Kutsvaka Upenyu Hwakanaka
“Sezvo zana remakore rechimakumi maviri rakapfuurira, upenyu hwezuva nezuva hwevanhu vakawanda . . . hwakachinjwa nekubudirira kwesayenzi neruzivo rwekugadzira zvinhu.”—The Oxford History of the Twentieth Century.
KUMWE kwekuchinja kukuru munguva ino kwave kuri nhamba yevanhu. Hapana rimwe zana remakore rakava nekuwedzera kwakakura zvakadaro kwenhamba yevanhu vari munyika yose. Yakasvika inenge bhiriyoni imwe mukuvamba kwema1800 uye kuva mabhiriyoni anenge 1,6 pakazosvika 1900. Mugore ra1999, nhamba yevanhu vari munyika yose yakasvika mabhiriyoni matanhatu! Uye vakawanda venhamba iri kuwedzera yevanhu ava vanoda zvinonzi zvinhu zvakanaka muupenyu.
Kufambira mberi mune zvekurapa uye kunyanya kuwanikwa kwezveutano kwakaita kuti nhamba yevanhu iwedzere. Avhareji yeupenyu hunotarisirwa kuraramwa yakawedzera munyika dzakadai seAustralia, Germany, Japan neUnited States—kubva pasi pemakore 50 mukuvamba kwezana rino remakore kusvika kumakore anopfuura 70 zvino. Zvisinei, izvi hazvisi kuitika kwese kwese. Vanhu vanorarama munyika dzinenge 25 vachiri kutarisirwa kurarama makore 50 kana kuti mashoma.
‘Kare Mairarama Sei . . . ?’
Dzimwe nguva vechiduku vanotadza kunzwisisa kuti vanatateguru vavo vairarama sei vasina ndege, makombiyuta, materevhizheni—zvinhu zvava kunzi zvinofanira kuvapo uye kunyange kuonekwa sezvinodikanwa mune dzimwe nyika dzakapfuma. Somuenzaniso, funga nezvekuchinjwa kwakaitwa upenyu hwedu nemotokari. Yakagadzirwa mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19, asi magazini inonzi Time munguva pfupi yakapfuura yakati: “Motokari ndechimwe chinhu chakagadzirwa chakachinja zana remakore rechi20 kubvira parakatangira kusvika parinoperera.”
Muna 1975 zvakafungidzirwa kuti munhu mumwe chete pavanhu gumi pane vaienda kubasa muEurope aizoshaya basa kudai motokari dzaingoerekana dzanyangarika. Tisingatauri hedu nezveindasitiri yemotokari pachayo, mabhangi, zvitoro zvikuru, dzimba dzokudyira uri mumotokari, nezvimwe zvinhu zvinoda vatengi vanouya nemotokari zvaizopfigwa. Pasina chokuti varimi vaendese zvinhu zvavo kumusika, gadziriro yekutakurwa kwezvokudya yaisazovapo. Vanoshanda muguta vanogara kumasabhabha vaizotadza kusvika kumabasa avo. Nzira huru dzemotokari dzatinoona pose pose dzaizoshaya basa.
Kuti vatsigire kugadzirwa kwemotokari uye kuderedza mitengo, kugadzira mitsara yokugadzira zvinhu, zvino yava kuitwa mumaindasitiri akawanda, yakatangwa mukuvamba kwezana rino remakore. (Mitsara yokugadzira zvinhu yakaita kuti zvikwanisike kugadzira zvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda, zvakadai semidziyo yekubikira.) Mukuvamba kwezana rino remakore, motokari yaiva chinhu chokuzvivaraidza nacho chevapfumi munyika shomanana, asi zvino yava kushandiswa semudziyo wekufambisa nevakawanda muinenge nyika yose. Sokutaura kwemumwe munyori, “upenyu muzana remakore rechi20 hwakaoma zvikuru kufungidzira pasina motokari.”
