Mumufananidzo waMwari Kana Kuti Wemhuka Here?
MURUME wekutanga, Adhama, akanzi “mwanakomana waMwari.” (Ruka 3:38) Hapana mhuka yakambofarikanya kusiyaniswa kwakadaro. Asi, Bhaibheri rinoratidza kuti vanhu vane zvinhu zvinoverengeka zvakafanana nemhuka. Semuenzaniso, zvose zviri zviviri vanhu nemhuka mweya. Apo Mwari akaumba Adhama, “munhu akava mweya mupenyu,” inodaro Genesi 2:7. VaKorinte Wokutanga 15:45 inobvumira kuti: “Munhu wokutanga, Adhama, [akava mweya, NW] mupenyu.” Vanhu ndivo mweya, naizvozvo mweya hausi chimwe chimumvuri chinopukunyuka rufu rwomuviri.
Pamusoro pemhuka, Genesi 1:24 inoti: “Nyika ngaibereke [mweya mipenyu maererano nemarudzi ayo, NW] nezvipfuwo, nezvinokambaira, nemhuka dzenyika, zvina marudzi azvo.” Naizvozvo nepo richipa vanhu chiremera kupfurikidza nekuzivisa kuti takasikwa mumufananidzo waMwari, Bhaibheri rinotiyeuchidzawo nezvenzvimbo yedu yakaderera semweya yepasi, pamwe chete nemhuka. Asi, pane chimwezve chinhu icho munhu nemhuka vose vanacho.
Bhaibheri rinotsanangura kuti: “Nokuti zvinoitirwa vanakomana vavanhu ndizvo zvinoitirwawo mhuka, zvose zvinoitirwa chinhu chimwe: Mufire womunhu, ndiwo mufire wemhuka. . . . Munhu haana paanopfuura mhuka. . . . Zvose zvinoenda kunzvimbo imwe; zvose zvinobva pavhu, zvose zvinodzokerazve kuvhu.” Hongu, murufu munhu nemhuka zvakafananawo. Zvose zvinodzokera “kuvhu,” “kuguruva,” kwazvakabva.—Muparidzi 3:19, 20; Genesi 3:19.
Asi nei vanhu vachishushikana zvikuru kwazvo nerufu? Nei tichishuva nezvekurarama nekusingaperi? Uye nei tichifanira kuva nedonzo muupenyu? Chokwadika, tinosiyana zvikuru kwazvo nemhuka!
Patakasiyana Nemhuka
Waizofara kurarama upenyu husina rimwe donzo kunze kwekudya, kurara, uye kubereka here? Pfungwa yacho haikwezvi kunyange nyanzvi dzemhindumupindu dzinoshingaira. “Munhu wazvino uno, uyu akadzidza anofungira asingadaviri kuvapo kwaMwari,” anonyora kudaro mumwe wezvemhindumupindu anonzi T. Dobzhansky, “haagoni kurega kunetseka pachivande pamusoro pemibvunzo yekare: Upenyu hwangu hune revo nedonzo rinopfuura kuzvichengeta ndiri mupenyu uye kupfuuridzira cheni yekurarama here? Chisiko chose mandinogara chine revo here?”
Zvirokwazvo, kuramba kuvapo kweMusiki hakumisi kutsvaka kwemunhu revo yeupenyu. Achinokora mashoko aArnold Toynbee wezvenhau, Richard Leakey anonyora kuti: “Kuzvipfumisa mumudzimu uku [kwemunhu] kunomuganhurira kutamburira kuzviwiriranisa nechisiko chapose pose maakaberekerwa kweupenyu hwose.”
Asi, mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro pemasikirwe omunhu, kwatakabva, uye umudzimu hwedu inopfuurira. Mukaha mukurusa sezviri pachena uripo pakati pemunhu nemhuka. Mukaha iwoyo wakakura sei?
Mukaha Wakakurisa Kuti Uvharwe Here?
Chinetso chikuru kurondedzero yemhindumupindu mukaha mukurusa unoparadzanisa vanhu nemhuka. Chaizvoizvo, wakakura sei? Rangarira zvimwe zvezvinhu izvo vezvemhindumupindu pachavo vakataura pamusoro pawo.
