Kunzvera Mhuka—Chikomborero Here Kana Kuti Ishurikidzo?
KANA iwe uri pakati pamamirioni mazhinji avanhu vakatanga kufema chifemo choupenyu kunenge kumavambo ezana rino ramakore, ungasanoziva kuti nduramo yako yapfuura zvikurusa kariro dzavabereki vako nachiremba kana kuti muchingi akakusunungusa. Kana wakaberekerwa muUnited States, Canada, kana kuti Europe, nduramo yako mugore ra 1900 yakanga iri anenge makore 47. Mune dzimwe nyika nduramo yaitova yakaderera. Nhasi, munyika zhinji nduramo inopfuura makore 70.
Ripi kana ripi riri zera rako, uri kurarama munguva isingawirirani. Vana sekuru vako kana kuti vanatateguru vakaona miuyo isingadzoreki yezvirwere zvakauraya chizvarwa chavo. Somuenzaniso, nhomba dzakauraya zviuru zvisingaverengeki gore negore uye dzakakuvadza mamwe mamirioni kwoupenyu hwose. Mirakatira yakauraya vazhinji—denda rimwe bedzi rakauraya vanhu vane mamirioni 20 mugore rimwe bedzi (1918-19). Pashure peHondo yeNyika I, denda reinda rakauraya vanhu vana mamirioni matatu muRussia. Matenda einda akaitika mune dzimwe nyika mukati meHondo yeNyika II. Kunokarakadzwa kuti vanhu vane 25 vavane 100 vari vose vakatapurwa mukati menhenda dzeinda vakafa.
Hosha inotyisa inoomesa mitezo yavana, yakazozivikanwa gare gare sehosha inoparirwa noutachiona hunoomesa muzongoza, yakatapudza chiverengero chavagari vapasi chenyika chine vanhu vane 30 000 gore negore uye chakaremadza vamwe vane zviuru, zvikurukuru vana. Kwaiva naavo vamakore ouduku vasina kupukunyuka nhambo yavo yokutanga yokurwara nehosha yetyphoid kana kuti chirwere chinovhara pahuro, biripiri kana kuti gwirikwiti, chikosoro chorutakatiro kana kuti chibayo. Ndaza yacho inoratidzika kuva isingagumi. Nezvevana vane 100 000 vari vose vakaberekwa muna 1915, vanenge 10 000 vakafa vasati vasvika zuva ravo rokutanga rokuberekwa. Mamota omuuropi akanga asingavhiiki. Mano okuvhiya tsinga dzakavhara akanga asingazivikanwi. Vanachiremba vakanga vasina simba rokuponesa vane hosha yemwoyo inoparirwa neropa risina kuringana, uye gomarara rakaparira rufu rwakati kuti.
Pasinei hapo nenhenda dzinouraya dzakaparadzanya nyika chifo chokutanga kwezanari ramakore napamberi paro, nduramo yomunhu nhasi yakawedzera naanenge makore ane 25. Nokudaro, mumativi mazhinji enyika, mwana anoberekwa nhasi ane nduramo yamakore anenge 70.
Muripo Unobhadharwa Kuponesa Upenyu
Sezvineiwo, vechiduku vazhinjisa vanorarama nhasi vakapukunyuka hosha zhinjisa dzinouraya dzakaparira rufu rwenguva isati yasvika rwamadzisekuru avo mazhinji. Asi havangafariri kuziva kuti shamwari zhinji dzine mvere dzomunhu—imbwa, katsi, tsuro, tsoko, uye dzimwe—zvakabairwa musayenzi yezvokurapa ‘kuti vanhu nhasi vagorarama nguva refu uye upenyu huno utano zvikuru,’ uye vezvesayenzi vanokombamira kukutsanangura.
Muuchokwadi hosha dzose dzakabviswa kana kuti dzakadzorwa muzana rino ramakore—hosha inoomesa mitezo yomuviri, hosha inovhara pahuro, mahumunya, gwirikwiti, rubella, nhomba, uye dzimwe—dzakakurirwa kupfurikidza nokunzvera mhuka. Mishonga inotindivadza nemipodza marwadzo, kudyisa nomutsinga uye kurapa, kurapa nemwaranzi yegetsi uye kurapwa nemirimo kwegomarara, kwose kwakaedzwa ndokubvumikisa kuva kunobudirira kutanga pamhuka. Uye ikoku kunongova hakwo kushomanene.
“Hakuna chaizvoizvo kurapa kukurusa kana kuti muitiro wokuvhiya mukurapa kwazvino uno kwaigona kudai kwakaitwa pasina kunzverwa kwemhuka,” yakadaro nyanzvi yegadziriro yetsinga dzokunzwa yakakurumbira, Dr. Robert J. White. “Kushanda nembwa nedzimwe mhuka kwakaparira kuwanwa kwejekiseni reinsulin uye kudzorwa kwehosha yeshuga, kuvhiya mwoyo, muchina unokuchidzira kushanda kwomwoyo uye nzvimbo yose yokuisirwa mwoyo. Hosha inoomesa mitezo yomuviri . . . inenge yakadzurwa chose chose muUnited States kupfurikidza namajekiseni okudzivirira akashandiswa patsoko. Kupfurikidza nokushanda nemhuka, vanzveri vakamutsa mwero wokurapa nokuda kwavana vanooneswa nhamo nehosha yelymphocytic leukemia kubvira pa 4 muzana muna 1965 kusvikira ku 70 muzana nhasi,” chiremba mumwe cheteyo anodaro.
