Mamishinari Aisvika Kure Zvakadini Nechokumabvazuva?

ASINGASVIKI makore 30 Jesu afa, muapostora Pauro akanyora kuti mashoko akanaka akanga ari kuparidzirwa “zvisikwa zvose” zvaiva pasi pedenga. (VaKorose 1:23) Mashoko ake akanga asiri kureva kuti munhu wose airarama panguva iyoyo akanga anzwa mashoko akanaka. Kunyange zvakadaro, zvairehwa naPauro zvakajeka: Mamishinari echiKristu aiparidzira chaizvo munzvimbo dzaaiziva panguva iyoyo.

Saka vaisvika kure zvakadini? Magwaro anorondedzera kuti ngarava dzezvokutengeserana dzakabatsira Pauro kuti aparidzire kuItari yaiva kumadokero. Mumishinari aiva akashinga uyu aidawo kuparidzira kuSpeini.—Mabasa 27:1; 28:30, 31; VaRoma 15:28.

Zvisinei, zvakadini nokumabvazuva? Vaparidzi vemashoko akanaka vechiKristu vaisvika kure zvakadini? Hatinyatsozivi nokuti Bhaibheri harina zvarinotaura nezvazvo. Zvisinei, ungashamisika kuziva kuti vezvokutengeserana vomuzana remakore rokutanga C.E. pavaibva kuMediterranean vachienda kuNyika Dzokumabvazuva, vaisvika kure zvakadini. Kunyange zvazvo tisingazivi kuti vaisvika kure zvakadini, kufamba kwaiita vezvokutengeserana kunoratidza kuti zvaiita kuti mamishinari acho aende kumabvazuva.

Zvakasiyiwa naAlexander

Kukunda kwakaita Alexander Mukuru kwakaita kuti asvike kumabvazuva achipfuura nomuBhabhironi nePezhiya, uye akasvikawo kuPunjab, iri kuchamhembe kweIndia. Nzendo idzodzo dzakaita kuti vaGiriki vazive nezvenzvimbo dziri pamhenderekedzo yegungwa dziri pakati perwizi Yufuratesi rwuri kuPezhiya nerwizi Indus.

Zvokubikisa zvinonhuwirira uye rusenzi zvakatanga kuunzwa kuvaGiriki zvichibva kuIndian Ocean nevaya vaipfuura nomuGungwa Dzvuku. Kutengeserana uku kwakatanga kuchiitwa nevanhu vokuIndia uye vaArabhu. Asi vaPtolemy vokuIjipiti pavakaziva nezvokunaya kwemvura yakawanda yeikoko, vakatangawo kutengeserana nevokuIndian Ocean.

Mugungwa iroro, mune mhepo isinganyanyi kuvhuvhuta inobva kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero inotanga muna May kusvikira muna September, inobatsira ngarava padzinenge dzichifamba kubva kunotangira Gungwa Dzvuku dzichitevedza mhenderekedzo yeArabhiya kana kuti padzinenge dzichienda kumaodzanyemba kweIndia. Kubva muna November kusvika muna March, mhepo yacho inenge yava kubva kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva, zvobva zvabatsira kuti ngarava dzidzoke. Vatyairi vengarava vokuArabhu nevokuIndia vakashandisa ruzivo rwavo rwemhepo kwemazana emakore, vachita nzendo dzokuenda nokudzoka pakati peIndia neGungwa Dzvuku vachitakura kasiya, sinamoni, nadhi, uye mhiripiri.

Nzendo Dzomugungwa Dzokuenda kuAlexandria nokuRoma

VaRoma pavakakunda nyika dzaitongwa nevakatsiva Alexander, Roma ndiyo yakanga yava musika mukuru wokutengesera zvinhu zvinokosha zvaibva kuMabvazuva, nyanga dzenzou dzokuAfrica, rusenzi uye mura yaibva kuArabhiya, zvokubikisa zvinonhuwira uye matombo anokosha okuIndia uye kunyange siriki yaibva kuChina. Ngarava dzaitakura zvinhu zvakadai dzaizosangana pazviteshi zviviri zvikuru zvokuIjipiti zviri paMhenderekedzo yeGungwa Dzvuku, Berenice uye Myos Hormos. Pazviteshi izvi ndipo paizobva migwagwa yaienda kuCoptos, yaiva parwizi rwaNire.

