El Niño Chii?

Apo Rwizi rweApurímac rwunowanzova rwakaoma rwuri pedyo neLima, Peru, rwakakukura zvinhu zvose zvaCarmen, akachema-chema achiti: “Pane vakawanda vedu vakadai, vakawanda kwazvo. Handisini ndoga.” Kure nechokuchamhembe, mvura zhinji inonaya yakachinja nzvimbo yomumhenderekedzo dzeSechura Desert kwenguva duku kuva nyanza yechipiri pakukura muPeru, ichifukidza kwakafara makiromita 5 000. Kudzimwe nzvimbo kurumwe rutivi rwepasi, mafashamo akanga asati amboitika, madutu makuru, uye kusanaya kwemvura kwenguva refu zvakatungamirira kunzara, nhenda, moto womusango, uye kukuvadza zvirimwa, zvinhu, uye zvakatipoteredza. Chii chakakonzera zvose izvozvi? Vakawanda vanopomera El Niño, yakatangira munzvimbo dzinopisa, kana kuti dzinonaya mvura yakawanda dzePacific Ocean pakunopera kwa1997 uye yakagara kwemwedzi misere.

Chaizvoizvo El Niño chii? Inotanga sei? Nei migumisiro yayo yakapararira kudaro? Kuitika kwayo kwemunguva yemberi kunogona kufanotaurwa zvakarurama here, zvichida zvichideredza kuparadza kwayo upenyu nezvinhu?

Inotanga Nokudziya Kwemvura

“Chaizvoizvo, El Niño imvura inodziya inovapo pedyo nemhenderekedzo dzePeru pamakore maviri kusvika kumanomwe oga oga,” inodaro magazini yeNewsweek. Kweanoda kupfuura makore zana, vafambisi vengarava vomumhenderekedzo dzePeru vakacherekedza kudziya ikoko. Sezvo kakawanda iyi mvura inodziya inosvika nguva yeKrisimasi, yakapiwa zita rokuti El Niño, shoko rechiSpanish rinoreva Jesu mucheche.

Kudziya kwemvura iri pedyo nemhenderekedzo yePeru kunoreva kuwedzera kwemvura inonaya munyika iyoyo. Mvura yacho inoita kuti magwenga atumbuke uye kuti zvipfuwo zviwande. Kana yakawanda, mvura inonaya yacho inounza mafashamo kunzvimbo yacho. Uyezve, chikamu chinodziya chapamusoro chemvura yomugungwa chinodzivisa mvura inotonhora yakazara nezvokudya iri pasi kuti iuye pamusoro. Somugumisiro, zvisikwa zvakawanda zvomumvura uye kunyange dzimwe shiri dzinotama dzichitsvaka zvokudya. Zvinokonzerwa neEl Niño zvinozooneka kune dzimwe nzvimbo kure kure nemhenderekedzo yePeru.a

Inokonzerwa Nemhepo Nemvura

Chii chinokonzera kuwedzera kwokudziya kwemvura yomugungwa kusiri kwenguva dzose pedyo nemhenderekedzo yePeru? Kuti unzwisise izvi, chimbofunga nezvekutenderera kukuru, kunozivikanwa seWalker Circulation, kuri mumhepo yakapoteredza pasi iri pakati pokumabvazuva nokumadokero kwenzvimbo inopisa yePacific.b Sezvo zuva rinopisa pamusoro pemvura iri kumadokero, pedyo neIndonesia neAustralia, mhepo inopisa uye ine mwando inosimuka mudenga, ichikonzera kuti pedyo nemvura pave nesimba remhepo shoma. Mhepo inenge ichikwira inotonhora uye yopera mwando wayo, mvura yonaya munzvimbo yacho. Mhepo yakaoma inoendeswa kumabvazuva nemhepo iri kudenga-denga. Sezvainoenda kumabvazuva, mhepo yacho inotonhora yotanga kurema uye yotanga kudzika painosvika kuPeru neEcuador. Izvi zvinokonzera kufamba kwemhepo kune simba guru nechapamusoro pegungwa. Uye, nechemuzasi-zasi, mhepo inovhuvhuta yakananga kudivi rimwe chete (trade winds) inodzoka shure kumadokero yakananga kuIndonesia, ichipedzisa kutenderera kwacho.

