Michael Faraday Musayendisiti Uye Murume Wokutenda

“Muvambi Wemagetsi.” “Musayendisiti mukurusa anoedza ati ambovapo.” Uku kurondedzerwa kuviri kwaMichael Faraday, akazvarwa muna 1791 muEngland, uye akawana electromagnetic induction iyo yakatungamirira kukutangwa kwemota dzemagetsi uye kushandiswa kwamagetsi.

FARADAY aidzidzisa zvikuru pamusoro pechemistry nephysics paRoyal Institution muLondon. Hurukuro dzake dzokukurumbirisa sayenzi dzakabetsera vanhu vaduku kunzwisisa mirangariro yakaoma. Iye akagamuchira mibayiro yakabva kuyunivhesiti dzakawanda. Bva iye akadzivisa kuzivikanwa. Iye akanga ari murume worudzidziso zvikuru, achifara zvikuru mufurati yake yekamuri nhatu uye ane mhuri yake navatendi biyake. Faraday akanga ari werairondedzerwa se“sekete duku zvikuru uye raishorwa ravaKristu, raizivikanwa . . . sevaSandeman.” Vakanga vari vanaani? Ivo vaidavirei? Uye ikoku kwakatapura sei Faraday?

VaSandeman

“Batano yokutanga pakati pemhuri yaFaraday nechechi yaSandeman yakasimbiswa navanambuya nasekuru vaMichael Faraday,” anodaro Geoffrey Cantor, munyori weMichael Faraday: Sandemanian and Scientist. Ivo vakanga vachisonganirana nevateveri vomushumiri anofambira asingatsinhirani norudzidziso rumwe aiva navasonganiri vakatsigira zvitendero zvavaSandeman.

Robert Sandeman (1718-71) akanga ari mudzidzi wapayunivhesiti muEdinburgh, achifunda masvomhu, chiGiriki, uye mimwe mitauro apo rimwe zuva akateerera aichimbova mushumiri wePresbyterian John Glass achiparidza. Zvaakanzwa zvakamuparira kusiya yunivhesiti yacho, kudzokera kumusha kuPerth, uye kukumbanira Glass navasonganiri vake.

Muma1720, John Glass akanga avamba kupanikira dzimwe dzidziso dzeChurch of Scotland. Kufunda kwake Shoko raMwari kwakamutungamirira kugumisa kuti rudzi rweBhaibheri rwaIsraeri rwakafananidzira rudzi rwomudzimu rwune vagari vemo vakabva kumarudzi akawanda. Hapana kwaakawana kururamiswa kwechechi yakaparadzana nokuda kworudzi rumwe norumwe.

Asisanzwi zvakanaka muchechi yake paTealing, kunze kweDundee, Scotland, Glass akabva muChurch of Scotland ndokuronga misangano yake amene. Vanhu vanenge zana vakamukumbanira, uye kubva pakutanga, ivo vakanzwa chinodikanwa chokuchengeta chinzwano pakati pavo. Ivo vakasarudza kutevera mirayiridzo yaKristu, yakanyorwa pana Mateo ganhuro 18, ndima 15 kusvikira ku17, kupedza zvinetso zvipi nezvipi zvavangava vaiva nazvo. Gare gare ivo vakaita misangano yevhiki nevhiki uko avo vane kutenda kwakafanana vakaungana nokuda kwomunyengetero nekurudziro.

Apo nhamba yakati yavanhu yakavamba nguva dzose kupinda misangano yemapoka akasiyana-siyana, varume vakavimbika vaidikanwa kuti vatarisire kunamata kwavo. Asi ndivanaani vaikwanirisa? John Glass navasonganiri vake vakapa ngwariro chaiyo kuizvo muapostora Pauro akanyora pamusoro peiyi nhau. (1 Timotio 3:1-7; Tito 1:5-9) Havana kuwana kududzwa kwedzidzo yokuyunivhesiti kana kuti yedikanwo yokunzwisisa chiHebheru nechiGiriki. Naizvozvo pashure pokurangarira kwokunyengetera nhungamiro dzapaMagwaro, ivo vakagadza varume vakakwaniriswa kuti vave vakuru. Avo vakavimbika kuChurch of Scotland vakakurangarira se“kunenge kutuka” nokuda kwavarume vasina kudzidza “vakarererwa muchina, tsono, kana kuti gejo” kuti vaedzesere kunzwisisa Bhaibheri ndokuparidza shoko raro. Apo, muna 1733, Glass navatendi biyake vakavaka horo yavo vamene yemisangano mutaundi rePerth, mufundisi womunzvimbomo akaedza kudzvinyirira vana mejasitiriti kuti vavadzinge mutaundi racho. Ivo vakakundikana, uye mibato yavo yakakura.

