Nguva Yemberi Yorudzidziso Pakurangarirwa Kwenguva Yarwo Yakapfuura
Chikamu 14: 622 N.V. kupfuurira—Kuzviisa Pasi Pokuda kwaMwari
“Pane idzi nhume Isu takakwidziridza dzimwe pamusoro pedzimwe.”—Al-Baqarah (sūrah 2), ndima 253, yomuQur’āna
VANHU vanodavira muna Mwari ana masimba ose, ano rudo vanoziva uchenjeri hwokuzviisa pasi pokuda kwake. Vanonzwisisa nhungamiro yaakavagovera kupfurikidza nenhume dzakaronzeswa zivo youmwari. Dzimwe dzeidzi nhume dzinozivikanwa naanopfuura rimwe amarudzidziso makuru enyika. Somuenzaniso, kusvikira kuvateveri vana mamirioni ane 800 vechiIslam vanorangarira Adhama, Noa, Abrahama, Mosesi, Dhavhidhi, uye Jesu savanhu vechiJudha nechiKristu savaporofita vakuru vaMwari. Bva wechinomwe, ivo vanodavira, kuti akakwidziridzirwa pamusoro pedzimwe nhume—muporofita Muḥammad.
Zita rokuti Islam rine revo, zvarinoratidzira kuzviisa pasi kana kuti kutera—muna aya mashoko akapoteredza, kumutemo uye kukuda kwaAllah. Munhu anoita uku kuzviisa pasi kana kuti kutera anonzi mu“Muslim,” shoko rechipauro rokushingaira reshoko rokuti islam. Uyo vaMuslim vanofanira kuzviisa pasi pake ndiAllah. Richirangarirwa sezita rake amene, Allah chimiro chedimuriro yaAl-Ilah, mashoko echiArab anoreva kuti “Mwari.” Zitaro rinooneka muQur’ān kane 2 700.
Muporofita Mukurusa wechiIslam
Muḥammad bin Abdullah (mwanakomana waAbdullah), mutangi wechiIslam, akaberekerwa muMecca, Saudi Arabia, munenge mugore ra 570 N.V. Akanga asingagutsikani nezvitendero netsika zvomunzvimbomo zvokudavira muna vamwari vazhinji. Sezvinooneka haana kurangarira kuda chiJudha kana kuti chiKristuwo. H. M. Baagil, munyori wechiMuslim, anorondedzera, kuti: “Nokuti chiKristu chakanga chatsaukira kure kure nedzidziso dzapakuvamba dzaJesu, Allah ipapo akatumwa sorutivi rwerongedzero Yake yapakuvamba Muporofita Wake wokupedzisira, Muhammad, somumutsiridzi wokudzorera chinjo idzi dzose.”
Muḥammad akapa tsika nemiitiro chimiro chechiArab. Jerusarema netembere yaro zvakatsiviwa neMecca netembere tsvene yaro, Kaaba. Chitanhatu chavaJudha neSvondo ramaKristu zvakatsiviwa neChishanu sezuva romunyengetero wavose. Uye panzvimbo paMosesi kana kuti zvimwe Jesu, Muḥammad zvino akazova anorangarirwa navaMuslim somuporofita mukurusa waMwari.
Paakanga ava naanenge makore 40, Muḥammad akazivisa kuti akanga adanwa kuva nhume yaMwari. Pakutanga akagoverana zvitendero zvake nehama dzake dzokunyama neshamwari, pashoma napashoma achiwedzera boka ravateveri. Mavambo chaiwoiwo enhambo yechiIslam akanga ari muna 622 N.V., apo iye akatamira kuMecca kuMedina, chinoitika chinonzi hijrah, shoko rechiArab rokuti “kutama.” Nokudaro, misi yechiMuslim inopiwa saA.H. (Anno Hegirae, gore rokutiza).
Muḥammad akaedza kuyananisa vaJudha muMedina norudzidziso rwake rwutsva nebasa rake somuporofita. Asi pesvedzero yakakundikana. Vakamushora uye vakapangana navavengi vake mose muri muviri muMecca nomuMedina. Mukufambira mberi kwenguva mapoka makuru avaJudha akatandirwa kunze, uye dzinza rimwe, Qurayẓah, rakaparadzwa kupfurikidza nokuuraya varume vawo uye kuisa muuranda vakadzi navana.
Pakupedzisira, Mecca rakatorwa murugare muna 8 A.H. (630 N.V.), sezvakaitwa rutivi rukurusa rwePeninsula yeArabia. Makumi amakore mashomanene pashure porufu rwaMuḥammad, kuitirana nharo pamusoro porubudiriro kwakaparira gakava guru renzanga zvokuti, mukudavidza, nzanga yakagamuchira chinenge chimiro chinotsinhiranisa kumapoka nepfungwa zvisiri zvechiIslam.