Zvinhu zvacho zvaiendeswa nomurwizi rwaNire urwo rwainyanya kushandiswa nevaIjipiti, zvichibva kuCoptos zvichienda kuAlexandria, uko zvaizonotakurwa nengarava dzaienda kuItari nedzimwewo nzvimbo. Imwe nzira yaienda kuAlexandria yaipfuura nomumugero unobatanidza Gungwa Dzvuku nerwizi rwaNire pedyo neSuez yemazuva ano. Chokwadi, Ijipiti nezviteshi zvayo yaiva pedyo nenzvimbo dzakaparidzirwa naJesu uye zvaiva nyore kuti vaende ikoko.

Maererano neimwe nyanzvi yenzvimbo yechiGiriki yomuzana remakore rokutanga inonzi Strabo, panguva yaairarama, ngarava 120 dzokuAlexandria dzaibva kuMyos Hormos kuti dzinoita bhizimisi kuIndia gore roga roga. Rimwe bhuku romuzana remakore rokutanga raibatsira vaifamba munzvimbo iyi richiripo. Zvimwe rakanyorwa nomuzvinabhizimisi wokuIjipiti aitaura chiGiriki aida kubatsira vaaitengeserana navo. Chii chiri mubhuku iri?

Bhuku iri, rinowanzopiwa musoro waro wechiLatin wokuti Periplus Maris Erythraei (Nzendo Dzomugungwa reErythrae) rinotsanangura nzira dzaishandiswa mugungwa dzakanga dzakareba zviuru zvemakiromita kubva kumaodzanyemba kweIjipiti kusvika kuZanzibar. Munyori wacho anotaura nezvokumabvazuva achitaura nezvekureba kwenzendo, panomira ngarava, nzvimbo dzokuchengetera zvinhu, zvinhu zvaitengeswa, mafungiro evanhu venzvimbo dzokumhenderekedzo yokumaodzanyemba kweArabhiya, kuenda kumhenderekedzo yokumadokero kweIndia kusvika kuSri Lanka uye kumhenderekedzo yokumabvazuva kweIndia kusvika kurwizi Ganges. Bhuku iri rinonyatsotsanangura zvazvakaita, saka zvinoratidza kuti munyori wacho akanga ashanyira nzvimbo dzaakatsanangura.

Vanhu Vokumadokero kuIndia

KuIndia, vatengesi vokumadokero vainzi vaYavana. Maererano nebhuku riya rinonzi Periplus, imwe nzvimbo yavaigara vachisvika muzana remakore rokutanga C.E. yainzi Muziris, yaiva pedyo nokumaodzanyemba kwomuganhu weIndia.a Nhetembo dzechiTamil, dzakanyorwa kutanga kwemazana emakore C.E., dzinonyanya kutaura nezvevatengesi ava. Imwe nhetembo yacho inoti, “Ngarava dzakanaka dzevaYavana dzaiuya negoridhe dzodzokera nemhiripiri, uye izvi zvaiita kuti paMuziris rwungova ruzha rwoga rwoga.” Imwewo inotaura nezvemuchinda wokumaodzanyemba kweIndia anokurudzirwa kunwa waini yainhuwirira yakanga yaunzwa nevaYavana. Zvimwewo zvinhu zvokuMadokero zvaingosvika zvichitengwa kuIndia zvaisanganisira midziyo yemagirazi, simbi, zvinhu zvakagadzirwa nemapfupa, uye nemachira.