Kutsvaka Zvinofadza
Kufamba rwendo kwaireva kuenda kwawaifanira kuenda. Asi muzana remakore rechi20, zvinhu zvakachinja—kunyanya munyika dzakabudirira. Sezvo mabasa anobhadhara zvakanaka akawanika nyore uye sezvo maawa okushanda pavhiki akaderera kusvika pa40 kana kuti mashoma, vanhu vakawana mari nenguva yokufamba nzendo. Kufamba nzendo zvino kwakanga kworeva kuenda kwawaida kuenda. Motokari, mabhazi nendege zvakaita kuti zvive nyore kunozorora kune dzimwe nzvimbo dziri kure. Kubvakacha kwokunoona nzvimbo kwevakawanda kwakava bhizimisi guru.
Maererano neThe Times Atlas of the 20th Century, kubvakacha kwokunoona nzvimbo “kwakatapura nokukurumidza, dzose dziri mbiri nyika dzinogamuchira vanobvakacha kuzoona nzvimbo nedzekumusha kwavo.” Kumwe kutapura kwacho kwave kusina kunaka. Vanoenda kunoona nzvimbo kakawanda vakashatisa nzvimbo chaidzo dzavaida kwazvo kuona vachibva kumusha kwavo.
Zvino vanhu vakanga vava nenguva yakawanda yekutamba mitambo. Vakawanda vakava vakwikwidzi; vamwe vakasarudza kungova vatsigiri vakuru vetimu dzavanoda kana kuti vamhanyi pane dzimwe nguva vachiita mheremhere. Nokuuya kwakaita terevhizheni, mitambo yakabva yatanga kuwanika kune anenge munhu wose. Mitambo yemunyika imomo uye yekune dzimwe nyika yakaunganidza mazana emamiriyoni evaoni veterevhizheni vanofara.
“Mitambo nemafirimu ndizvo zvakaumba indasitiri huru yokufadza vakawanda, zvino yava nevashandi vakawanda zvikuru uye inowana mari yakawanda zvikuru munyika yose,” rinodaro The Times Atlas of the 20th Century. Vanhu gore rega rega vanoshandisa mari inosvika mabhiriyoni muvaraidzo, kusanganisira kubhejera, mutambo wekuzvivaraidza unonyanya kufarirwa nevakawanda. Somuenzaniso, kuongorora kwakaitwa muna 1991 kwakaratidza kuti kubhejera kuri panhamba 12 pamaindasitiri makuru muEuropean Community, kuchishandisa mari inosvika madhora ane mabhiriyoni 2 166.
Sezvo varaidzo yakadaro yakava inozivikanwa nevakawanda, vanhu vakatanga kutsvaka zvinofadza zvitsva. Somuenzaniso, kuedza kwavo kushandisa zvinodhaka kwakanga kwakapararira zvikuru zvokuti pakati pema1990, bhizimisi rezvinodhaka zvisingabvumirwi nemutemo rakanga rawana mari inofungidzirwa kuva madhora ane mabhiriyoni 19 000 pagore, kuchiita kuti rive “bhizimisi rimwe chete rinonyanya kubudirira zvikuru munyika yose,” sezvinotaura rimwe bhuku.
“Kuzvifadza Zvakanyanyisisa”
Ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu rwakaita kuti nyika yose ive musha mumwe chete. Kuchinja mune zvematongerwe enyika, zvemari, uye tsika kuri kupesvedzera vanhu munyika yose panenge panguva imwe chete. “Nenzira yakajeka, pane imwe nguva apo makakatanwa akaitika muupenyu,” vakadaro Purofesa Alvin Toffler, munyori weFuture Shock, kare muna 1970. Vakawedzera kuti: “Asi kuchinja uku nemakakatanwa aya zvave zviri mumiganhu yenzanga imwe chete kana kuti dziri pedyo napedyo. Zvakatora nguva yakareba, kunyange mazana emakore, kuti kutapura kwazvo kupararire kunze kwemiganhu iyi. . . . Nhasi kubatana kwakaita nzanga kwakakura zvikuru zvokuti migumisiro yezvinoitika panguva imwe chete inogona kupararira nokukurumidza munyika yose.” Terevhizheni inoonesa zvenyika yose uye Gadziriro yokukurukurirana nekombiyuta zvakapesvedzerawo vanhu munyika yose.