Inopfuura Kungovawo Zvayo Rudzidziso
ChiIslam inzira yakakwana youpenyu, inobatanidza Hurumende, mitemo yayo, masangano ayo amagariro avanhu, uye tsika dzayo, nokudaro harusati ruchingovawo zvarwo rudzidziso. Ikoku kunotsanangura chikonzero nei bhuku rinonzi Early Islam richireva kuti kwamakore anopfuura 600, “chiIslam chakanga chiri rudzidziso runoisvodenha rwenyika, simba racho rakasimba zvikurusa rezvamatongerwe enyika uye tsika yarwo inoisvokosha zvikuru.”
Zvamazvirokwazvo, mukati mezana ramakore pashure porufu rwaMuḥammad, umambo hwechiArab, hukuru zvikuru kupfuura Umambo hweRoma pakukwirira kwahwo, huchivambira India hwakatambanuka huchiyambukira kuChamhembe kweAfrica kusvikira kuSpain, huchibetsera kutumira zviitwa zvakapfumisa pepuko yokuMadokero. Hwakaita betsero dzakatanhamara mune zvemitemo, masvomu, ruzivo rwenyeredzi, nhau, mabhuku, ruzivo rwomugariro wapasi, uzivi, ruzivo rwechimiro chokuvakwa kwedzimba, mishonga, nziyo dzamarimba, nesayenzi yamagariro avanhu.
Senyeredzi Inowa Inokurumidza Kupedzwa
“Kukurira kweArab kwakanga kuri chibereko chakananga chokuparidzira kwaMuhammad,” rinodaro The Collins Atlas of World History. Chokwadi, zvimwe zvikonzero zvakatsigirawo futunuko yechiIslam. Somuenzaniso, rwisano dzorudzidziso pakati pamaKristu eByzantium navaZoroastria vePersia dzakavapofumadzira vose vari vaviri kuenderero mberi yavaArab.
Kuvavarira kuva noumambo hunobatanidza pamwe chete hunosvika kure kupfurikidza norudzidziso kwakanga kusati kuri chinhu chitsva. Asi “vaMoslem vakapwiswa kuti ivo vaiva nokutaurwa kwokupedzisira uye kusingapokanidzwi kwezvokwadi kuri muKoran,” anotsanangura kudaro munyori Desmond Stewart. Vakava vanovarairwa, “vachidavira kuti kwose kwakanga kwakafanirwa nokuzivikanwa kwakanga kuchitozivikanwa, uye kuti pfungwa dzavasiri vaMoslem dzakanga dzisingakoshi.” Chinjo dzai“dziviswa nechisimba.”
Naizvozvo, pakuzosvika muzana ramakore rechi 11, umambo hwakanga hwatova mukuderera. Stewart anohufananidzira ne“nyeredzi inomhanya ichigura denga rousiku iyo . . . ine simba [rayo] rinozvipedza rimene nokukurumidza.” Nokudaro, urwu rudzidziso, urwo rwakavamba pfungwa youhama ndokugovera nzira iri nyore zvikuru yokusvika nayo Mwari kwomunhu oga, zvamazvirokwazvo yakabetsera kuderedza umambo humene hwarwakanga rwabetsera kuita. Sezvo kumuka kwahwo kwakakurumidza, saizvozvowo kuputsika kwahwo kwakakurumidza. Umambo hwakanga hwafa, asi rudzidziso rwahwo rwakapfuurira kuvapo.b
Kuzviisa pasi kwechokwadi kunobatanidza kuteerera Mwari, mitemo yake, uye vamiriri vake. Muḥammad akabudirira mukubatanidza ndudzi dzechiArab muArabia, achitanga nzanga yechiIslam (Ummah) yakavakirwa paari uye Qurʹān. Rwakanga rwuri rudzidziso rwehurumende umo kuzviisa pasi kwaibetsera mukuita hama dzive mukudzora kwomutungamiriri mumwe. ChiIslam chakabvumira kushandiswa kwomunondo mukurwisa vavengi vendudzi dzechiArab. Uyu munondo wakabetsera kufutunura umambo hwavo norudzidziso rwavo. Apo Muḥammad akafa, misiano yamasimba masimba yakamuka. Muchinoitika chokutanga iyi yaiva yezvamatongerwe enyika, ichimuka mupanikiro yokusarudza Khalifah, mutungamiriri. Yakasunda vazhinji kuvhomora minondo yavo kuti varwise hama dzavo. Kubatana kworudzidziso nehurumende kwakabatira kukamuranisa nzanga. “Kuzviisa pasi” hakusati kwaigona kubatanidza vanhu mukudzora kwomutungamiriri mumwe.
Gamuchidzanwa rinoti Muḥammad iye amene akadeya kuona masekete 72 okutenda kusiri chaiko echiIslam anotanga. Asi nhasi zvimwe zviremera zvinotaura nezvamazana anoverengeka.