Robert Sandeman akaroora mwanasikana mukurusa waGlass uye, pazera ramakore 26, akava mukuru muPerth ungano yavaGlass. Mabasa ake somukuru akamuremera kwazvo zvokuti iye akasarudza kutsaurira nguva yake yose kubasa rokufudza. Gare gare, pashure pokunge mudzimai wake afa, Robert “nenzira yomufaro akabvuma kubatira Ishe kupi nokupi uko mujenya wake ungakandwa,” inhoroondo pfupi youpenyu.

ChiSandeman Chinopararira

Sandeman akakudza nokushingaira ushumiri hwake kubva muScotland kupinda muEngland, umo mapoka matsva avatendi biyake akakura. Panguva yacho, gakava rakapararira pakati pavaCalvin vokuEngland. Vamwe vavo vaidavira kuti vakanga vakafanotemerwa ruponeso. Sandeman, pano rumwe rutivi, aitsigira avo vaidavira kuti kutenda kwakanga kuri chinodikanwa chiri madikanwa. Mukutsigira uyu murangariro, iye akabudisa bhuku rakadhindwa kana uyewo rakaoneka muzvinyorwa zviviri zvokuAmerica. Maererano naGeoffrey Cantor, chinyorwa cheiyi vhoriyamu chakanga chiri “chiitiko chimwe chinokosha zvikurusa chakasimudza sekete re[Sandeman] pamusoro pamavambo ayo akati aiva eruwa rweScotland.”

Muna 1764, Sandeman, achiperekedzwa nevamwe vakuru veGlass, akaenda kuAmerica, shanyo yakanyandura kakavadzano huru nechishoro. Kunyange zvakadaro, yakaguma nokutangwa kweboka ravaKristu vaiva nendangariro yakafanana vaiva muDanbury, Connecticut.a Ikoko, muna 1771, Sandeman akafa.

Zvitendero Zvorudzidziso zvaFaraday

Michael muduku akagamuchira dzidziso dzavaSandeman dzavabereki vake. Iye akadzidza kuti vaSandeman vaizvichengeta vamene vakaparadzana neavo vaisashandisa izvo Bhaibheri rakadzidzisa. Somuenzaniso, ivo vakaramba kutora rutivi mumichato yavaAnglican, vachisarudza kuganhurira mitambo yavo yeroorano kuzvakanga zviri madikanwa pamutemo.

Kuzviisa pasi pehurumende, bva vasingatori rutivi mune zvamatongerwe enyika, zvakaratidzira vaSandeman. Kunyange zvazvo vakanga vari mitezo inoremekedzwa yenzanga, vaisawanzogamuchira nzvimbo dzehurumende. Asi muzviitiko zvishomanene umo vakadaro, ivo vakadzivisa mapati ezvematongerwe enyika. Kuchengeta iyi nzvimbo kwakaunza ruzvidzo pavari. (Enzanisa naJohane 17:14) VaSandeman vaidavira kuti Umambo hwaMwari hwokudenga igadziriro yakakwana yehurumende. Ivo vairangarira zvematongerwe enyika se“muitiro wenhando, wakaipa, usina tsika,” anodaro Cantor.

Kunyange zvazvo vakaparadzana navamwe, ivo havana kugamuchira zvimiro zvendangariro zvechiFarise. Ivo vakazivisa, kuti: “Tinokurangarira kuva kuri madikanwa chose chose kudzivisa Mudzimu uye Muitiro wevaFarise vakare, mukuita Zvivi zvakawanda kana kuti Mabasa kupfuura izvo Magwaro akaita; uye mukuita kuti Mirayiro youmwari isashande kupfurikidza neMagamuchidzanwa kana kuti Kunzvenga kune mufungo.”

