Chisiko Chose Chinotyisa

Izvo Big Bang Inotsanangura—Izvo Isati

MANGWANANI ari ose chishamiso. Mukatikati mezuva ramangwanani, hydrogen inobatanidzwa kuva helium patembiricha dzemamiriyoni emadhigirii. MaX-ray nemagama ray ane simba risingadaviriki ari kubuda pakati achipinda muzvikamu zvakapoteredza zvezuva. Kudai zuva raionekera, mwaranzi iyi yaizovhura nzira yayo nesimba yokuenda pamusoro mumasekondi mashomanene okunyautsa. Panzvimbo pezvo, inovamba kudauka ichibva paatom rakatsvikinyidzwa kuenda kuatom re“chidziviriro” chezuva, achirasikirwa nesimba zvishoma nezvishoma. Mazuva, vhiki, mazana amakore, zvinopfuura. Zviuru zvamakore gare gare, waichimbova mwaranzi unouraya uya pakupedzisira unobuda uchibva pamusoro pezuva seguti nyoro rechiedza cheyero—uchisirizve ngozi asi wakakodzera chose chose nokuda kwekuteya pasi nokudziya kwacho.

Usiku huri hwose chishamisowo. Mamwe mazuva anotipenyera nomudengezeze guru regwara redu renzou. Ibvonyongera remavara, ukuru, tembiricha, uye uremu. Dzimwe inyeredzi huru zvikuru huru kwazvo zvokuti kudai imwe yaive yakaiswa munzvimbo yezuva redu, chaizosara chenyika yedu chaizova chiri mukati mokunze kwenyeredzi huru iyoyo. Mamwe mazuva maduku, mawhite dwarf—maduku zvikuru kupfuura pasi redu, bva achirema sezuva redu. Mamwe achapfuurira norugare kwemabhiriyoni emakore. Mamwe ari pedyo zvikurusa nokuputika kwenyeredzi huru kuchaaparadza, achipenya kwechinguvana kupfuura makwara ose enzou.

Vanhu vekare kare vakataura nezvezvipuka zvemugungwa nanamwari vanorwisana, nezvemadragoni nekamba uye nzou, nezvemaruva elotus nanamwari vanorota. Gare gare, mukati meinonzi Nguva Yokurangarira, vanamwari vakatsiviwa ne“mashiripiti” akanga achangobva kuwanwa okuverenga nemitemo yaNewton. Zvino tinorarama muzera risisina nhetembo nengano zvekare. Vana vezera reatom ranhasi vakasarudza somuenzaniso wavo wechisiko, kwete chipuka chemugungwa chekare, kwete “muchina” waNewton, asi chiratidzo chiya chinotonga kwose chezana ramakore rechi20—bhomba. “Musiki” wavo kuputika. Vanodana kuputika kwavo kwechisiko chose kuti big bang.

Izvo Big Bang “Inotsanangura”

Rondedzero yakakurumbira zvikurusa yomurangariro wechizvarwa chino wechisiko inotaura kuti anenge mabhiriyoni 15 kusvikira ku20 emakore akapfuura, chisiko chose chakanga chisipo, uyewo nzvimbo isina chinhu. Kwakanga kusina nguva, kusina chinhu—chero chinhu kunze kwokutsvikinyidzana kusingaperi, nzvimbo duku isingaperi inonzi singularity, iyo yakaputika kuva chisiko chose chazvino. Kuputika ikoko kwaibatanidza nhambo pfupi mukati mechidimbu chidukuduku chokutanga chesekondi apo chisiko chose chichiri chitsva chakafutunuka, kana kuti chakakura, nokukurumidza zvikuru kupfuura kumhanya kwechiedza.