Mutsigiri akakurumbira werondedzero yemhindumupindu muzana remakore rechi19, Thomas H. Huxley, akanyora kuti: “Hapana akapwiswa zvikuru seni pamusoro pekukura kwemukaha uri pakati . . . pemunhu nezvikara . . . , nokuti iye ndiye oga ane mano anoshamisa okutaura kunonzwisisika nekune mufungo [uye] . . . ari pamusoro pawo sepamusoro pegomo, kupfuura vamwe vake vakaderera.”
Wezvemhindumupindu Michael C. Corballis anotaura kuti “pane muganhu unoshamisa pakati pevanhu nedzimwe mhuka . . . ‘Uropi hwedu hukuru kakapetwa katatu kupfuura zvataizokarira mhuka yakaumbwa zvakafanana nesu.’” Uye nyanzvi yetsinga Richard M. Restak anotsanangura kuti: “Uropi [hwemunhu] ndiwo mutezo bedzi unozivikanwa muchisiko chose unoedza kuzvinzwisisa.”
Leakey anobvuma kuti: “Kuzviziva kunovhiringidza vasayendisiti, uko vamwe vanodavira kuti hakuna mhinduro. Pfungwa yekuzviziva pachako iyo isu semumwe nemumwe tinowana yakajeka kwazvo zvokuti inovhenekera zvose zvatinofunga nokuita.” Anotaurawo kuti: “Mutauro chaizvoizvo unoita mukaha pakati peHomo sapiens [vanhu] nenyika yemusikirwo yose yasara.”
Achinongedzera kune chimwe chishamiso chepfungwa yemunhu, Peter Russell anonyora kuti: “Kuyeuka pasina mubvunzo ndemamwe mano anokosha zvikurusa emunhu. Pasina iwo pangadai pasina kudzidza . . . , pasina kushanda kune ungwaru, pasina kukudziridzwa kwemutauro, kunyange api neapi emavara . . . anowanzobatanidzwa nekuva munhu.”
Zvakare, hapana mhuka inonamata. Nokudaro, Edward O. Wilson anoti: “Kuda kudavira zvorudzidziso ndiro simba rakaoma kunzwisisa nerine simba zvikurusa mupfungwa dzemunhu uye sezvingabvira zvikurusa rutivi rwemusikirwo wemunhu rwusingapfudziki.”
“Muitiro wemunhu unopa zvimwe zvakavanzika zveDarwin,” anobvuma kudaro mumwe wezvemhindumupindu Robert Wright. “Kusetsa nekuseka kunoita basa rei? Nei vanhu vachiita kureurura kwepamubhedha werufu? . . . Basa chairoiro rekuchema nderei? . . . Zvino nekuti munhu wacho aenda, kuchema kunobatsira sei mavara anogarwa nhaka?”
Wezvemhindumupindu Elaine Morgan anobvuma kuti: “Zvina zvezvakavanzika zvakatanhamara zvikurusa pamusoro pevanhu ndeizvi: (1) nei vachifamba nemakumbo maviri? (2) nei mvere dzavo dzakadonha? (3) nei vakava neuropi hukuru kudaro? (4) nei vakadzidza kutaura?”
Mibvunzo iyi inopindurwa sei nevezvemhindumupindu? Morgan anotsanangura kuti: “Mhinduro dzinogamuchirwa kumibvunzo iyi ndeidzi: (1) ‘Hatisati tava kuziva’; (2) ‘Hatisati tava kuziva’; (3) ‘Hatisati tava kuziva’, uye (4) ‘Hatisati tava kuziva.’”
Rondedzero Dzisina Kuvimbika
Munyori webhuku rinonzi The Lopsided Ape akanyora kuti chinangwa chake “chaiva chokugovera chiono chisina kunanga chinhu chimwe chete chemhindumupindu yemunhu chenguva yose. Dzakawanda dzemhedziso dzacho dzave dziri dzekufungidzira, dzakavakirwa sezvadziri zvikurukuru pamazino mashomanene ekare, mapfupa, uye matombo.” Zvirokwazvo, kunyange dzidziso yapakuvamba yaDarwin pachake haigamuchirwi nevakawanda. Richard Leakey anoti: “Dudziro yaDarwin yekupinduka pinduka kwatakaita yakatekeshera musayenzi yekudzidzwa kwevanhu kusvikira makore mashomanene apfuura, uye yakabvumikisa kuva isina kururama.”
