Chisiko Chose Chinotyisa

Chinoshamisa Kwazvo, Bva Chakaisvonaka Kwazvo

NGUVA ino yegore, denga rousiki rinofadza norujeko runenge mabwe anokosha. Kumusorosoro kunofamba Orion huru, inooneka zviri nyore pamadekwana aJanuary kubva kuAnchorage, Alaska, kusvikira kuCape Town, South Africa. Wakambotarira zvakanaka nguva pfupi yapfuura pazvinokosha zvomudenga zvinogona kuwanika mumapoka enyeredzi anozivikanwa zvikuru, akadai seOrion here? Nyanzvi dzemitumbi yomudenga dzakatarira kwete kare kare dzichishandisa Hubble Space Telescope yakagadzirwa nguva pfupi yapfuura.

Kubva panyeredzi nhatu dzebhandi reOrion pakarembera munondo wake. Nyeredzi isina kujeka iri pakati pomunondo haisiri chaizvoizvo nyeredzi zvachose asi Orion Nebula yakakurumbira, chinhu chorunako runoorora kunyange apo chichionekwa netelescope duku. Rubwinyo rwayo rwomudenga, zvisinei, handirwo chakavanzika chekushamisa kwayo nyanzvi dzemitumbi yomudenga dzine unyanzvi.

“Nyanzvi dzemitumbi yomudenga dzinoongorora Orion Nebula nenyeredzi dzayo duku zhinji nemhaka yokuti ndiyo nzvimbo hurusa neinoita basa zvikurusa rokubereka nyeredzi munzvimbo yedu yeGwara Renzou,” anoshuma kudaro Jean-Pierre Caillault mumagazini inonzi Astronomy. Nebula yacho inoratidzika kuva kamuri rokusunungukira rechisiko chose! Apo Hubble telescope yakapikicha Orion Nebula yacho, ichibata udzame hwakanga husati hwatongoonekwa nakare kose, nyanzvi dzemitumbi yomudenga dzakaona kwete nyeredzi chete nemhepo inobwinya asi izvo Caillault anorondedzera se“zvakatenderera zvisina kujeka. Mavara mavara echiedza cheorange. Anofananidzira mavara ezvekudya zvemasikati zvomunhu zvadonhera netsaona papikicha.” Vezvesayenzi vanodavira, zvisinei, kuti panzvimbo pezvikanganiso zvekamuri ine rima rokugadzirira mifananidzo, zvakatenderera izvi zvisina kujeka ma“denderedzwa emhepo ine huruva inotenderera zuva, solar system yokutanga iri kuumbika ichioneka kubva pamadaro anofambwa nechiedza pagore ane 1 500.” Ko nyeredzi—zvirokwazvo, solar system yose—dziri kuberekwa panhambo ino muOrion Nebula here? Nyanzvi dzemitumbi yomudenga zhinji dzinodavira kuti dziri kudaro.

Kubva Mukamuri Yokusunungukira Kuenda Kumakuva Enyeredzi

Sezvo Orion anofamba achienda mberi, uta huri muruoko, anoratidzika kuva anonangana neboka renyeredzi Taurus, handira yacho. Telescope duku icharatidza, pedyo nepamuromo penyanga yehandira yokumaodzanyemba, gwapa rechiedza. Rinonzi Crab Nebula, uye mutelescope huru, kunoratidzika kuva kuputika kuri kupfuurira, sezvinoratidzwa papeji 9. Kana Orion Nebula iri nesari yenyeredzi, ipapo Crab Nebula iri pedyo ingava nzvimbo yamakuva yenyeredzi yakatambura rufu rwamasimba masimba asingafungidziriki.