Mukati memaminiti mashomanene okutanga ebig bang yacho, kubatana kwenyukireya kwakaitika pamwero wechisiko chose, kuchiparira uwandu hunopimwa zvino uno hwehydrogen nehelium uye runenge rutivi rwelithium zviri munzvimbo iri pakati penyeredzi. Zvichida pashure pemakore 300 000, kuputika kwechisiko chose kwakaderera kukuva pasi zvishoma kutembiricha yapamusoro pezuva, kuchibvumira maelectron kugadzikana munzira dzawo dzakatenderedza maatom uye achibudisa kupenya kwemaphoton, kana kuti chiedza. Kupenya kwapakuvamba ikoko kunogona kuyerwa nhasi, kunyange zvazvo kwatonhora zvikuru, semwaranzi wakadzikama wechisiko chose pamwero wemasaisai maduku zvikuru anowirirana netembiricha ye2,7 Kelvin.a Kutaura idi, kwakanga kuri kuwanwa kwemwaranzi yechisiko chose yakadzikama iyi muna 1964-65 kwakapwisa vezvesayenzi vazhinjisa kuti rondedzero yebig bang yakanga iri yechokwadi. Rondedzero yacho inotiwo inotsanangura chikonzero nei chisiko chose chichiratidzika kuva chiri kukura mumativi ose, chine makwara enzou ari kure anoratidzika seari kutitiza uye ari kutizana pamwero mukuru zvikuru.

Sezvo rondedzero yebig bang ichiratidzika seinotsanangura zvakawanda kudaro, nei kuipanikira? Nemhaka yokuti kune zvakawandawo izvo isingatsananguri. Kuenzanisira: Nyanzvi yemitumbi yomudenga yekare Ptolemy yakanga ine rondedzero yokuti zuva nenyika dzomudenga zvaitenderera pasi mumadenderedzwa makuru, zvichiita madenderedzwa maduku, anonzi maepicycle, panguva imwe cheteyo. Rondedzero yacho yairatidzika seinotsanangura kufamba kwenyika dzomudenga. Kwemazana amakore sezvo nyanzvi dzemitumbi yomudenga dzakaunganidza maidi akawanda, vanzveri vemavambo nemamiriro zvechisiko chose vaPtolemy vaigona kugarowedzera maepicycle omuraudzo pamamwe maepicycle avo ndoku“tsanangura” maidi matsva. Asi ikoko hakuna kureva kuti rondedzero yacho yakanga yakarurama. Pakupedzisira kwakanga kune maidi akawandisa zvikuru okutsanangura, uye dzimwe rondedzero, dzakadai sepfungwa yaCopernicus yokuti pasi raitenderera zuva, yaitsanangura zvinhu nenzira iri nani uye nenzira yakapfava zvikuru. Nhasi kwakaoma kuwana nyanzvi yemitumbi yomudenga inodavira Ptolemy!

Purofesa Fred Hoyle akafananidza nhamburiko dzevanzveri vemavambo nechimiro zvechisiko vanodavira Ptolemy pakusonanidza rondedzero yavo iri kukundikana mukutarisana nokuwana kutsva kukuedza kwevadaviri vebig bang nhasi kuchengeta dzidziso yavo ichidavirika. Akanyora mubhuku rake rinonzi The Intelligent Universe, kuti: “Nhamburiko huru dzevanzveri dzave dzichivanza pikidzano dziri murondedzero yebig bang, kuwedzera pfungwa iyo yazova yakaoma zvikuru kwazvo nokunetsa.” Pashure pokunongedzera kukushandisa maepicycle kwaPtolemy kusina maturo kuti anunure rondedzero yake, Hoyle akapfuurira, kuti: “Handizenguriri kutaura kuti somugumisiro chifukidziro chisina kusimba zvino chinotyisidzira rondedzero yebig bang. Sezvandadudza pakuvamba, apo maidi akati anotarisana neimwe rondedzero, ruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwunoratidza kuti kashoma kuti inaye.”—Peji 186.