Zvikamu zviviri zvikuru iShia neSunni. Zvisinei, chimwe nechimwe chine zvikamu zviduku zvisingaverengeki. PavaMuslim vane 100 vari vose, vanenge 83 vaSunni uye vanenge 15 vaShiite. Vamwe ndevamapoka akasiana-siana amasekete amarudzi akasiana seDruze, vaBlack Muslim, navaAbangan veIndonesia, avo vanovhenganisa chiIslam nechiBuddha, chiHindu, uye marudzidziso omunzvimbomo.
Rutivi rwavoruzhinji vechiShiite nderwechitendero charo chokuti rudzidziso neQur’ān zvine revo dzakavanzika, kana kuti dzakavandika. Asi mutsaukano wamapoka wakamuka chaizvoizvo pamusoro pepanikiro yokutevedzana uko iyo kukamukana kwavaShiite yakamutsa chaizvoizvo. VaShiite (shoko rinoreva kuti “vatsauki,” mukureva nezva“vatsauki va‛Alī”) vanoomerera kudzidziso inonzi maruramiro enhaka youmambo, vanotaura kuti maruramiro oubati ushe anoganhurirwa kuna ‛Alī, hama uye mukuwasha waMuḥammad, uye kuvazukuru va‛Alī.’
‛Alī navazukuru vake vaiva vaimam, vatungamiriri vane chiremera chaichoicho chomudzimu. Pane kusabvumirana pamusoro pokuti vaimam vangani ikoko, asi boka gurusa reShiite, vanonzi iTwelver Shia, vanodavira kuti kwave kune 12. Muna 878 N.V. muimam wechi 12 aka“vanzika,” ndiko kuti, akatsakatika pashure pokunge avimbisa kuti aizodzoka pakuguma kwenyika kuzogadza hurumende yechiIslam yeruramisiro.
VaMuslim veShiite vanochengeta gore negore kufira kutendeka kwaḤusayn, muzukuru waMuḥammad. Anotsinhira kudaro munyori Rahman, kuti: “Adyiswa kubvira pauhwana mitemo yakadaro inomirira yeichi chinoitika, muMuslim weShī‘ī ane bviro yokunzwa pfungwa yakadzama yengwavaira nokusaruramisira kunoparirwa nepfungwa yokufira kutendeka.”
Ufakazi Hwokusanzwana Here?
“Kupinzwa kwouzivi nokuva nomufungo kwechiGiriki muzana ramakore rechipfumbamwe,” rinotsinhira kudaro The Columbia History of the World, “kwakamutsa uzivi (falsafa) hwechiIslam hworuwa hwakanga hune simba rinobatanidza zvizhinji pachimiro chokuva nomufungo noruzivo rwoumwari chechiIslam. . . . Nokupfuura kwenguva chiIslam icho chimene, sorudzidziso nenzira youpenyu, chakapinda muchinjo hurusa dzinotapura chinzwano chacho.”
Somuenzaniso, chiSufi, shoko rokuMadokero rechakavanzika chechiIslam, chakaoneka muzana ramakore rechisere nerechipfumbamwe uye nokukurumidza chakakura kuva sangano gurusa rorudzidziso. Pakuzosvika muzana ramakore rechi 12, mirairo yechiSufi, kana kuti uhama, yakanga yapararira. Nzanga dzeSufi dzinenge dzakavamba kudzikatidza musikiti muukoshi. Miitiro yaiwanwa muchiSufi yaibatanidza kubatwa nechiyeverwa chinoparirwa nemitoo yokufungisisa kana kuti yokudzana kwoupengo, kudetemberwa kwamadetembo, kudavira manenji, uye kunamatwa kwavatsvene.
ZviSufi zvaiumbwa netsika dzomunzvimbomo nezvitendero. VaTurk vaichengeta miitiro yavo yechishamanism, Vatema vaichengeta vanhu vezvemishonga, maIndia aichengeta chiHindu chao uye vatsvene navamwari vapamberi pechiHindu, uye vaIndonesia—sokurondedzera kunoita The New Encyclopædia Britannica—“murangariro [wavo] wenyika wapamberi pechiIslāmic munyasi mechifukidziro chemiitiro yechiIslāmic.”
Sangano rakatanhamara resekete romunguva yazvino uno zvikuru nderorudzidziso rweBaha’i rwakatsauka muchiIslam cheShiite muIran yapakati pezana ramakore rechi 19. Rimwe nderesekete yeSunni rinonzi Aḥmadīyah, rakavamba muIndia yazvino uno yomuzana ramakore rechi 19, apo Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, muporofita akazvizivisa amene, akanyepedzera kuva mufananidzo waMuḥammad, Jesu akadzokera, uye kuberekwa patsva kwaHindu Krishna. Akadzidzisa kuti Jesu, pashure pokupukunyuka rufu paGorogota, akatizira kuIndia, uko akaramba achishingaira kutozosvikira parufu rwake pana 120.