Ngwavaira iyoyo yokudenga ingave yakanyorwa nenyanzvi dzemitumbi yomudenga dzokuChina idzo dzakarondedzera “Nyeredzi Mweni” muTaurus iyo yakaoneka kamwe kamwe pana July 4, 1054, uye yakapenya zvakajeka kwazvo zvokuti yakaonekwa mukati menguva dzemasikati kwemazuva 23. “Kwevhiki shomanene,” inodaro nyanzvi yemitumbi yomuchadenga Robert Burnham, “nyeredzi yacho yakanga ichipenya nechiedza cheanenge mazuva ane mamiriyoni 400.” Nyanzvi dzemitumbi yomudenga dzinodana kuzviuraya kwenyeredzi kunoshamisa kudaro kuti supernova. Kunyange zvino, chinenge chiuru chamakore pashure pecherechedzo yacho, marangwanda akabva mukuputika ikoko ari kumhanya muchadenga pamwero wokumhanya unofungidzirwa kuva mamiriyoni 80 emakiromita pazuva.

Hubble Space Telescope yave iri pabasa munzvimbo iyiwo, ichidongorera mukatikati mumwoyo menebula nokuwana “udzame muCrab uhwo nyanzvi dzemitumbi yomudenga dzisina kutongokarira,” maererano nemagazini inonzi Astronomy. Nyanzvi yemitumbi yomudenga Paul Scowen inoti kuwana kwacho “kunofanira kuita kuti nyanzvi dzemitumbi yomudenga dzinorondedzera dzikwenye musoro nokuda kwenguva yakati inouya.”

Nyanzvi dzemitumbi yomudenga, dzakadai saRobert Kirshner weHarvard, dzinodavira kuti kunzwisisa zvisaririra zvesupernova zvakadai seCrab Nebula kunokosha nemhaka yokuti zvinogona kushandiswa kuera daro rokuenda kune mamwe makwara enzou, iyo iri nzvimbo yekunzvera kwakadzama zvino uno. Sezvataona, kusabvumirana pamusoro pemadaro okuenda kune mamwe makwara enzou akatanga nhaurirano mhenyu pamusoro perondedzero yabig bang yokusikwa kwechisiko chose.

Seri kweTaurus, asi kuchiri kuonekazve muNorthern Hemisphere mudenga raJanuary rokumadokero, kubwinya kusina kujeka kuri muboka renyeredzi reAndromeda. Kubwinya ikoko igwara renzou reAndromeda, chinhu chiri kuresa chinooneka nemaziso. Zvishamiso zveOrion neTaurus zviri pedyo muchisiko chedu timene chose—mukati mezviuru zvishomanene zvemadaro anofambwa nechiedza pagore zvePasi. Zvino, zvisinei, tinotarira nomuna anofungidzirwa kuva madaro anofambwa nechiedza pagore ane mamiriyoni maviri panyeredzi dzakatenderera kufanana zvikuru negwara renzou redu timene, Milky Way, asi rakatokura zvikuru—anenge madaro anofambwa nechiedza mugore ane 180 000 kubva kumucheto kuenda kumucheto. Sezvaunotarira kubwinya kusina kujeka kweAndromeda, maziso ako anoteyiwa nechiedza chingave chave nemakore anopfuura mamiriyoni maviri!

Mumakore mashoma apfuura Margaret Geller nevamwe vakatanga zvirongwa zvokudisa zvokuwana pane makwara enzou ose akatipoteredza mumativi matatu, uye migumisiro yacho yamutsira rondedzero yabig bang mibvunzo yakakomba. Panzvimbo pokuona kuparadzirwa kwakanaka kwemakwara enzou mumativi ose, vanogadzira mapu dzechisiko chose vakawana “chirukwa chemakwara enzou” mugadziriro yakareba mamiriyoni emadaro anofambwa echiedza mugore. “Marukirwe akaitwa chirukwa ichocho nezvinhu zvinenge zvakafanana zvechisiko chose chichangobva kuberekwa ndemumwe wemibvunzo inonetsa zvikurusa mukunzvera mavambo nechimiro zvechisiko chose,” maererano nomushumo wenguva pfupi yapfuura mumagazini inoremekedzwa inonzi Science.

