Nguva Yemberi Yorudzidziso Pakurangarirwa Kwenguva Yarwo Yakapfuura

Chikamu 6: 1513 P.N.V. Zvichingodaro—Mabhuku Orudzidziso Anotengwa Zvikurusa

“Rudzidziso rwedu rwuri mubhuku.”—Samuel Johnson, murongi wenhau nowezvenhetembwa womuzana ramakore rechi 18

RUDZIDZISO rwuri rwose rukuru rune bhuku rarwo kana kuti mabhuku. Kunyange iwo anga“siana zvikuru muchimiro, muukuru, zera, uye mwero woutsvene,” rinodaro The New Encyclopædia Britannica, “ruvara rwawo rwakafanana ndorwokuti mashoko awo anorangarirwa savazvipiri samatsvene.” Kuvapo kumene kwamabhuku mazhinjisa zvikuru matsvene kunobvumikisa makuri kumene kuti vanhu mumuitirwo ndevorudzidziso zvikurukuru.

Bhaibheri (rechiKristu), Koran (rechiIslam), Talmud (rechiJudha), Vedas (yechiHindu), uye Tripitaka (yechiBuddha) manyoro makuru matsvene amarudzidziso makuru.a

Mamwe mabhuku, kunyange asingazivikanwi namarudzidziso api naapi akarongwa samabhuku avo makuru matsvene, kunyanguvezvo ndeerudzidziso muchimiro. Ikoko kwakadaro nezveKojiki neNihongi, mabhuku aya kwamazana amakore akava netapuro huru paupenyu hwamaJapan napavaShinto. Upenyu hwamaChina hwakapesvedzerwa nenzira yakafanana naManyoro ane 13 aConfucius. Apashure anovakirwa padzidziso dzaConfucius, muremekedzwi weChina uyo akanga asati atombova namakore gumi namatatu apo Bhabhironi rakawira kuva Medhia navaPersia muna 539 P.N.V. Bhuku guru rehwaro raConfucius, Analects (Lun yü), rinotaurwa kuva rina mashoko aConfucius iye amene mumaganhuro aro ane 496.

Pamisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikuru manyoro orudzidziso akasvika chinhu chitsvene. Mamwe anorangarirwa sewedzero dziri madikanwa kumagwaro anogamuchirwa. Mitezo yeChurch of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, somuenzaniso, inodavira kuti Bhuku reMormon rakanyorwa pamahwendefa endarama nomuporofita ainzi Mormon; kuti gare gare rakavigwa nomwanakomana wake Moroni; uye kuti makore ane 1 400 gare gare, mukati mehafu yokutanga yezana ramakore rechi 19, rakawanwa nengirozi ndokupiwa kuna Joseph Smith, uyo akarishandura.

Bhuku rinonzi Science and Health With Key to the Scriptures, rakanyorwa naMary Baker Eddy, rakabudiswa pakutanga muna 1875 seScience and Health, rinorangarirwa nomutoo mumwe chetewo. Kwamakore iye akashora kuita kuti bhuku rake rishandurirwe mune mimwe mitauro asi pakupedzisira akava munyoro, achitaura, kuti: “Ichi chinyorwa chitsva chichatsikirirwa mapeji echiNgezi neechiGermany mukutevedzana, rumwe rutivi runofanira kuva neshanduro yechiNgezi yakafuridzirwa nomutoo woumwari ichava mupimo, kuno rumwe rutivi rugwaro rwechiGermany ruchashandurwa.”—Kutsveyamiswa kwamashoko ndokwedu.

Kunyange mabhuku asati ari orudzidziso akasimudzirwa kuchimiro chamagwaro matsvene. Mune iri bhuku mune manyoro omuzana ramakore rechi 19 nerechi 20 avanhu vakadai saCharles Darwin, Karl Marx, naMao Tse-tung, avo vane pfungwa pamusoro pemhindumupindu nechikomonizimu dzinotsigirwa murudzidziso namamirioni avanhu.

