Kugadzira Mari Yokunyepedzera—Chinetso Chenyika Yose
Kutozosvikira mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi18, muFrance vanhu vaibikwa vari vapenyu nokuda kwemhaka yacho. Kubvira muna 1697 kusvikira muna 1832, kwakanga kuri mhaka yaitongerwa rufu uye chiito chacho chairangarirwa kuva mhaka yokuedza kupidigura hurumende. MaNgezi anopfuura 300 akafa akasungirirwa nemhaka yako, nepo nhamba dzisingaverengeki dzakatapirwa kunyika yechirango muAustralia kunoshanda basa rechibharo sechirango nokuda kwako.
KWEANOPFUURA makore 130, hurumende yeU.S. yave ichitongera vane mhosva yako makore anosvika 15 mujere mumatorongo omubatanidzwa. Mukuwedzera, zviuru zvemadhora zvefaindi zvakawedzerwa kuchirango chacho. Kunyange nhasi kuchiri kurangwa norufu muRussia neChina.
Pasinei zvapo nezvirango zvakakomba zvakwakatemerwa nenyika zhinji, mhaka yacho inopfuurira. Kunyange kutya rufu kwave kusina kukwana kuti kudzivise zvirongwa zvokupfuma nokukurumidza zvevane unyanzvi hwokugadzira hunodikanwa. Vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanoshamiswa. “Chidziviso chakanaka chichava chakaoma kuwana,” vanodaro, “sezvachave chakaita kwemazana emakore.”
Kugadzira mari yokunyepedzera! Imwe yemhosva dzekaresa munhau. Mukupera kwezana rino ramakore rechi20, kwazova chinetso chenyika yose uye kunopfuurira kuwedzera. Robert H. Jackson, mumwe wevatongi veU.S. Supreme Court, akati pamusoro pako: “Kugadzira mari yokunyepedzera imhaka isingatongoitwi netsaona, kana kuti nokusaziva, kana kuti mukuchiva kukurusa, kana kuti muurombo hwakaipisisa. Imhaka inorongwa nounyanzvi nomunhu ane unyanzvi hwokugadzira uye anoshandisa mari yakawanda nokuda kwemidziyo.”
Mari yeAmerica, somuenzaniso, iri kugadzirwazve zvisiri pamutemo kupota nyika yose uye muzvitsama zvikuru kupfuura nakare kose. “Mari yeU.S.,” akadaro mumwe mutauriri weBato Rezvemari, “haisiri mari inodiwa zvikurusa bedzi munyika. Ndiyowo inogadzirwa nokunyepedzera nenzira iri nyore zvikurusa.” Chakashamisa hurumende yeAmerica ndechokuti zhinjisa dzemari dzepepa dzokunyepedzera dzacho dziri kugadzirwa kunze kweUnited States.
Rangarira: Muna 1992, mari yemapepa inokosha mamiriyoni 30 emadhora yokunyepedzera yakabatwa mhiri kwamakungwa, yakashuma kudaro magazini inonzi Time. “Gore rakapfuura hwerengedzo yacho yakasvika mamiriyoni 120 emadhora, uye inokarirwa kupfuura yakawanda iyoyo muna 1994. Zhinji kupfuura iyoyo inotenderera isingawanikwi,” magazini yacho yakashuma kudaro. Nhamba idzi dzinotaura rutivi bedzi rwenyaya yacho. Nyanzvi dzechinetso chokugadzira mari yokunyepedzera dzinodavira kuti chaizvoizvo nhamba yemari yepepa yokunyepedzera iri kutenderera kunze kweUnited States ingagona kuva yakakwira semabhiriyoni gumi emadhora.