Mhepo inovhuvhuta yakananga kudivi rimwe chete inotapura sei kupisa kana kutonhora kwenzvimbo inopisa yePacific? “Kazhinji kacho mhepo iyi inoita sakamhepo kanofefetera mukadziva kaduku,” inodaro Newsweek, “ichisundira mvura inodziya iri kumadokero kwePacific zvokuti pamusoro pegungwa panenge pawedzera kureba namasendimita 60 uye pachidziya ne8°C kupfuura kuEcuador.” Nechokumabvazuva kwePacific, mvura inotonhora yakazara nezvokudya inobva pasi inokwira, ichikonzera zvipenyu zvomugungwa kuti zviwande. Saka, mumakore enguva dzose, kana kuti asina eEl Niño, pamusoro pegungwa panenge pachitonhorera kumabvazuva pane kumadokero.

Kuchinja kupi mumhepo yakapoteredza pasi kunounza El Niño? “Nokuda kwezvikonzero zvisati zvave kunzwisiswa namasayendisiti,” inodaro National Geographic, “makore mashoma oga oga mhepo inovhuvhuta yakananga kudivi rimwe chete inodzika kana kutonyangarika.” Mhepo iyi painoderera, mvura inodziya inenge yaungana pedyo neIndonesia inodzoka shure kumabvazuva, ichiwedzera kudziya kwapamusoro pegungwa muPeru nedzimwe nzvimbo dziri kumabvazuva. Kufamba uku kunozovawo nezvakunoita pamaitiro emhepo yakapoteredza pasi. “Kudziya kwePacific Ocean yokumabvazuva kunoderedza Walker Circulation kwokonzera nzvimbo yemhepo inorema zvakasiyana-siyana inonaya kwazvo kuti iende kumabvazuva, ichibva kumadokero ichipinda munzvimbo yepakati neyokumabvazuva inopisa yePacific,” rinodaro rimwe bhuku. Saka, maitiro emamiriro okunze ari munzvimbo inogara ichinaya yePacific anotapurwa.

Kufanana Nedombo Riri Murukova

El Niño inogonawo kuchinja maitiro emamiriro okunze enzvimbo dziri kure nemvura dzenzvimbo inopisa yePacific. Sei? Nokushandisa maitiro okutenderera kwemhepo yakapoteredza pasi. Migumisiro inosvika kure yokukanganisika kwokutenderera kwemhepo kwapanzvimbo duku kunogona kufananidzwa nedombo riri pakati porukova rinokonzera masaisai kuti aitike mhiri nemhiri kworukova rwacho rwose. Makore emvura makuru anokwira pamusoro pemvura yenzvimbo inodziya yegungwa anovharira sedombo mumhepo, izvi zvinochinja mamiriro okunze enzvimbo dziri kure nezviuru zvamakiromita.

Nechemudenga-denga, El Niño inosimbisa uye inotsiva mhepo inovhuvhuta zvikuru inoenda kumabvazuva, inozivikanwa semhepo inomhanya zvikuru (jet streams). Mhepo inomhanya zvikuru inotungamirira kufamba kwamaitikiro emadutu akawanda munzvimbo idzi. Kusimbisa nokuchinja mhepo inomhanya zvikuru kunogonawo kuwedzera kana kuti kudzora mamiriro okunze emwaka nemwaka. Somuenzaniso, nguva yechando yeEl Niño inotonhorera pane yenguva dzose kudzimwe nzvimbo dzokuchamhembe kweUnited States, asi kumamwe matunhu okumaodzanyemba inenge ichitonhora uye ichinaya.

Inofanozivikanwa Sei?

Migumisiro yemadutu anenge ari oga inozongozivikanwa kwasara mazuva anoverengeka chete. Izvozvo ichokwadi pakuedza kufanoziva kuuya kweEl Niño here? Kwete. Pane kubatanidza zviitiko zvemamiriro okunze zvenguva pfupi, kufungidzira nezveEl Niño kunobatanidza mamiriro okunze asiri enguva dzose panzvimbo yakakura kwemwedzi yakawanda panguva imwe chete. Uye vanotsvakurudza ruzivo rwamamiriro okunze vakabudirira pakufungidzira nezvokuuya kweEl Niño kwakati.

Somuenzaniso, kufungidzira nezveEl Niño ya1997 kusvika 1998 kwakapiwa muna May 1997—mwedzi mitanhatu isati yatanga. Nzvimbo inopisa yePacific zvino ine zvinhu 70 zvinoyangamara pamusoro pemvura zvakabayirirwa pasi pegungwa zvinoyera mamiriro emhepo pamusoro pegungwa uye kupisa kana kutonhora kwegungwa kudzika pasi kusvika kumamita 500. Nhamba dzacho kana dzikaiswa mumichina yemakombiyuta ezvemamiriro okunze, dzinoburitsa mashoko okufungidzira mamiriro okunze.