Vamwe vanoti terevhizheni yave iri chinhu chinobudisa mashoko chinonyanya kupesvedzera muzana rino remakore rechi20. Mumwe munyori akati: “Kunyange vamwe vachipokana nezvainazvo, hapana anopikisa simba reterevhizheni.” Asi terevhizheni haigoni kuita zvakanaka kukunda vanhu vacho vanobudisa purogiramu dzacho. Saka nesimba rayo rokupesvedzera zvakanaka, ine simbawo rokupesvedzera zvakaipa. Nepo mapurogiramu asingadzidzisi zvinhu kwazvo, azere nechisimba uye unzenza, angava ayo vamwe vanhu vangada kuona, mapurogiramu akadaro akatadza kuita kuti vanhu vagarisane zvakanaka, asi kakawanda akatoita kuti vasagarisane zvakanaka.
Neil Postman, mubhuku rake rinonzi Amusing Ourselves to Death, anotaura imwe njodzi, achiti: “Chinetso hachisi pakuti terevhizheni ine zvinovaraidza zvakashata asi kuti zvinhu zvacho zvose zvinoratidzwa sezvinovaraidza . . . Pasinei nokuti chii chinoratidzwa kana kuti mupfungwa yakaita sei, chinhu chikuru ndechekuti iripo kuti tinakidzwe uye tifare.”
Sezvo vanhu vakanyanya kukoshesa zvinofadza, zvekunamata netsika zvakabva zvaderera zvikuru. “Munyika dzakawanda chitendero chakarongwa chiri kushaya simba muzana remakore rechi20,” rinodaro The Times Atlas of the 20th Century. Apo zvekunamata zvakanga zvichiderera, kutsvaka zvinofadza kwakabva kwanyanyisa kudiwa kupfuura mwero.
“Guyu Kutsvuka Kunze . . .”
Zvinhu zvakawanda zvakachinja muzana remakore rechi20 zvinobatsira, asi, sezvinotaurwa, “Guyu kutsvuka kunze, mukati rakazara masvosve.” Kunyange zvazvo vamwe vanhu vakabatsirwa nekuva neupenyu hurefu, kuwedzera kwenhamba yevanhu vari munyika yose kwakaunza matambudziko makuru matsva. Magazini inonzi National Geographic munguva pfupi yapfuura yakati: “Kuwedzera kwenhamba yevanhu kungangova nhau inonetsa yatatarisana nayo sezvatinopinda muchiuru chemakore chitsva.”
Motokari dzinobatsira uye dzinonakidza asi dzinouraya, sezvinoratidzwa nekufungidzira kwekuti chikamu chimwe muzvina chemiriyoni chinofa gore rimwe nerimwe mutsaona dzomumigwagwa munyika yose. Uye motokari ndidzo dzinonyanya kushatisa mhepo. Vanyori ve5000 Days to Save the Planet vanoti kushatisa mhepo “zvino kwava mupasi rose, kuparadza kana kuvhiringidza kurarama kwezvipukanana zviripo kubva kumusoro kusvika pasi kwenyika.” Vanotsanangura kuti: “Hatina kungoparadza chete zvipukanana asi zvino tiri kuvhiringidza zvinhu chaizvo zvinochengetedza Pasi rino rakakodzera kurarama pariri.”
Muzana remakore rechi20, kushatisa mhepo kwava chinetso icho mamwe mazana emakore asina kumboona. “Munguva pfupi yapfuura munhu ndipo paakazoona kuti zvaanoita zvingagona kutapura nyika yose,” inodaro magazini inonzi National Geographic. “Zvino vamwe vasayendisiti vava kudavira kuti kekutanga munhau, kuchinja kwakadaro kuri kuitika.” Ipapo inonyevera kuti: “Zviri kuitwa nevanhu zvabatanidzwa zvose zvingangoita kuti mhuka nemiti zviparare muchizvarwa chimwe chete chevanhu.”
Zvechokwadi, zana remakore rechi20 rave rakasiyana nemamwe. Vanhu, vakomborerwa nemikana yokuva noupenyu hwakanaka zvisina kumboitika, zvino vanowana kuti upenyu pachahwo huri munjodzi!
[Chati/Mifananidzo iri papeji 8, 9]
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