Vanochera matongo vakawana uchapupu hwakawanda hwezvinhu zvokuMadokero zvaitengeswa kuIndia. Somuenzaniso, paArikamedu iri kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweIndia, zvakawanwa zvinosanganisira zvimedu zvemakapu ewaini okuRoma nendiro dzakanyorwa vanhu vakagadzira midziyo iyi muArezzo, iri nechepakati peItaly. Mumwe munyori anoti, “Mutsvakurudzi wemazuva ano anonzwa manyukunyuku paanofukunura pamatongo eBay of Bengal zvimedu zvemidziyo zvine mazita enyanzvi idzo dzaipisira zvigadzirwa zvadzo kunzvimbo dzichiripo kumicheto kweArezzo.” Zvimwezve zvinoratidza kuti vanhu vokuMediterranean nevokuIndia vaitengeserana ndezvokuti pakawanwa mari yokuRoma yakawanda yesirivha neyegoridhe kumaodzanyemba kweIndia. Zhinji pamari iyi yaiva yomuzana remakore rokutanga C.E. uye yaiva nemifananidzo yeMadzimambo eRoma akadai saAgasto, Tibheriyo naNero.

Mepu yekare ichiripo inoratidzazve humwe uchapupu hwokuti vaRoma vangangove vaiva nenzvimbo dzavaigara vachitengesera zvinhu zvavo kumaodzanyemba kweIndia. Mepu iyi inonzi Peutinger Table, inonzi inoratidza zvainge zvakaita Roma muzana remakore rokutanga C.E.—inoratidzawo temberi yaAgasto paMuziris. Rimwe bhuku rinoti: “Temberi yakadaro yaigona kungovakwa chete nevanhu vaiva pasi pevaRoma, uye kunyanya vaya vaigara kuMuziris kana kuti vakambogara ikoko nguva refu.”—Rome’s Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy, 31 BC–AD 305.

Mabhuku evaRoma anotaura nezvevamiririri vehurumende vokuIndia vakashanya kuRoma kanopfuura katatu, panguva yaitonga Agasto, kubva muna 27 B.C.E. kusvika muna 14 C.E. Imwe tsvakurudzo yezvenyaya iyi inoti, “Vamiririri ava vaifambira zvinhu zvehurumende zvaikosha,” zvokuti vabvumirane kuti vaizoitira kupi bhizimisi nevanhu venyika dzakasiyana-siyana, kuti ndepapi pavaifanira kubhadharisa mitero, kuti vokune dzimwe nyika vaizofanira kugara kupi, uye nezvimwewo.

Saka, muzana remakore rokutanga C.E., vanhu vaiita nzendo dzakawanda dzokubva kugungwa reMediterranean kuenda kuIndia. Zvakanga zviri nyore kuti mumishinari wechiKristu aende kuchamhembe kweGungwa Dzvuku onokwira ngarava yaienda kuIndia.

Vaipfuura India Here?

Zvakaoma kuti tizive kuti vatengesi vokuMediterranean nevamwe vashanyi vaisvika kure zvakadini nechokumabvazuva uye kuti vakanga vatanga rini. Zvisinei, zvinofungidzirwa kuti muzana remakore rokutanga C.E., vamwe vokumadokero vaigona kusvika kuThailand, Cambodia, Sumatra, uye Java.

Bhuku rinonzi Hou Han-Shou (Nhoroondo yeMadzishe Akazotonga China), rinotaura zvakaitika kubva muna 23 C.E. kusvika muna 220 C.E., rinotaura nezvegore rakaitwa rumwe rwendo. Muna 166 C.E., vamwe vamiririri vaibva kuna mambo wokuDaqin, ainzi An-tun, vakasvika kumuzinda wokuChina vachiremekedza Mambo Huan-ti. Daqin raiva shoko rechiChina raireva Umambo hweRoma, asi rokuti An-tun nderechiChina rinoreva Antoninus, zita remhuri yaMarcus Aurelius, uyo aiva mutongi weRoma panguva iyoyo. Vanyori venhoroondo dzekare vanofungidzira kuti vamiririri vacho vakanga vasiri vepamutemo asi vaingovapo kuitira kuti vatengesi vokumadokero vawane siriki kubva kuChina pane kuti vazoiwana nokune vamwe vanhu.

