Kunzvera Mamwe Mapindu Akakurumbira
KUZIVA kwomunhu Paradhiso kwakavamba mubindu raiva munzvimbo yainzi Edheni, sezvinobvira pedyo neLake Van, yeTurkey yazvino. Rwizi rwaiparadzana kuva nzizi ina rwaidiridzira Adhama naEvha bindu racho, avo vaifanira kuri“rim[a] noku[ri]chengeta.” Waizova mufaro wakadini kutarisira bindu umo “miti yose inofadza meso, neyakanaka kudya” yaiwanikwa yakawanda!—Genesi 2:8-15.
Edheni wakanga uri musha wakakwana. Adhama naEvha nevazukuru vavo vaifanira kutambanudza miganhu yawo, pasina mubvunzo vachishandisa purani yakakwana yapakuvamba yaMwari somuenzaniso wavo. Pashure penguva yakati, pasi rose raizova paradhiso yakazadzwa nenzira inofadza nevanhu. Asi kusateerera kwokuzvidira kwevabereki vedu vokutanga kwakaguma nokudzingwa kwavo muiyi nzvimbo yakachengeteka. Nenzira inosuruvarisa, vamwe vose vemhuri yomunhu vakaberekerwa kunze kwouyu musha weEdheni.
Kunyange zvakadaro, rudzi rwomunhu rwakaitwa noMusiki kuti rugare muParadhiso. Naizvozvo kwaiva kwomuzvarirwo kuti zvizvarwa zvaizotevera zvaizoedza kuzvipoteredza zvimene nemifananidzo yayo.
Mapindu Apakuvamba
Hanging Gardens yeBhabhironi yakarumbidzwa sechimwe chezvishamiso zvenyika yekare. Yakagadzirwa naMambo Nebhukadnezari anopfuura makore 2 500 akapfuura nokuda kwomudzimai wake wechiMedhia uyo aishuva masango nezvikomo zvenyika yokumusha kwake. Ichi chivako chakareba mamita 22 chine masitepisi nemikoto yakatenderera kumusoro, chose chine zvizhinji zvakasimwa, chaiva nevhu rakakwana rokukudza miti mikuru. Mambokadzi aifunga kumusha kwake sezvinobvira ainyaradzwa sezvaaifamba-famba nomuiyi nzvimbo yakaiswa masitepisi yakafanana neEdheni.
Kuita mapindu kwokugadzira nzvimbo kwakanga kwakatanhamara muMupata weNairi wakaorera weEgypt. “Egypt,” rinodaro The Oxford Companion to Gardens, “ndiyo manyuko emifananidzo yekare zvikurusa yemapindu enyika uye nzvimbo yetsika refu zvikuru . . . yokuita mapindu.” Purani yenzvimbo yebindu yemukuru mukuru weEgypt paThebes, inobvira mugore ra1400 B.C.E., inoratidza zvidziva, migwagwa ine miti mumucheto, uye matende. Pedyo nemapindu eumambo, mapindu etemberi akanga akaisvonaka zvikurusa, neminda yawo yemiti, maruva, uye zvikwenzi zvaidiridzwa nemigero yemvura yaibva muzvidziva nenyanza zvakanga zvakazara neshiri dzomumvura, hove, uye maruva omumvura.—Enzanisa naEksodho 7:19.
VokuPersiawo vaisiyaniswa noruremekedzo mune zvemapindu. Mapindu ekuPersia neEgipita aikwezva zvikuru zvokuti apo mauto anokurira aAlexander Mukuru akadzokera kuGreece muzana remakore rechina B.C.E., akaenda akagukuchira mbeu, mbesanwa, uye pfungwa. MuAthens, Aristotle nomudzidzi wake Theophrastus vakaunganidza zvitsama zvaiwedzera zvemiti ndokutanga bindu rokukudza nokufunda miti, kuti vafunde nokuisa miti muzvikwata. VokuGreece vazhinji vakapfuma, kufanana nevokuEgypt nevokuPersia vakavatangira, vakanga vaine mapindu akaisvonaka.
Vagari vomuguta veRome vaibatanidza imba nebindu munzvimbo yakaganhurirwa yeguta. Vapfumi vakaita mapaki omufarwa emaoresa pamaziyadhi avo ekumaruwa. Kunyange Nero anodzvinyirira aida Edheni rake, naizvozvo akabvisa noutsinye mazana emhuri, kuparadza misha yavo, ndokuita paki yomunhu oga yemahekita anopfuura 50 kupoteredza imba yake youmambo. Gare gare, munenge muna 138 C.E., paziyadhi raMambo Hadrian paTivoli, kugadzira nzvimbo kweRoma kwakasvika pakakwirira pako. Ziyadhi racho rakanga rine mahekita 243 emapaki, zvidziva, nyanza, uye matsime.