Magazini inonzi New Scientist yaDecember 22/29, 1990, yakadzokorora mifungo yakafanana, ichiti: “Mutoo waPtolemy wakashandiswa nokupambadza ku. . . mufananidzo wekunzvera mitumbi yomudenga webig bang.” Inobvunza ipapo, kuti: “Tinogona sei kuita fambiro mberi chaiyoiyo muparticle physics nekunzvera mitumbi yomuchadenga? . . . Tinofanira kuva vakatendeseka zvikuru uye vakananga pamusoro perudzi rwokufungidzira chose chose rwedzimwe dzefungidziro dzedu dzinodiwa zvikurusa.” Cherechedzo itsva zvino dziri kudirana.

Mibvunzo Iyo Big Bang Isingapinduri

Denho huru kubig bang yakabva kuvacherechedzi vari kushandisa magirazi akaruramiswa eHubble Space Telescope kuera madaro okuenda kune mamwe makwara enzou. Maidi matsva ari kushamisa varondedzeri!

Nyanzvi yemitumbi yomudenga Wendy Freedman nevamwe vakashandisa Hubble Space Telescope munguva pfupi yapfuura kuera daro rokuenda kuboka renyeredzi reVirgo, uye kuera kwake kunokarakadza kuti chisiko chose chiri kukura nokukurumidza zvikuru, uye naizvozvo chiduku zvikuru, kupfuura zvaimbofungwa. Kutaura idi, a“nokarakadza zera rechisiko chose seduku semakore ane mabhiriyoni masere,” yakashuma kudaro magazini yeScientific American June achangobva kupfuura uyu. Nepo makore ane mabhiriyoni masere achiratidzika senguva yakareba zvikuru, anongova inenge hafu bedzi yezera rinofungidzirwa zvino uno rechisiko chose. Uku kunoparira chinetso chaicho, sezvo, seizvo mushumo unopfuurira kutaura, “mamwe maidi anoratidzira kuti nyeredzi dzakati dzagara makore anenge mabhiriyoni 14.” Kana nhamba dzaFreedman dzikabvumikisa kuva dzechokwadi, nyeredzi huru idzodzo dzichabvumikisa kuva huru zvikuru kupfuura big bang imene!

Chimwezve chinetso chebig bang chakabva muufakazi huri kuwedzera zvakatsiga hwe“nzvimbo dzisina makwara enzou” dziri muchisiko chose dzine ukuru hwemamiriyoni 100 amadaro anofambwa nechiedza pagore, ane makwara enzou kunze nenzvimbo dzisina chinhu dziri mukati. Margaret Geller, John Huchra, uye vamwe vari paHarvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics vakawana rwavanoti rusvingo rukuru rwemakwara enzou rwakareba mamiriyoni ane 500 emadaro anofambwa nechiedza pagore sezvarwunooneka munhu ari kuchamhembe. Rimwe boka renyanzvi dzemitumbi yomudenga, dzakazozivikanwa seSeven Samurai, dzakawana ufakazi hwechimiro chomusanganiswa chakasiyana chechisiko chose, icho vanoti Great Attractor, chiri pedyo nemapoka enyeredzi okumaodzanyemba eHydra neCentaurus. Nyanzvi dzemitumbi yomudenga Marc Postman naTod Lauer dzinodavira kuti chimwe chinhu chakatokura zvikuru chinofanira kuve chiri seri kweboka renyeredzi reOrion, chichiparira mazana emakwara enzou, kubatanidza redu, kuerera mugwara iroro semagwa parudzi rwakati rwe“rwizi rwuri muchadenga.”

Iyi gadziriro yose inotemesa musoro. Vanzveri vemavambo nechimiro chechisiko chose vanoti kuputika kwakabva pabig bang kwakanga kwakatsetseka chose chose uye kwakafanana, maererano nemwaranzi yakadzikama yechisiko chose yainonzi yakasiya shure. Ko kutanga kwakatsetseka kwakadaro kwaigona kutungamirira kugadziriro huru zvikuru yakaoma kunzwisisa kudaro sei? “Masvingo nemaattractors zvichangobva kuwanwa zvinokombesa chakavanzika chenzira iyo gadziriro huru kwazvo yaigona kuve yakaumbika mukati mezera ramakore ane mabhiriyoni 15 echisiko chose,” inobvuma kudaro Scientific American—chinetso chinongoipa zvikuru sezvo Freedman nevamwe vanowedzera kuderedzazve zera rechisiko chose rinofungidzirwa.