Kuronga Manyoro Matsvene

Manyoro matsvene mazhinjisa apfuudzwa neshoko romuromo, dzimwe nguva kwamazana amakore. Asi zvikuru, panguva imwe cheteyo, kwairangarirwa kuva kuri madikanwa kusarudza mativi amashoko akaunganidzwa—kupfurikidza nomuromo kana kuti nokunyora—aizobatira samanyoro matsvene apamutemo porudzidziso rwakati kuti. Shoko rokuti “manyoro matsvene” rinorondedzerwa so“muunganidzwa kana kuti ndaza yakabvumirwa yamabhuku anogamuchirwa samagwaro matsvene.”

Kuumba magwaro matsvene akafanana kwakanga kusati kuri nyore, paimwe nguva kusingatongobviri. Somuenzaniso, The Encyclopedia of Religion inoidza mabhuku echiBuddha kuva akasiana pakati pamagwaro enyika nemhaka yokuti kune chiverengero chakati kuti chamanyoro matsvene. Rinoti: “Miunganidzwa yamagwaro inosiana kuno umwe noumwe munzira huru, uye kune magwaro mashomanene anogona kuwanwa mugamuchidzanwa riri rose.” Iyi nhungamiro yakaparira kuitwa kwamapoka amasekete uye muicho nhau inoidza kuti “Zvikoro Zvine Gumi Nezvisere” zvomufungo wechiBuddha.

Kuno rumwe rutivi, chiHindu chinotsauranisa pakati pamanyoro matsvene anogamuchirwa namamwe manyoro anopiwa chimiro chisina kukwana. Boka irero ramanyoro matsvene echiHindu rinonzi Sruti, kureva kuti “kudzidza kupfurikidza nokunzwa,” rinoreva nezvewadzanyuro yapakuvamba uye inobatanidza Vedas neUpanishads. Smrti, kureva kuti “muunganidzwa,” inokwanirisa Sruti, ichiitsanangura nokukudziridza pairi. Naizvozvo Smrti inorangarirwa kuva iri munzvimbo yechipiri, rutivi rwamanyoro matsvene, kunyange zvazvo muuchokwadi vaHindu vachiwana zvizhinjisa zvezvavanoziva pamusoro porudzidziso rwavo kubva mairi.

MaKristu okuedzesera ane chinetso mukuronga mabhuku matsvene eBhaibheri. Chechi yeRoma Katurike namachechi okuMadokera neeOrthodox okuMabvazuva anorangarira mamwe kana kuti manyoro ose ewedzero ane 13 samanyoro asingawaniki muchiHebheru, kureva kuti “magwaro echipiri (kana kuti apashure) samanyoro matsvene.” VaPurotesitendi vanoaidza kuti asakatsarukana, uko pakuvamba-vamba aireva kuti “akasanovanzwa” nemhaka yokuti akanga asingaraviwi pamhene asi nhasi anoratidzira kuti huchokwadi hwao hunopanikirwa. James H. Charlesworth wePrinceton Theological Seminary anoti: “Apo manyoro matsvene amagwaro akapfigwa, pakutanga nezviremera zvechiJudha uye tevere zvamaKristu, aya manyoro haana kubatanidzwa, uye nokukurumidza akavamba kurashikirwa nepesvedzero yawo noukoshi.” Dare reTrent harina kuzivisa rutivi rwawo rwamanyoro matsvene eBhaibheri kutozosvikira muna 1546.

“Wat schrifft, blifft”

Ichi chirevo chenhetembwa cheGermany yeZasi, chinoreva kuti “chakanyorwa chinogara narini,” chinoratidzira mhosho yokupfuudzira mashoko nomuromo. Udzame hunokosha hungakanganika; chinjo duku dzingawedzera zvikarakadzo zvisina kurangarirwa pakuvamba-vamba. Nokudaro, kunooneka kuti pamabhuku ose matsvene, Bhaibheri rakanga riri rimwe raokutanga kuva rakanyorwa. Chokwadi, Mosesi akapedza chikamu charo chokutanga muna 1513 P.N.V.