VaIsraeri vekare vaivawo nemapindu nemapaki. Wezvenhau wechiJudha Josephus anonyora nezvemapaki anofadza akanga akazara nehova panzvimbo yainzi Etam, anenge makiromita gumi nematatu kusvika kugumi nematanhatu kubva kuJerusarema. Mapaki eEtam angave akanga ari pakati pe‘mapindu, mapaki, madziva emvura, uye sango’ izvo Bhaibheri rinoti Soromoni ‘akazviitira amene.’ (Muparidzi 2:5, 6) Panze chaipo peJerusarema paGomo reMiorivhi pakanga paine Bindu reGetsemani, iro rakaitwa rakakurumbira naJesu Kristu. Pano, Jesu akawana nzvimbo youtiziro umo aigona kudzidzisa chinyararire vadzidzi vake.—Mateo 26:36; Johane 18:1, 2.
Kubva Mumapindu ekuArabia Kuenda Kumapindu echiEngland
Apo mauto ekuArabia akapararira kumabvazuva nokumadokero muzana ramakore rechinomwe C.E., iwowo, kufanana naAlexander, akasangana nemapindu ePersia. (Enzanisa naEstere 1:5.) “VokuArabia,” anonyora kudaro Howard Loxton, “vakawana kuti mapindu ekuPersia akanga akafanana zvikuru neparadhiso iyo yakapikirwa vakatendeka muKoran.” Kufanana nomuenzaniso waro wokuPersia, bindu chairoiro rokuArabia, kubvira kuMoorish Spain kusvikira kuKashmir, rakanga rakakamurwa kuva zvikamu zvina nehova ina dzakabatanidzwa pakati nechidziva kana kuti tsime, kufanana nenzizi ina dzeEdheni.
Nechokumusoro muIndia, pedyo neLake Dal muMupata wakaisvonaka weKashmir, vatongi vechiMuslim chechiIndia vezana ramakore rechi17 vakasima mapindu akafanana neparadhiso anopfuura 700. Iwaya akaumba mhatsa inoorora zvikuru yemavara anoparadzaniswa nezviuru zvematsime, materrace, uye twumapopoma. Chivako chevaraidzo chamabwe matema chakavakwa pamhenderekedzo yeLake Dal naShah Jahan (muvaki weTaj Mahal) chichiri norunyoro rwunoti: “Kana kune paradhiso pasi pano, iri pano, iri pano, iri pano.”
Mazana emakore pakuvamba-vamba, Europe yakanga yabva muMiddle Ages ichipinda muRenaissance yezana remakore rechi14. Tsika yokuita mapindu yeRoma, iyo yakanga yaparadzwa apo Middle Ages yakavamba muzana ramakore rechishanu C.E., yakatanga kukurazve—nguva ino mukutonga kwechechi. ChiKristudhomu chakaona bindu se‘paradhiso yechinguvana.’ Purani yeimba yemamongi yezana ramakore rechipfumbamwe inoratidza mapindu maviri akanzi “Paradhiso.” Mapindu echiKristudhomu akakurumidza kuva makuru neakaisvonaka zvikuru, asi panzvimbo pokuratidzira zvinhu chaizvoizvo zvomudzimu, mazhinji akava zviratidzo zvesimba noupfumi.
Apo Charles VIII weFrance akakurira Naples, Italy, muna 1495, akanyorera kumusha kuti: “Hamugoni kudavira mapindu akaisvonaka andinawo muguta rino . . . Kunoratidzika kuti Adhama naEvha bedzi ndivo vasimo kuti ive paradhiso yepasi.” Asi kudai Charles akanga ararama achipinda muzana ramakore rechi17, angadai akaona paivhu rokuFrance mapindu makuru aMambo Louis XIV. Bhuku rinonzi The Garden rinozivisa kuti mapindu aiva Paimba Youmambo yeVersailles “achiri anogona kuva makurusa enyika neakaisvonaka kupfuura ose.”
Renaissance, zvisinei, yakanga ine rondedzero itsva yeparadhiso: chisiko chinofanira kudzorwa nomunhu akapiwa nzwisiso uyo anofanira kuisa murayiro pabindu kupfurikidza nokuribvisira kuva renje kwose. Miti nemaruva zvakarongwa zvose mugadziriro yakarurama yezvimiro. Nokudaro, kugadzira miti kweRoma kwapakuvamba—unyanzvi hwokuisa miti nemakwenzi muzvimiro zvakati kupfurikidza nokuisunga uye kuichekerera—kwakava nokumutsidzirwa kukuru.