Ivo vakagamuchira muitiro wapaMagwaro wekudzinga upi noupi wemitezo yavo uyo akava chidhakwa, anopamba, chifeve, kana kuti akaita zvimwe zvivi zvakakomba. Kana mutadzi wacho akapfidza zvirokwazvo, ivo vaiedza kumudzorera. Kukasadaro, ivo vaitevera nhungamiro yapaMagwaro yoku“[bvisa] pakati [pavo] munhu uyo wakaipa.”—1 VaKorinte 5:5, 11, 13.

VaSandeman vakateerera murayiro weBhaibheri wokurega ropa. (Mabasa 15:29) John Glass akanga ataura kuti vanhu vaMwari vaifanira kuteerera ganhuriro paropa kungofanana seizvo Mwari akanga arayira vanhu vokutanga kurega kudya michero yomuti wokuziva zvakanaka nezvakaipa. (Genesi 2:16, 17) Kusateerera mutemo wacho pamusoro peropa kwakanga kwakaenzana nokuramba kushandiswa zvakafanira kweropa raKristu, ndiko kuti yananiso yechivi. Glass akagumisa, kuti: “Uku kurambidzwa kwokudya ropa nguva dzose kwakanga kuri, uye kuchiri kwoukoshi hukurusa uye hwakakwirira zvikurusa.”

Kurangarira kwavaSandeman paMagwaro kwakavabetsera kudzivisa mhinganidzo dzakawanda. Somuenzaniso, munhau yevaraidzo, ivo vaitarira kumirayiridzo yaKristu senhungamiro. “Hatitsungi kuita Mitemo apo Kristu asina kuita,” ivo vakadaro, “kana kuti kurega ipi neipi yaakatipa. Naizvozvo, sezvo tisingagoni kuwana apo Varaidzo, yapachena kana kuti pachivande, inorambidzwa; tinorangarira Varaidzo ipi neipi kuva yapamutemo, kuti haina kubatanidzwa neMamiriro ezvinhu okutadza chaizvoizvo.”

Kunyange zvazvo vaSandeman nokudaro vakachengeta mirangariro yakawanda iyo yakanga yakavakirwa zvakarurama paRugwaro, ivo havana kunzwisisa ukoshi hwomubato umene uyo unoratidzira vaKristu vechokwadi, ndiko kuti, kuti mumwe nomumwe anofanira kuparidza mashoko akanaka oUmambo kuvamwe. (Mateo 24:14) Bva, misangano yavo yakanga yakazaruka kuna vose, uye ikoko ivo vaiedza kupa vose vaivabvunza chikonzero chetariro yavo.—1 Petro 3:15.

Uyu muitiro wezvitendero wakatapura sei musayendisiti Michael Faraday?

Faraday muSandeman

Achiremekedzwa, achikudzwa, achityiwa zvikuru nemhaka yezviwanwa zvake zvinoshamisa, Michael Faraday akararama upenyu hwakapfava. Apo vanhu vakakurumbira vaifa uye avo vaizivikanwa vaikarirwa kupinda kumariro avo, Faraday akanga ari asipo anocherekedzwa, hana yake isingamubvumiri kupinda uye kuva anobatanidzwa mumunamato weChurch of England.

Somusayendisiti Faraday akasanoomerera kuzvaaigona kuratidzira kuva maidi. Iye nokudaro akadzivisa songaniro yapedyo nevarume vakadzidza avo vakatsigira fungidziro dzavo vamene uye vakatora rutivi munhau dzacho. Sezvo iye akamboudza vamwe vateereri, ‘idi guru haritongotikundikanisi, ufakazi hwaro ndohwechokwadi nguva dzose.’ Iye akaratidzira sayenzi seyakatsamira ‘pamaidi akacherekedzwa nenzira yokungwarira.’ Achipedzisa imwe mharidzo pamasimba anokosha echisiko, Faraday akakurudzira vateereri vake kurangarira “Iye uyo akavasika.” Ipapo iye akanokora mashoko omuapostora wechiKristu Pauro: “Zvinhu zvisingaonekwi Zvake kubvira pakusikwa kwenyika zvinoonekwa zvakajeka, zvichinzwisiswa nezvinhu zvakaitwa, kunyange simba Rake risingagumi nouMwari.”—VaRoma 1:20, King James Version.