Sezvo mari yeAmerica ichitsvakwa nenyika zhinji—kunyange kupfuura mari dzadzo dzimene—uye isina kunyanya kuoma kuita, nyika zhinji nezvikwata zvematsotsi zviri kugadzira mari yokunyepedzera. MuSouth America, vanotengesa mirimo zvisiri pamutemo veColombia vave vachigadzira mari yekunyepedzera yeAmerica kwemakore kuti vawedzere mari yavo isiri pamutemo. Zvino Iran neSyria dziri kuvawo vatori rutivi vakuru mukugadzirwa kwemari yokunyepedzera munyika yose, yakashuma kudaro U.S. News & World Report. “Iran inonzi iri kushandisa mitoo yokudhinda yakaoma kunzwisisa inotevedzera iyo inoshandiswa neBato Rezvemari reU.S.,” magazini yacho yakashuma kudaro. “Somugumisiro, vagari vokuIran vanogona kugadzira ma$100 emapepa echipameso anodokuva asingacherechedzeki, anozivikanwa se‘masuper bill.’”
Vanhu vari muRussia, China, uye dzimwe nyika dzeAsia vari kupindawo mukugadzirwa kwemari yokunyepedzera—zvikurukuru mari yeU.S. Kunofungidzirwa kuti 50 muzana yemari yeU.S. iri kutenderera muMoscow nhasi ndeyekunyepedzera.
Muna 1991 apo Iraq yakavamba kutenderedza mazana emamiriyoni emadhora eU.S. ayakanga yapamba muhomwe yemari yeKuwait, “vemabhangi ari munyika zhinji vakashamiswa kuwana kuti inenge 40 muzana yema$100 emapepa yakanga iri yokunyepedzera,” yakadaro Reader’s Digest.
France ine zvinetso zvayo imene zvemari, sezvazvakaita nedzimwe nyika zhinji dzeEurope. Kugadzira mari yokunyepedzera hakusiri chinetso cheAmerica yoga, seizvo dzimwe nyika kupota nyika yose dzinogona kupupurira.
Kugadzira Mari Yokunyepedzera Kwakaitwa Nyore
Kutozosvikira makore mashomanene apfuura, kwaida mhizha dzepachivande—nyanzvi dzokuita mifananidzo, vanyori, vanonyora pasimbi nemakemikoro, uye vadhindi—maawa mazhinji ebasa rokungwarira rokugadzira mari yenyika ipi neipi, kuchiguma, zvikurusa, nemufananidzo wakaipa kwazvo wemari chaiyoiyo. Nhasi, zvisinei, nemichina yokukopesa yakakwirira inobudisa mavara akawanda, michina yokudhindisa inodhinda mativi maviri, uye mascanner zvinowanika mumahofisi nemudzimba, kunobvira kuti anenge munhu upi noupi agadzire mari yaanoda.
Nhambo yokugadzira mari yokunyepedzera pamadhesiki yasvika! Zvaimboda unyanzvi hweshasha dzokunyora nevadhindi zvino zvava kugonekwa nevashandi vemuhofisi uye vanoshandisa makombiyuta kumba. Gadziriro dzokudhinda kwokuzviitira nekombiyuta kusingadyi mari inosvika $45 000 kunogona zvino kuita mari yekunyepedzera iyo kunyange nyanzvi dzakarovedzwa dzingawana kwakaoma kucherechedza. Izvi zvingagona kureva kuti mumwe munhu anoda mari anogona kurega kuenda kumuchina webhangi unoshanda woga uri pedyosa kupfurikidza nokudhinda mari yake amene—uye mumari dzingagutsa zvinodikanwa zvake! Gadziriro dzekombiyuta idzi zvombo zvakasimba mumaoko evagadziri vemari dzokunyepedzera vanhasi. “Mukuita kudaro, aya matsotsi akangwara ari kukunda akundazve zviremera zvinoita kuti mutemo uteererwe uye angagona rimwe zuva kutyisidzira mari huru dzenyika,” yakanyora kudaro U.S.News & World Report.
MuFrance, somuenzaniso, 18 muzana yemamiriyoni 30 emaFranc (Mamiriyoni 45 emadhora eZimbabwe) emari yokunyepedzera yakabatwa muna 1992 yakagadzirwa nemichina yomuhofisi. Mumwe mukuru mukuru weBanque de France anorangarira ikoku setyisidziro kwete bedzi kugadziriro youpfumi asi kukuvimba hurumendewo kwevanhu. “Apo vanoziva kuti unogona kutevedzera mari yepepa inoshanda neruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runowanika kuvoruzhinji, kunogona kuva nokurasika kwechivimbo,” akachema kudaro.