Mukusiana, mukuwirirana neThe Encyclopedia of Religion, maUpanishad, futunuko yamaVeda rinovambira muzana ramakore rechisere kusvikira kune rechina P.N.V. uye akarongwa muSanskrit, “akatanga kunyorwa mu 1656 N.V.” Asika iyoyi yakanga isati iri nhau yeregeredzo. Pakanga pakarongwa. Will Durant wezvenhau anotsanangura, kuti: “MaVeda nenhetembwa zvaiva nzira dzakakura pamwe chete nezvizvarwa zvaavo vaidzidetembera; dzakanga dzisina kuitirwa kuona asi kunzwiwa.”

Vamwe vaHindu navaBuddha vachikutaura kuti kutaurwa bedzi kwamagwaro kuanopa revo huru noukoshi. Vanosimbisa zvikuru pamusoro pamamantra, mashoko akarongerwa kutaura anotaurwa kunzi ane masimba omuzvarirwo oruponeso. The New Encyclopædia Britannica inoti “kupfurikidza nokududza mantra nomutoo wakarurama kunodavirwa kuti munhu angaparira kana kuti angasakisa vamwari kupa muzvipiri masimba amashiripiti noomudzimu asati aizowanikwa kwaari neimwe nzira.”

Ishoko Raani, Uye Nokuda Kwavangani?

Handi magwaro matsvene ose anokambira kuva akanyorwa nomutoo woumwari kana kuti anokumbira anoparadzirwa ndokuitwa kuti ave anowanika kuvanhu vose. Somuenzaniso, maUpanishad amaHindu (kureva kuti “kugara pedyo”) akazova anonzarwo nemhaka yokuti vadzidzisi vorudzidziso vakanga vakarovedza kudururira dzidziso dzakavanzika kuvadzidzisi vavo vari nani zvikurusa navanodiwa, kuna avo “vanogara pedyo.” “Shoko rokuti upaniṣad nokudaro rinorondedzera chinhu chakavanzika,” rinotsanangura kudaro bhuku rinonzi The Encyclopedia of Religion, richiwedzera, kuti: “Chokwadi, maUpaniṣad anorondedzera zvakajeka kuti zvidzidzo zvakadaro hazvizati zvichiitirwa chiverengero chose . . . [asi] zvaizonzwiwa bedzi nenzeve dzakasarudzwa.”

Nenzira yakafanana, Koran yechiArab yakarangarirwa naMuhammad kuva bhuku rakaitirwa bedzi bedzi vaArab. Ikoku kwakanga kuri kwechokwadi pasinei hapo nokuti uyo anomirirwa saanotaura Mwari iye amene chaiyeiye, Musiki wavanhu vose. Kushandurira Koran mune mimwe mitauro kunorangarirwa kuva kusina kukodzera; naizvozvo, rugwaro bedzi rwechiArab runogona kutaurwa nomusoro ndokushandiswa nokuda kwamadonzo omuitiro. Ikoku kungayeuchidza vamwe Vakaturike kuti Dare reChipiri reVatican, rakaitwa muma 1960, chiLatin bedzi ndicho chaigona kushandiswa mumiitiro yechiRoma Katurike.

Bhaibheri, kuno rumwe rutivi, rinojekesa kuti shoko raro harizati richifanira kuganhurirwa kuboka rimwe ripi neripi. Ikoku kuri kuwirirana nokutaura kuti harizati riri “shoko ravanhu, asi . . . ishoko raMwari.” (1 VaTesaronika 2:13) Vazivisi varo vanovavarira kurigovera kwakafara, vachirangarira kuti munhu ari wose ave namaruramiro akakwana okubetserekana neshoko rouchenjeri roMusiki wake. Naizvozvo pakuzosvika pamugumo wa 1987, rakanga rashandurwa, munenge murutivi, mumitauro 1 884 kana kuti mitauro miduku. Muna 1977 bhuku rinonzi The Book of Lists rakakarakadza paradziro yeBhaibheri kuva makopi ana mamirioni 2 458, zvisinei, richiti, mamirioni ane 3 000 sezvingabvira angava akarurama zvikuru.