Tavamba madekwana ano nokutarira kudenga redu remuusiku hwaJanuary ndokuwana nokukurumidza kwete bedzi runako runoturisa befu asiwo mibvunzo nezvakavanzika zvine chokuita nechimiro chimene nemavambo zvechisiko chose. Chakavamba sei? Chakasvika sei padanho racho rachiri zvino rokuoma kunzwisisa? Chii chichaitika kuzvishamiso zvomudenga zvakatipoteredza? Munhu upi noupi anogona kutaura here? Ngationei.

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Dzinoziva Sei Kuti Riri Kure Sei?

Apo nyanzvi dzemitumbi yomuchadenga dzinotiudza kuti gwara renzou rinonzi Andromeda riri kure nemadaro anofambwa nechiedza pagore ane mamiriyoni maviri, vari kutipa chaizvoizvo kufungidzira kwakavakirwa pakufunga kwazvino uno. Hapana munhu ati awana nzira yokuera nayo madaro anotemesa musoro akadaro zvakananga. Madaro okuenda kunyeredzi dziri pedyosa zvikuru, idzo dziri mukati memadaro anofambwa nechiedza pagore anenge 200, anogona kuerwa zvakananga nedaro riri pakati padzo, uko kunobatanidza fundo yokushanda kwemativi matatu. Asi uku kunoshanda bedzi kunyeredzi dziri pedyo kwazvo nepasi zvokuti dzinoratidzika sedziri kufamba zvishomanene sezvo pasi rinotenderera zuva. Nyeredzi zhinjisa, uye makwara enzou ose, zviri kure zvikuru. Padanho iroro kufembera kunovamba. Kunyange nyeredzi dzedu timene dziri pedyo zvikuru, dzakadai senyeredzi huru tsvuku yakakurumbira Betelgeuse iri muOrion, dzinobvira ndedzokufembera, nemadaro ainofungidzirwa anobva pamadaro anofambwa nechiedza pagore ane 300 kusvikira kuanopfuura 1 000. Hakufaniri kutishamisa, naizvozvo, kuwana kusabvumirana pakati penyanzvi dzemitumbi yomudenga pamusoro pemadaro emakwara enzou, ayo akakura zvikuru nekane miriyoni.

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Masupernova, Mapulsars, Uye Mablack Hole

Pakati peCrab Nebula pane chimwe chezvinhu zvechienzi zvikurusa muchisiko chose chinozivikanwa. Maererano nevezvesayenzi, chitunha chiduku chenyeredzi yakafa, yakadukupiswa kusvikira kuuduku husingadaviriki, inotenderera iri muguva rayo ka30 pasekondi, ichitumira mwaranzi yemasaisai enhepfenyuro ayo akatanga kucherechedzwa pasi pano muna 1968. Inonzi pulsar, inorondedzerwa sechisaririra chinotenderera chesupernova chakatsokodzerwa kwazvo zvokuti maelectron nemaproton zviri mumaatom enyeredzi yapakuvamba akatsvikinyidzwa pamwe kuti abudise maneutron. Vezvesayenzi vanoti paichimbova pakati pakuru penyeredzi huru seBetelgeuse kana kuti Rigel iri muOrion. Apo nyeredzi yacho yakaputika uye zvikamu zvokunze zvakaputitsirwa muchadenga, pakati pakadukupa bedzi pakasara, marasha anobwinya anobudisa mwoto muchena, mwoto yayo yenyukireya yakadzima kare kare.

Fungidzira uchitora nyeredzi yakakura semazuva edu maviri ndokuipakira mubhora rakafara makiromita 15 kusvikira ku20! Fungidzira uchitora Pasi ndokuripakira pasi mamita 120. Chidimbu che16 cu cm chechinhu ichi chaizorema anopfuura matani ane mabhiriyoni 16.

Kunyange ikoku hakuratidziki kuva shoko rokupedzisira pamusoro pezvinhu zvakatsikirirwa. Kudai taizodukupisa pasi kusvikira kuukuru hwedombo romupfuri, nzvimbo yesimba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi repasi yaizova yakasimba kwazvo pakupedzisira zvokuti kunyange chiedza chaisagona kupukunyuka. Padanho rino pasi redu duku raizoratidzika kuva rinonyangarikira mukati mechinonzi black hole. Kunyange zvazvo nyanzvi dzemitumbi yomudenga zhinjisa dzichiadavira, mablack hole achiri asati abvumikiswa kuti aripo, uye haaratidziki kuva anooneka kazhinji sezvaifungwa makore mashomanene akapfuura.