Basa rokunzvera mhuka rinosimbiswa neaichimbova mubetseri werabhorotari Harold Pierson, uyo aishanda pasi paDr. F. C. Robbins paYunivhesiti yeWestern Reserve, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A. Akaudza Mukai! kuti purogiramu yavo yokuwana jekiseni romukanwa rehosha inoomesa mitezo yomuviri yakabatanidza kushandisa itsvo dzetsoko. Tsinga inobva kune itsvo imwe ingashandiswa nokuda kwokuedza kune zviuru. Akatsanangura, kuti: “Tsoko dzaichengetwa mumigariro yakanaka uye nguva dzose dzaiva dzakatindivadzwa apo idzo dzaivhiyiwa. Zvamazvirokwazvo pakanga pasina utsinye hwakakomba. Zvisinei, nokuda kwokuvhiyiwa kwadzo, dzaiva vanyajambwa vokusazvipira voutsinye hwesayenzi.”
Kuvhiyiwa Kwomwoyo Nehosha yaAlzheimer
Somuuyo wakananga wokunzvera mhuka, unyanzvi hutsva hwokuvhiya hwakawanwa hwokuvhiya tsinga dzakavharwa netsvina yecholesterol, nokudaro ndokudzivisa hosha zhinji dzemwoyo—chisakiso chikuru chorufu muMadokero enyika. Kupfurikidza nokutanga kuedza pamhuka, vanachiremba vanodzidza mabvisirwe amamota makurusa murubudiriro muuropi hwomunhu ndokubatanidzazve mitezo yakakuvadzwa—maoko, makumbo, zvanza, uye minwe. Dr. Michael DeBakey, uyo akatanga kuvhiya kunobudirira kwetsinga dzinopinza ropa mumwoyo, akati: “Mubasa rangu rimene rokunzvera kwokurapa, chaizvoizvo chinoitika chiri chose chokutanga mukuvhiya mwoyo chakanga chichivakirwa pakuedza mhuka.”
Pamusoro pehosha yaAlzheimer, Dr. Zaven Khachaturian wapaU.S. National Institute of Aging akati: “Makore masere akapfuura, takanga tisingatongozivi chinhu. Kwave kune vandudziko isingadaviriki mukunzvera kwaAlzheimer nokuda kwomupiro wedu mukunzvera kukuru pamusoro pokushanda kwouropi kudzokera shure kuma 1930.” Ukuru hwebasa hwaibatanidza mhuka, uye chiremba akacherekedza kuti dzine chinhu chikurusa kuenderero mberi inopfuurira.
AIDS Nehosha yaParkinson
Kunzvera kunoisvokosha zvikuru zvino, uye ukwo kuri kuparira vezvesayenzi nenyanzvi dzokudzivirira kusatapurwa nehosha kuti vashande nguva yomuraudzo, ndekwejekiseni rokurwisa hosha inotyisa yeAIDS, iyo dzimwe nyanzvi dzinokarakadza kuti ichauraya vanenge vanhu vane 200 000 pakuzosvika muna 1991 muUnited States moga bedzi. Muna 1985 vezvesayenzi vapaNew England Regional Primate Center vakabudirira mukuparadzanisa utachiona hweSTLV-3 (SAIDS, chimiro chedongonda cheAIDS) mutsoko dzeAsia nomukuhupinza mune dzimwe. Dr. Norman Letvin, nyanzvi yokudzivirira kusatapurwa nehosha paNew England Regional Primate Center, akati: “Zvino sezvo utachiona hwakaparadzaniswa, tine muenzaniso wemhuka umo tinoitira majekiseni etsoko naavanhu. Kunobvira kudzidza zvimwe zvakawanda zvikuru muchiverengero chiduku zvikuru chemhuka mufundo yakadzorwa kupinda zvawaizoita mukucherekedza varwere vavanhu vane mazana veAIDS.”
Vanachiremba vapaYerkes Regional Primate Research Center yeYunivhesiti yeEmory yeAtlanta vaiva vokutanga kuratidzira, kupfurikidza nefundo dzavo patsoko dzeAsia, bviro yokuisira nyama inoburitsa dopamine muuropi sokurapwa kwehosha yaParkinson. Chibviro cha 1985 vanachiremba voruzivo rwetsinga dzokunzwa vave vachivhiya vanhu paChipatara cheYunivhesiti yeEmory. Vanachiremba vanofunga kuti ikoku kungaparira rubudiriro mukuwana mushonga wehoshayo.
Munhu akatendeukira kumhuka mukuronda mhinduro dzemibvunzo inotambudza pamusoro pokuti angavandudza sei uye angatsigira sei, kunyange kwechinguvana, upenyu hwake husina kukwana. Zvisinei, kushandiswa kwemhuka mukunzvera kwokurapa kunomutsa nhau dzine revo dzokuzvibata nedzetsika dzisati dziri nyore kugadzikisa.
[Bhokisi riri papeji 5]
Kunzvera Mhuka—Muitiro Wekare
KUSHANDISWA kwakapararira kwemhuka navanachiremba navezvesayenzi kuti vanzwisise kushanda kwomuviri wavanhu hakuzi kwechienzi kuzana rino rechi 20 ramakore. Mhuka dzave dzichishandiswa mukunzvera kwokurapa kwaanenge makore 2 000. Muzana rechitatu ramakore P.N.V., muAlexandria, Egipita, zvinyorwa zvinoratidzira kuti Erasistratus muzivi uye wezvesayenzi aishandisa mhuka kudzidza kushanda kwomuviri uye akakuwana kuva kunoshanda kuvanhu. Muzana rechina ramakore, Aristotle nyanzvi yechiGiriki akawana kupfurikidza nokufundwa kwemhuka mashoko anokosha pamusoro pokuumbwa nokushanda kwomuviri womunhu. Makore ana mazana mashanu gare gare chiremba wechiGiriki Galen akashandisa maape nenguruve kubvumikisa dzidziso yake yokuti tsinga dzinofambisa ropa panzvimbo pemhepo.