Kukurumidza kunyevera nezvokuuya kweEl Niño kunogona kubatsira vanhu kuti vagadzirire kuchinja kunotarisirwa. Somuenzaniso, kubva muna 1983, kufungidzira nezvokuuya kweEl Niño muPeru kwakaita kuti varimi vakawanda vachengete mombe nokurima zvirimwa zvakafanira nzvimbo dzinonaya, varedzi vehove vakarega kuredza vachinobata mashrimp aiuya nemvura inodziya. Hungu, kufungidzira kwakarurama kunoitwa pamwe nokufanogadzirira kunogona kuderedza kuuraya vanhu nokuparadza upfumi kweEl Niño.

Kutsvakurudza ruzivo kwemasayendisiti nezvemaitire anodzora mamiriro okunze epasi redu kunopupurira kururama kwemashoko akafuridzirwa akanyorwa naMambo Soromoni weIsraeri yekare makore 3 000 apfuura. Akanyora kuti: “Mhepo inoenda zasi, yodzoka yoenda kumusoro; inoramba ichidzoka pakufamba kwayo; mhepo inodzokerazve pakupotereka kwayo.” (Muparidzi 1:6) Vanhu vazvino vakadzidza zvakawanda nezvemaitire emamiriro okunze kubva pakufunda nezvemhepo inovhuvhuta nemvura yomugungwa. Ngatibatsirweiwo neruzivo irworwo nokuteerera kunyevera kunotaura nezvezviitiko zvakadai seEl Niño.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Bhokisi riri papeji 19]

KUPARADZA KWAKAMBOITA EL NIÑO

■ 1525: Kushumwa kwokutanga-tanga munhau kwechiitiko cheEl Niño muPeru.

■ 1789-93: El Niño ndiyo yakauraya vanhu vanopfuura 600 000 muIndia ndokukonzera nzara huru kumaodzanyemba kweAfrica.

■ 1982-83: Chiitiko ichi ndochakakonzera kufa kwavanhu vanopfuura 2 000 uye kuparadzwa kwezvinhu zvinokosha mari inopfuura mabhiriyoni 481 emadhora, zvikurukuru munzvimbo dzapasi dzinopisa.

■ 1990-95: Zviitiko zvitatu zvakatevedzana zvakabatana kuita El Niño yakatora nguva huru pane dzakashumwa.

■ 1997-98: Pasinei zvapo nokubudirira kwokufungidzira kuuya kwemafashamo nokusanaya kwemvura kweEl Niño, vanhu vanenge 2 100 vakafa, uye zvinhu zvakaparadzwa pasi pose zvinokosha mari inosvika kumabhiriyoni 1 221 emadhora.

[Mifananidzo/Mepu dziri papeji 16, 17]

(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

ZVENGUVA DZOSE

Maitiro e“Walker Circulation”

Mhepo inovhuvhuta yakananga kudivi rimwe chete ine simba

Mvura yomugungwa inodziya

Mvura yomugungwa inotonhora

EL NIÑO

Mhepo inomhanya zvikuru inochinja nzira

Mhepo inovhuvhuta yakananga kudivi rimwe chete isina simba

Mvura inodziya inoenda kumabvazuva

Kudziya kana kuoma kupfuura nguva dzose

Kutonhora kana kunaya kupfuura nguva dzose

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 18]

(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

EL NIÑO

Mavara matsvuku ari panyika anomirira kudziya kwemvura kunodziya kupfuura kwenguva dzose

KWENGUVA DZOSE

Mvura inodziya inoungana kumadokero kwegungwa rePacific, ichibvumira mvura inotonhorera izere nezvokudya kuti ikwire mumabvazuva

EL NIÑO

Mhepo inovhuvhuta yakananga kudivi rimwe chete isina simba inobvumira mvura inodziya kuti idzokere shure kumabvazuva, ichivharira mvura inotonhorera kuti isauya pamusoro

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 16, 17]

PERU

Sechura Desert rine mafashamo

MEXICO

“Hurricane Linda”

CALIFORNIA

Kuwondomoka kwamatope

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Mapeji 24-5 kuruboshwe – kurudyi: Fotografía por Beatrice Velarde; Image produced by Laboratory for Atmospheres, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; FEMA photo by Dave Gatley