyisa kwemotokari dzemijaho nemidhudhudhu, kurwisana kwoutsinye kwevatambi, uye mhirizhonga yevaoni. Vhidhiyo yacho inopera nokuratidza zvakaita Colosseum yose. Unofunga kuti vashanyi vaizoguma nokuti chii? Vangani vaizodzidza chidzidzo?

Kurwisana kwembwa, kurwisana kwemachongwe, kurwisana kwehandira, uye mitambo yechisimba zvakakurumbira mune dzimwe nyika nhasi. Upenyu hunoiswa mungozi kufadza mapoka makuru mumitambo yemotokari. Uye funga zvinoratidzwa paterevhizheni zuva nezuva. Ongororo dzakaitwa mune imwe nyika yokumadokero dzakaratidza kuti mwana anoona TV zviri pakati nepakati angaona kuponda kunosvika 10 000 uye zviito zvoutsinye 100 000 paanozosvika makore gumi.

Kunakidza kwevaraidzo idzi kwaiva “kusingapindirani nechitendero chechokwadi uye kuteerera kwechokwadi Mwari wechokwadi,” akadaro mumwe munyori womuzana remakore rechitatu Tertullian. Aiona vaya vaipinda sevaibatanidzwawo mukuuraya kwacho. Zvakadii nemazuva ano? Mumwe angabvunza kuti, ‘Ndinovaraidzwa nokuteurwa kweropa, rufu, kana kuti chisimba zvinobudiswa paterevhizheni kana paIndaneti here?’ Zvinokosha kuyeuka kuti Pisarema 11:5 inoti: “Jehovha unoidza vakarurama; asi mweya wake unovenga wakaipa nounomanikidza.”

[Bhokisi riri papeji 28]

Kurwisana Kuti “Ukudze Vakafa”

Nezvemavambo omutambo wokurwisana kwevanhu nechinangwa chokuurayana, munyori womuzana remakore rechitatu Tertullian akati: “Vanhu vekare vaifunga kuti vakanga vachishumira mufi nokuita mutambo wakadai, pashure pokunge vauita noutsinye hune mwero. Nokuti kubvira kare, vachidavira kuti mweya yevakafa inokudzwa neropa romunhu, pamariro vaiwanzobayira nhapwa kana kuti varanda venhando vavainge vatenga. Pashure pezvo zvaionekwa zvakanaka kudzima uipi hwavo nokuita kuti mitambo iyi iite seinofadza. Saka pashure pokunge vanhu vaya vakachengeterwa izvozvo vadzidziswa kurwisana nezvombo zvavaiva nazvo panguva iyoyo uye nepavanogona napo pose—kudzidziswa kwavo kwaiva kudzidziswa kuurayiwa!—vaizourayiwa mumwe musi wakatarwa wemariro kumakuva. Ndiwo matangiro akaita munus. Asi nokufamba kwenguva zvakafambira mberi zvichigadziriswa kusvikira zvangovawo zvoutsinye; nokuti zororo racho raisazonakidza, kutoti mhuka dzinorura dzaibvamburawo mitumbi yevanhu kuiita kanyama kanyama. Zvaipiwa kuitira kukudza vakafa zvaionekwa setsika yemariro.”

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 27]

Heremeti uye chipfeko chesimbi chokuzvidzivirira mumakumbo mumitambo yekare yokurwisana kusvikira pakufa

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 29]

VaKristu vekare vakaona varaidzo yechisimba isingagamuchiriki. Unozviona nenzira imwe chete here?

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Tsiva: Dave Kingdon/Index Stock Photography; tsaona yemotakari: AP Photo/Martin Seppala

[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 26]

Phoenix Art Museum, Arizona/Bridgeman Art Library