Ipapo, muzana remakore rechi18 nerechi19, kunzvera kwomugungwa uye bhizimisi zvakawadzanyura zvirimwa zvitsva nemiitiro yokuita bindu kunyika yokumadokero. England yakatendeukira kukugadzira mapindu. “MuEngland yezana remakore rechi18,” inodaro The New Encyclopædia Britannica, “munhu akava anoziva nenzira inowedzera zvinhu zvomusikirwo izvo akanga ari rutivi rwazvo. Panzvimbo pokuisa nhevedzano yezvimiro yakaitwa nomunhu pazvinhu zvomusikirwo, akatanga kurangarira kuchinjira upenyu hwake amene kwazviri.” Vanhu vakaita saWilliam Kent naLancelot Brown vakakunda mukugadzira nzvimbo. Brown akaita maisiteti anopfuura mazana maviri muEngland. Varume vaviri vakava mapurezidhendi eUnited States, Thomas Jefferson naJohn Adams, vakashanyira England muna 1786 kuti vafunde mapindu eEngland.
Nzvimbo Dzakagadzirwa dzokuMabvazuva
Tsika yeChina yokuita mapindu yakapesvedzera zvikuru pepuko yokuMabvazuva nenzira yakafanana sezvakaita tsika dzeEgypt, Greece, uye Rome kuMadokero. Pakuvamba-vamba vokuChina vaishandisa rudzidziso rwunodavira kuti zvinhu zvose zvine mudzimu, umo nzizi, mabwe, uye makomo zvose zvaionekwa semidzimu ine miviri inooneka uye kuti zvaifanira kuremekedzwa. Pashure paizvozvo, chiTao, chiConfucius, uye chiBuddha zvakapfuura nomunyika yacho ndokuparira zvimiro zvazvo zvimene zvemapindu.
Kune rumwe rutivi rweGungwa reJapan, mapindu eJapan akava nechimiro chawo amene, umo chimiro chiri chinokosha kupfuura ruvara uye chinhu chiri chose chine nzvimbo yacho chaiyoiyo. Mukuedza kuenzanisira, munzvimbo yakaganhurirwa, runako nemhatsa zvechisiko, mutarisiri webindu anoisa munzvimbo mabwe ake nokungwarira ndokudyara nokuchekerera bindu rake nokungwarira zvikuru. Ikoku kuri pachena mubonsai (kureva “muti wakasimwa mumudziyo”), unyanzvi hwokuchekerera muti wakafanana kana kuti zvimwe munda wemiti mukuva chimiro chaichoicho noukuru.
Kunyange zvazvo sitaira yaro ingasiyana nerimwe raro rokuMadokero, bindu rokuMabvazuva rinoratidzirawo chishuvo cheParadhiso. Somuenzaniso, mukati menhambo yeHeian muJapan (794-1185), anonyora kudaro wezvenhau yemapindu wokuJapan Wybe Kuitert, vatarisiri vemapindu vakaedza kufungidzira mhoteredzo ye“paradhiso pasi pano.”
Kuda Kwakapararira
Kubatanidza kunyange ndudzi dzinovhima, idzo dzaigara mumapindu “omuzvarirwo”—matondo, masango, namapani—kuda bindu kwakapararira. Nezve“vaAztec veMexico nevaInca vePeru,” inodaro Britannica, “vakuriri vakashuma mapindu akaisvonaka ane zvikomo zvakatenuka-tenuka, minda yemiti, matsime, uye zvidziva zvokutsvindisa . . . mukusafanana nemapindu epanguva iyeyo muMadokero.”
Hungu, minda yemiti yekare yaiva yakapararira muNairi, nzvimbo dzakagadzirwa dzokuMabvazuva, mapaki eguta azvino, uye mapindu okukudza nokufunda miti—iwaya anoratidzirei? Kushuva Paradhiso kworudzi rwomunhu. Mukucherechedza uku “kushuva Paradhiso” kunogara kwenguva refu, munyori Terry Comito akati: “Mapindu inzvimbo umo vanhu vanonzwa kuti ndevemo.” Uye munhu upi aisazofadzwa nokuti, ‘Musha wangu wakafanana neBindu reEdheni’? Asi Edheni repasi rose—uye kwete bedzi nokuda kwevapfumi—ifungidziro bedzi here? Kana kuti chinhu chine chokwadi chomunguva yemberi?
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 7]
Chiono chomunyori womufananidzo cheHanging Gardens yeBhabhironi
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 7]
Bindu rakakurumbira riri muJapan
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 7]
Versailles, France
Munhau yose vanhu vave vane chishuvo cheParadhiso
[Kwazvakatorwa]
French Government Tourist Office/Rosine Mazin