“Tiri Kushayiwa Chimwe Chinhu Chinokosha”

Mapu dzaGeller dzemativi matatu dzezviuru zvezvimiro zvakasiyana zvemakwara enzou akatsvikinyidzana, asina kurongeka, uye anoonekera dzakashandura maonere anoita vezvesayenzi chisiko chose. Haaedzeseri kunzwisisa zvaanoona. Simba rinokwevera pasi roga rinoratidzika kuva risingakwanisi kutsanangura rusvingo rwake rukuru. “Kazhinji kazhinji ndinofunga kuti tiri kushayiwa chimwe chinhu chinokosha mukuedza kwedu kunzwisisa gadziriro iyi,” anobvuma kudaro.

Geller akawedzera kuzvidemba kwake, achiti: “Nenzira yakajeka hatizivi kududzira gadziriro huru mukurangarira Big Bang.” Dudziro dzegadziriro yechisiko chose pahwaro hwekugadzira mapu kwazvino yematenga dziri kure nokuva dzakarurama—kufanana zvikuru nokuedza kutora mufananidzo wenyika yose kubva mukuongorora Rhode Island, U.S.A. Geller akapfuurira, kuti: “Rimwe zuva tingawana kuti tave tisiri kududzira nomazvo, uye apo tinoita, kucharatidzika sezviri pachena kwazvo kuti tichashamisika kuti nei taive tisina kuzvifunga nokukurumidza zvikuru.”

Ikoko kunotungamirira kumubvunzo mukurusa weyose: Chii chinofungidzirwa kuva chakaparira big bang imene? Hakuna chiremera chinopfuura Andrei Linde, mumwe wevavambi vedzidziso yakakurumbira zvikuru yokuti nyika yakakaruka yavapo yebig bang, anobvuma nenzira yakajeka kuti rondedzero inogamuchirwa haibati neuyu mubvunzo unokosha. “Chinetso chokutanga, uye chikuru, kuvapo kumene kwebig bang,” anodaro. “Mumwe munhu angashamisika, Chii chakatanga kuuya? Kudai chadenga nenguva zvakanga zvisiko ipapo, chinhu chiri chose chaigona sei kuoneka kubva pasina chinhu? . . . Kuchitsanangura singularity yapakuvamba iyi—kwazvakaitikira neapo zvose zvakavamba—kunongoramba kuri chinetso chakaoma zvikurusa chenzvero dzomuchadenga dzazvino uno.”

Imwe nyaya iri mumagazini inonzi Discover yakagumisa munguva pfupi yapfuura kuti “hakuna nyanzvi yemitumbi yomudenga ine mufungo yaizotaura kuti rondedzero yeBig Bang yakakwana.”

Zvino ngatibudei panze ndokufungisisa runako nechakavanzika chedenga rakazara nenyeredzi.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Bhokisi riri papeji 21]

Daro Rinofambwa Nechiedza Pagore—chiereso Chechisiko Chose

Chisiko chose chakakura kwazvo zvokuti kuchiera mumamaira kana kuti makiromita kwakafanana nokuera daro rokubva kuLondon kuenda kuTokyo nemicrometer. Chiereso chakafanira zvikuru chokuyeresa idaro rinofambwa nechiedza pagore, daro iro chiedza chinofamba pagore, kana kuti makiromita anenge 9 460 000 000 000. Sezvo chiedza chiri chinhu chinomhanya zvikurusa muchisiko chose uye chichida masekondi 1,3 bedzi kufamba kuenda kumwedzi uye anenge maminiti 8 kuenda kuzuva, daro rinofambwa nechiedza pagore raizoratidzika kuva guru zvirokwazvo!