Mutsinhiro dzake pamusoro peQur’ān, munyori wechiMuslim S. Abul A‛la Maududi anoti: “Panguva yokuzivikanwa kwaAl-Baqarah [sūrah yanokorwa mashoko pakutanga kweiyi nyaya], marudzi ose avanyengeri akanga avamba kuoneka.” Iwawa aibatanidza “munāfiqīn (vanyengeri) vava‘Muslim,’ . . . vakanga vachipwiswa mundangariro nezvezvokwadi yechiIslam asi havana kuva noushingi hwakakwana hwokurega magamuchidzanwa avo ekare.”
Naizvozvo kubvira pakutanga pamene, vateveri vazhinji sezvinooneka vakakundikana kuzviisa pasi paAllah nenzira iyo Muḥammad airangarira nayo. Asi vamwe vakaita kudaro. Kudzivisa denho yavakaratidzira, chiKristudhomu chakanga chisiri chitsvene kuti chirege “Kutendeukira Kumunondo,” sezvicharondedzerwa munyaya yedu inotevera muchinyorwa chino.
[Mashoko Omuzasi]
a “Qur’ān” (iyo inoreva kuti “kuziva nomusoro”) ndiwo manyorerwe anodiwa navanyori vechiMuslim uye awo tichashandisa muno panzvimbo pechimiro chokuMadokero che“Koran.”
b Murangariro wakarovedzeka wokuti Islam rudzidziso chairwoirwo rwechiArab hauna kururama. Vazhinji vavaMuslim vanhasi havasati vari vaArab. Indonesia, nyika yakaisvokurumbira yechiMuslim, ine vateveri vana mamirioni 150.
[Bhokisi riri papeji 24]
Kukubetsera Kunzwisisa Zviri Nani Zvikuru chiIslam
Mbiru Shanu dzechiIslam dzinoda kuti vaMuslim kanenge kamwe vabvume pamhene kutenda kunozivikanwa seShahādah—“Hakuna mwari kunze kwaMwari; Muḥammad ndiye muporofita waMwari”; kutaura minyengetero kashanu pazuva; kuripira zakat, mutero unosungirwa, zvino unowanzounganidzwa pahwaro hwokuzvidira; kutsanya pakubuda kwezuva kusvikira kukunyura kwezuva mukati momwedzi wechipfumbamwe, Ramadan; uye kanenge kamwe, kana uchikwanisa mune zvemari, kuita hajj (rwendo rwokuenda kunzvimbo inoyera) kuenda kuMecca.
“Jihad” (“hondo tsvene” kana “parapatiko inoyera”) inorangarirwa sembiru yechitanhatu nesekete reKhariji asi kwete navaMuslim vose zvavo. Donzo rayo, inodaro The New Encyclopædia Britannica, “harisiri kutendeukira kwavanhu kuchiIslām asi panzvimbo pakwo kuwanwa kwoudzori pane zvamatongerwe enyika pazvinhu zviri pamwe chete zvenzanga kuti zviitwe mukuwirirana nenheyo dzechiIslām.” Qur’ān inobvumira nokuda kwe“hondo tsvene” yakadaro, ichiti: “Hausati uchizouraya munhu upi noupi uyo Allah akakurambidza kuuraya, kusiya bedzi nokuda kwenzira yakarurama.”—Sūrah 17:33.
Manyuko makuru edzidziso yechiIslam nomutemo iQur’ān, yakanyorwa kweinopfuura nhambo yaanenge makore makumi maviri namashanu; sunnah (magamuchidzanwa); ijmāʽ (bvumirano yavose yenzanga); uye qiyās (mufungo womunhu oga). Bumbiro remitemo rechiIslam, Sharī‘ah, rinobata noupenyu hwose hworudzidziso, hwezvamatongerwe enyika, hwamagariro avanhu, hwavanhu vomumba, uye hwomunhu oga hwavaMuslim, vakarongwa munhevedzano mukuwirirana netsika mukati mezana ramakore rechisere nerechipfumbamwe N.V.
Mecca, Medina, uye Jerusarema, munhevedzano iyeyo, inzvimbo nhatu dzinoisvoyera dzechiIslam: Mecca nokuda kwenzvimbo tsvene yaro yeKaaba, iyo gamuchidzanwa rinoti Abrahama akavaka; Medina, apo musikiti waMuḥammad uri; uye Jerusarema nokuti, gamuchidzanwa rinoti Muḥammad akakwira mudenga achibva ipapo.
[Mepu/Mifananidzo iri papeji 25]
(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)
Umambo hwechiIslam sezvahwaiva pakukwirira kwahwo