Sorutivi rwenhamburiko yokukurira kudirana kwemari yekunyepedzera muAmerica nedzimwe nyika, marudzi matsva emari dzepepa ari kugadzirwa, uye mune dzimwe nyika mari dzepepa itsva dzatove kutenderera. Pamari yeAmerica, somuenzaniso, pikicha yaBenjamin Franklin iri pa$100 yepepa ichawedzerwa nehafu muukuru uye ichaswededzwa kuruboshwe nezvikamu zvitatu zvezvina zveinji. “Dzimwe chinjo gumi nena mukunyora nezvinhu zvekuchengetedza zvakavanzika zvichaiswawo,” yakashuma kudaro Reader’s Digest. Dzimwe chinjo zhinji, dzakadai semapikicha emukati memari uye ingi dzinochinja ruvara apo dzinoonekwa mumativi akasiyana-siyana, dziri kurangarirwawo.
Kwenguva yakati France yave ichibatanidza zvinodzivisa zvitsva mukugadzira kwayo mari yepepa zvokuti, zvinokarirwa kuti, zvichadzivisa kumwero wakati vagadziri vemari yokunyepedzera. Mumwe mutauriri weBanque de France anobvuma, zvisinei, kuti “Kuchiri kusina mutoo wakavimbika unogadzirwa wokukunda nawo vagadziri vemari yekunyepedzera vanobvira, asi,” akawedzera kuti, “tave kukwanisa zvino kubatanidza mhinganidzo zhinji kwazvo mumari yepepa imene zvokuti rave basa [rakaoma], uye rinodhura zvikuru.” Anorondedzera mhinganidzo idzi se“chiito chikuru chakaitwa chokudzivirira kugadzirwa kwemari yokunyepedzera.”
Germany neGreat Britain dzave dziri kuita chinjo dzokuchengetedza mumari dzadzo kwenguva yakati zvino kupfurikidza nokuwedzera waya dzemari dzokuchengetedza dzinoita kuti kukopa mari dzavo kuve kwakaoma zvikuru. Mari yepepa ye$20 yeCanada ine sikweya inopenya duku inonzi optical security device, isingagoni kukopiwa pamichina yokukopesa. Australia yakatanga kudhinda mari dzepepa repurasitiki muna 1988 kuti ibatanidze zvinhu zvokuchengetedza zvisingabviri nepepa. Finland neAustria dzinoshandisa mazen’e matetetete anobhendesa mwaranzi yechiedza pamari yepepa. Aya anopenya ndokuchinja ruvara sezvinoita hologram. Zviremera zvehurumende zvinotya, zvisinei, kuti vagadziri vemari yokunyepedzera vachave vasiri shure zvikuru mukuita gadziridzo dzinodikanwa kuti vapfuuridzire mubato wavo woutsotsi—kuti pasinei zvapo nematanho okururamisa api neapi anoitwa, nhamburiko dzazvo dzokuchinja dzingakundikana pakupedzisira sezvadzakamboita kare. “Kwakaita sechirevo chekare,” akadaro mumwe mukuru mukuru weBato Rezvemari, “unovaka madziro akareba mafiti 8, uye matsotsi anogadzira manera akareba mafiti 10.”
Kudhinda mari yokunyepedzera rutivi rumwe bedzi rwokushanda kwounyanzvi hwemugadziri wezvinhu zvokunyepedzera, seizvo nyaya dzinotevera dzicharatidza.
[Mashoko okukwezva vaverengi ari papeji 24]
Gadziriro dzokuzvidhindira nekombiyuta dzisingadyi mari inosvika $45 000 zvino dzinogona kuita mari yokunyepedzera iyo kunyange nyanzvi dzakarovedzwa dzingawana kwakaoma kucherechedza