Marudzidziso—Anotongwa Namabhuku Awo

Muna 1933 muzivi wechiNgezi Alfred Whitehead akanyora, kuti: “Hakuna rudzidziso runogona kurangarirwa rwoga bedzi kunze kwavateveri varwo.” Nomutoo unowirirana, pahwaro hworudzi rwavanhu varunobereka, rudzidziso runogona kutongwa sorwechokwadi kana kuti sorwenhema, rwakanaka kana kuti rwakashata. Uye, chokwadi, magwaro matsvene arunonyepedzera kuva runotevera—kutambanuko iyo inoshandisa dzidziso dzawo—ane chokuita zvikuru nokuumba vadaviri varwo mukuva zvavari.

Magwaro matsvene anofanira kupa nhungamiro. Iwo anofanira—sezvo Bhaibheri richikuratidzira—kuva “anobetsera nokuda kwokudzidzisa, nokuda kwokutsiura, nokuda kwokururamisa zvinhu, nokuda kwokuranga mukururama,” achibetsera vanhu kuva “vanokwaniswa zvizere, vanoshongedzerwa zvakakwana nokuda kwebasa riri rose rakanaka.”—2 Timotio 3:16, 17.

Mabhuku anotengwa zvikuru orudzidziso akadini kana achienzaniswa neBhaibheri? Somuenzaniso, manyoro matsvene echiHindu neechiBuddha akashongedzera varavi vawo kuti agonane nezvinetso zvoupenyu kusvikira kutambanuko yakadini? Kuti tigowana, tinofanira kutendeukira kuIndia, iyo wezvenhau Durant anoti pamusoro payo: “Hakuna imwe nyika uko rudzidziso rune simba zvikuru, kana kuti runokosha zvikuru.” Muchinyorwa chedu chaMukai! No. 2, muchava nenyaya mbiri dzinobata neiyi nyaya inofadza, yokutanga ine Musoro unoti “ChiHundu—Zita Rako ndiRuregerero.”

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

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Chinorehwa Namazita Avo

CHIBUDDHA: Tripitaka, rinobva mune rechiSanskrit nokuda kwe“tswanda nhatu [miunganidzwa]”

CHIKRISTU: Bhaibheri, rinobva muchiGiriki nokuda “kwamabhuku maduku”

CHICONFUCIAN: Lun yü, chiChina nokuda kwe“kokorodzano”

CHIHINDU: Veda, rinobva muSanskrit nokuda kwe“zivo”

CHIISLAM: Koran, rinobva mune rechiArab nokuda kwo“kurava, kuziva nomusoro”

CHIJUDHA: Talmud, rinobva muchiHebheru nokuda kwe“fundo, dzidzo”

CHISHINTŌ: Kojiki neNihongi, chiJapan nokuda kwe“zvinyorwa zvenhau dzekare” uye “zvinyorwa zvezvinoitika zveJapan”

CHITAO: Tao-te Ching, chiChina nokuda kwe“nhau dzekare dzenzira yesimba”

CHIZOROATRIAN: Avesta, wakadudzwa pashure pechiAvestan, mutauro wakafa wechiIran wawakanyorwa machiri

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Makurire Aakaita Mumwero

Mamwe mabhuku anotengwa zvikurusa orudzidziso marefu zvikurusa. Musiano mukuru iKoran, iro rinenge rine ukuru hwechikamu chechina cheBhaibheri. Muunganidzwa mumwe bedzi wamabhuku matsvene echiHindu, unonzi maSamhita, unorangarirwa kuva unopfuura dzidziso yamashoko ane mirioni imwe. Mukuenzanisira, King James Version ine ndima 31 173 bedzi. Uye nepo King James ine mashoko ane 773 746, Talmud yeBhabhironi ine mamirioni 2,5. Kunyange rine mavhoriyamu akawanda, manyoro matsvene echiChina echiBuddha anotaurwa kuva anofukidza anenge mapeji akatsikirirwa ane chiuru chimwe.

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Bhaibheri neKoran ndiwo ari pakati pamabhuku anotengwa zvikurusa orudzidziso