Vezvemhindumupindu vakawanda, maererano naElaine Morgan, “vakarasikirwa nechivimbo mumhinduro dzavaifunga kuti vaiziva makore makumi matatu apfuura.” Nokudaro, hazvishamisi kuti dzimwe dzerondedzero dzaidavirwa nevezvemhindumupindu dzaparara.
Migumisiro Inorwadza
Kumwe kufunda kwakawana kuti nhamba yehadzi idzo mhuka hono dzinovatana nadzo ine chekuita nemusiyano weukuru hwemuviri pakati pezvose zviri zviviri. Kubva pane izvi, vamwe vakagumisa kuti miitiro yevatano yevanhu inofanira kufanana neyezvimupanzi, sezvo mikono yezvimupanzi, kufanana nevanhu, iri mikuru zvishoma kupfuura hadzi dzacho. Naizvozvo vamwe vanorangarira kuti sezvimupanzi, vanhu vanofanira kubvumidzwa kuva nevavanovata navo vanopfuura mumwe. Uye, zvirokwazvo, vanhu vakawanda vanodaro.
Asi zvinoita sezvinoshanda kuti zvakanaka kuzvimupanzi kazhinji kazhinji zvakabvumikisa kuva ngwavaira kuvanhu. Vatano yokusasarura, maidi anoratidza kuti, mugwagwa unoenda kukutambura kwakazadzwa nemhuri dzakaputsika, kubvisa nhumbu, hosha, kutambura kwepfungwa nekwemirangariro, godo, masimba masimba emumhuri, uye vana vanongosiyiwa vanokura vachitunhidzwa, avo vanongopfuuridzira kutenderera kwacho kunorwadza. Kana masikirwo oumhuka akarurama, nei pane marwadzo?
Kufunga kwemhindumupindu kunoparira mubvunzo pamusoro peutsvene hweupenyu hwemunhu. Upenyu hwemunhu hutsvene kupfurikidza nechiremera chaani kana tikati hakuna Mwari ndokuzvirangarira sezvinhu zvinongoti pfuurei mhuka zvishoma bedzi? Zvichida nemhaka yeuchenjeri hwedu here? Kudai zvaiva zvakadaro, ipapo mubvunzo wakamutswa mubhuku rinonzi The Human Difference waizova wakakodzera zvikurusa: “Kururamisira here kubata vanhu sevanokosha kupfuura imbwa nekitsi nemhaka bedzi yekuti isu tose takawana zvakanakisisa [zvemhindumupindu]?”
Sezvo dudziro itsva zvikuru yekufunga kwemhindumupindu inopararira, “ichatapura zvikuru pfungwa yetsika zvisingadzivisiki,” rinodaro bhuku rinonzi The Moral Animal. Asi itsika ine utsinye yakavakirwa papfungwa yekuti takaumbwa ne“kusarudza kwemusikirwo,” muitiro uyo, sekutaura kwaH. G. Wells, “vane simba nevakangwara vanowana [nawo] zvakanaka zvevasina simba nevanovimba.”
Nenzira inokosha, rondedzero dzakawanda dzevezvemhindumupindu idzo dzakadya tsika kwemakore dzakakundikana pamberi pevanofunga vakawanda. Asi nhau inosuruvarisa ndeyokuti kukuvadza uko rondedzero dzakadaro dzakaparira kunosara kuripo.
Kunamata Chisiko Kana Kuti Musiki Here?
Mhindumupindu inotendeudzira maziso emunhu pasi kuchisiko nekuda kwemhinduro, kwete kumusoro kuMusiki. Bhaibheri, kune rumwe rutivi, rinotendeudzira maziso edu kumusoro kuna Mwari wechokwadi nokuda kwemavara edu etsika nedonzo redu muupenyu. Rinotsanangurawo chikonzero nei tichifanira kurwa kuti tidzivise kuita chisina kururama uye chikonzero nei vanhu voga vachitambudzwa kwazvo nerufu. Uyezve, tsananguro yaro nei tichida kuita zvakaipa inonzwika kuva yechokwadi mundangariro nemwoyo zvemunhu. Tinokukoka kurangarira tsananguro iyoyo inogutsa.
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 23]
Mukaha uri pakati pemunhu nemhuka wakakura sei?