Tichidzoka kumubvunzo wedu uya, Ngarava dzekare dzaisvitsa mamishinari echiKristu omuzana remakore rokutanga kure zvakadini nechokumabvazuva? Vaipfuura India here? Zvichida. Chokwadi, mashoko echiKristu akapararira kusvika kure zvokuti muapostora Pauro aigona kutaura kuti akanga “ari kubereka zvibereko achiwedzera munyika yose” kureva kuti, kumativi ose enyika aizivikanwa panguva iyoyo.—VaKorose 1:6.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 22]

Kunyunyuta kwaMambo

Muna 22 C.E., Mambo weRoma Tibheriyo akachema-chema kuti vanhu vomunyika yake vakanga vasingachazvidzori. Sezvo vanhu vainyanya kudisa zvinhu zvoumbozha uye vakadzi vokuRoma vainyanya kudisa zvishongo zvinodhura, izvi zvaitambisa upfumi hwenyika yake, huchiendeswa ku“marudzi avaisaziva uye aiva noutsinye.” Munyori wenhoroondo dzekare weRoma ainzi Pliny Mukuru (23-79 C.E.) akanyunyutawo nezvenyaya imwe chete. Akanyora kuti: “Kana tikaverenga mari yakashandiswa, vanhu vokuIndia, vokuSeres, uye vokuArabian Peninsula vaiwana mari inopfuura mamiriyoni 25 emadhinari gore rimwe nerimwe kubva muumambo hwedu, mari yose iyi yaiva yokuti tigare muumbozha nevakadzi vedu.”b

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Museo della Civiltà Romana, Roma; Todd Bolen/Bible Places.com

[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 23]

Kwaiwana Vatengesi Zvokutengesa

Jesu akataura nezvo“munhu aifamba achitengesa, aitsvaka maparera akanaka kwazvo.” (Mateu 13:45) Bhuku raZvakazarurwa rinotaurawo nezve“vanhu vaifamba vachitengesa” avo vaitengesa matombo anokosha, siriki, miti inonhuwirira, nyanga dzenzou, sinamoni, rusenzi, uye zvokubikisa zvinonhuwirira zvokuIndia. (Zvakazarurwa 18:11-13) Zvinhu izvi zvaiwanikwa kumabvazuva kweParestina. Matanda anonhuwirira, akadai sesandalwood, aibva kuIndia. Maparera ematombo anokosha aigona kuwanikwa kuPersian Gulf, muGungwa Dzvuku uye, maererano nomunyori webhuku riya rinonzi Periplus Maris Erythraei, aiwanikwawo munzvimbo dzakapoteredza Muziris uye muSri Lanka. Maparera omuIndian Ocean anofanira kunge ari iwo ainyanya kukosha uye ainyanya kudhura.

[Mepu iri papeji 20, 21]

(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

Dzimwe nzira dzaishandiswa nevezvokutengeserana dzaiva pakati peRoma neEzhiya muzana remakore rokutanga

Arezzo

Roma

GUNGWA REMEDITERRANEAN

AFRICA

Arekizandriya

IJIPITI

Coptos

Rwizi rwaNire

Myos Hormos

Berenice

Zanzibar

Gungwa Dzvuku

Jerusarema

ARABHIYA

Rwizi rwaYufratesi

BHABHIRONI

Persian Gulf

PEZHIYA

↓ Mhepo yokuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva

↑ Mhepo yokumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero

Rwizi rwaIndus

PUNJAB

Rwizi rwaGanges

Bay of Bengal

INDIA

Arikamedu

Muziris

SRI LANKA

INDIAN OCEAN (GUNGWA REERYTHRAEA)

CHINA

UMAMBO HWAHAN

THAILAND

CAMBODIA

VIETNAM

Sumatra

Java

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 21]

Zvainge zvakaita ngarava dzeRoma dzaitakura zvinhu

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Ngarava: Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est.