Chakatsauranisa Faraday saakasiyana kwazvo namamwe masayendisiti akawanda chakanga chiri chishuvo chake chokudzidza muBhuku rakafuridzirwa raMwari pamwe chete nomubhuku rechisiko. “Kupfurikidza nechiSandeman chake iye akawana nzira yokurarama nayo mukuteerera mutemo waMwari wetsika uye nechipikirwa choupenyu husingagumi,” Cantor anodaro. “Kupfurikidza nesayenzi yake iye akasvika pakusanoziva mitemo yechisiko iyo Mwari akanga asarudza kuti adzore chisiko chose.” Faraday aidavira kuti “chiremera chakakwana cheBhaibheri chakanga chisingagoni kuderedzwa nesayenzi, asi sayenzi, kana ikashandiswa nenzira yechiKristu zvirokwazvo, inogona kujekesa rimwe bhuku raMwari.”

Faraday nokuzvininipisa akaramba kuremekedzwa kwakawanda uko vamwe vaida kumupa. Iye akaratidzira nguva dzose kusafarira ukuru. Iye aishuva kuramba ari ‘vaFaradaywo zvavo.’ Iye akapa nguva yakawanda zvikuru kumibato yake somukuru, kubatanidza kufamba nguva dzose kubva padzimbahwe kusvika kumusha weNorfolk kuti atarisire boka duku ravatendi vanodavira zvakafanana vaigara ikoko.

Michael Faraday akafa pana August 25, 1867, uye akavigwa mumakuva eHighgate kuchamhembe kweLondon. Munyori woupenyu hwavanhu John Thomas anotiudza kuti Faraday “akasiyira zvizvarwa zvaitevera uwandu hukuru hwebudiriro yakachena yesayenzi kupfuura mumwe musayendisiti wezvinhu upi noupi, uye migumisiro inoshanda yezviwanwa zvake yakapesvedzera zvikuru rudzi rwoupenyu rwakabudirira.” Chirikadzi yaFaraday, Sarah, yakanyora, kuti: “Ndinogona bedzi kunongedzera kuTestamente Itsva senhungamiro yake nomutemo; nokuti aiirangarira seShoko raMwari . . . rinopa musengwa kuvaKristu muzuva ranhasi separakanyorwa”—chipupuriro chakasimba chomusayendisiti akatanhamara uyo akararama zvapachokwadi maererano nokutenda kwake.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Bhokisi riri papeji 29]

Agadzwa somudzidzisi paBritain’s Royal Institution, Michael Faraday akakurumbirisa sayenzi munzira iyo kunyange vaduku vaigona kunzwisisa. Zano rake kuvadzidzisi biyake rine zvikarakadzo zvinoshanda izvo vaKristu vomuzuva razvino uno vanodzidzisa pachena vanoita zvakanaka kurangarira.

◻ “Kutaura hakufaniri kuva kwokukurumidzira uye kwokuchimbidza, uye somugumisiro kusinganzwiki, asi kwokunonoka uye kwamaune.”

◻ Mukurukuri anofanira kuedza kunyandura fariro yavateereri vake “pakuvamba kwehurukuro yacho uye kupfurikidza nenhevedzano yenhanho dzisingacherekedzeki, dzisingacherekedzwi nevateereri, kuichengeta iri mhenyu chero bedzi nhau yacho ichida izvozvo.”

◻ “Mudzidzisi anodzika pasi zvikuru pechiremera chounhu hwake apo iye anosvika pakukumbira kurumbidzwa.”

◻ Pakushandiswa kwendaza: “Nguva dzose ndinozviwana ndimene ndichisungirwa . . . kuita chirongwa che[nhau] papepa uye kuzadza mumativi kupfurikidza nokuayeuka, kupfurikidza nokubatanidza kana kuti zvimwe neimwe nzira. . . . Ndine nhevedzano yemisoro mikuru nemiduku iri munhevedzano, uye kubva muna iyoyi ndinoita mashoko enhau yangu.”

[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 26]

Both pictures: By courtesy of the Royal Institution