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Mavara Iwayo Ndeechokwadi Here?

Vanhu vanonzvera denga netelescope duku vanowanzonzwa kuodzwa mwoyo pakutanga kuwana gwara renzou rakakurumbira kana kuti nebula. Ko mavara akaisvonaka avakaona mumapikicha ari kupi? “Mavara emakwara enzou haagoni kuonekwa zvakananga neziso romunhu, kunyange kupfurikidza netelescope hurusa dziripo,” inodaro nyanzvi yemitumbi yomudenga nemunyori wesayenzi Timothy Ferris, “nokuti chiedza chawo hachina kujeka zvikuru zvokusanyandura zvinoona ruvara zveretina.” Uku kwakaparira vamwe vanhu kugumisa kuti mavara akaisvonaka anoonekwa mumapikicha enyanzvi dzemitumbi yomuchadenga ndeekunyepedzera, anongowedzerwa zvawo nenzira yakati mukugadzira. Uku handiko, zvisinei. “Mavara amene ndeechokwadi,” anonyora kudaro Ferris, “uye mapikicha acho anomirira nhamburiko dzakanakisisa dzenyanzvi dzemitumbi yomudenga dzokuabudisazve zvakarurama.”

Mubhuku rake rinonzi Galaxies, Ferris anotsanangura kuti mapikicha ezvinhu zvisina kujeka zviri kure, zvakadai semakwara enzou kana kuti manebula mazhinjisa, “ndeekuvhura firimu kwenguva yakati anowanwa nokunangidzira telescope pagwara renzou ndokuvhura firimu kwenguva yakareba semaawa anoverengeka apo chiedza chenyeredzi chinonyura mufirimu racho. Mukati menguva iyi gadziriro yokufambisa inotsiva kutenderera kwepasi ndokuchengeta telescope yakanangiswa pagwara renzou racho, nepo nyanzvi yemitumbi yomudenga, kana kuti mune zvimwe zvinoitika gadziriro inotungamirira inoshanda yoga, inoita kururamisa kudukusa.”

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(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

1 Boka renyeredzi reOrion, chiono chakarovedzeka mumatenga aJanuary munyika yose

2 The Orion Nebula, mufananidzo wakatorerwa pedyo zvikuru unokatyamadza we“nyeredzi” isina kunyatsojeka

3 Mukati meOrion Nebula—kamuri rokusunungukira rechisiko chose?

[Kwazvakatorwa]

#2: Astro Photo - Oakview, CA

#3: C. R. O‘Dell/Rice University/NASA photo

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Gwara renzou reAndromeda, chinhu chiri kuresa chinooneka neziso. Mwero wokutenderera kwaro unoratidzika sounoputsa mitemo yaNewton yesimba rinokwevera pasi uye rinomutsa mubvunzo wezvinhu zvitema zvisingaonekwi netelescope

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Astro Photo - Oakview, CA

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 25]

Crab Nebula iri muTaurus—nzvimbo yemakuva yenyeredzi?

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Bill and Sally Fletcher

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Pamusoro: Gwara renzou reCartwheel galaxy. Gwara renzou duku zvikuru rakabonderana naro, rakatatarika nomariri, uye rakasiya munzira maro denderedzwa rebhuruu remabhiriyoni enyeredzi dzakanga dzichangobva kuumbwa dzichitenderedza gwara renzou reCartwheel

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Kirk Borne (ST Scl), neNASA

Pasi: The Cat’s Eye Nebula. Tapuro yenyeredzi mbiri dziri kupotererana inotsanangura nenzira yakapfava zvikurusa gadziriro dzakaoma kunzwisisa

[Kwazvakatorwa]

J. P. Harrington naK. J. Borkowski (University of Maryland), neNASA