Origen—Dzidziso Yake Yakachinja Chechi Sei?
“Mutungamiriri weChechi mukuru anokudzwa pashure pevaApostora.” Jerome, mushanduri weBhaibheri reVulgate yechiLatin, ndiye akarumbidza kudaro nyanzvi yezvechitendero yomuzana remakore rechitatu Origen. Asi haasi munhu wose ainyatsoremekedza Origen zvakadaro. Vamwe vaimuona sechisakiso chakaipa chakatangira dzidziso dzenhema. Mumashoko omumwe munyori womuzana remakore rechi17, vatsoropodzi vaOrigen vakataura nechivimbo kuti: “Dzidziso dzake dzose zvadzo hadzina musoro uye dzinokuvadza, uturu hweNyoka hunouraya, hwaakarutsira munyika.” Chaizvoizvo, anopfuura makore mazana mana afa, Origen aimbonzi mupanduki.
NEI Origen akayemurwa uye kuvengwa? Akava nepesvedzero yakadini pakutanga kwedzidziso dzechechi?
Kushingairira Chechi
Origen akazvarwa munenge muna 185 C.E. muguta reIjipiti rinonzi Arekizandiriya. Akawana dzidzo yepamusoro mumabhuku echiGiriki, asi baba vake, Leonides, vakamumanikidza kuti awanewo dzidzo yepamusoro yeMagwaro. Origen paakanga ava nemakore 17, mutongi weRoma akagadza murayiro waiita kuti kuchinja chitendero kwomunhu kuve mhosva. Baba vaOrigen vakaiswa mujeri nokuti vakanga vava muKristu. Akazadzwa nokushingaira kwouduku, Origen akanga akatsunga kubatana navo mujeri uye mukuurayirwa kutenda. Vachiona izvi, amai vaOrigen vakaviga mbatya dzake kuti vamudzivise kubva pamba. Netsamba, Origen akakumbira baba vake kuti: “Chenjererai kuti musachinja pfungwa dzenyu muchiitira isu.” Leonides akaramba akasimba uye akaurayiwa, achisiya mhuri yake isina chokubata. Asi Origen akanga atofambira mberi zvakakwana muzvidzidzo zvake zvokusvika pakukwanisa kuchengeta amai vake nevanun’una vatanhatu nokudzidzisa mabhuku echiGiriki.
Chinangwa chomutongi chaiva chokumisa kupararira kwechiKristu. Sezvo murayiro wake wakanga wakananga kwete vadzidzi bedzi asiwo vadzidzisi, varayiridzi vose vechitendero chechiKristu vakatiza muArekizandiriya. Apo vakanga vasiri vaKristu vaitsvaka mirayiridzo yomuMagwaro vakakumbira kubatsirwa naOrigen muduku, akatora basa iri seraibva kuna Mwari. Vadzidzi vake vakawanda vakaurayirwa kutenda, vamwe vasati vatombopedza zvidzidzo zvavo. Achizviisa pangozi huru, Origen aikurudzira vadzidzi vake pachena, kunyange vaiva pamberi pomutongi, vari mujeri, kana kuti vava kuda kuurayiwa. Munyori wenhau dzakaitika womuzana remakore rechina Eusebius anoshuma kuti pavakanga vachiendeswa kunourayiwa, Origen, “nokusatya kukuru, aivaremekedza nokutsvoda.”
Origen akazvivengesa nevakawanda vakanga vasiri vaKristu, vaimupa mhosva yokutendeutsa uye kuurayisa shamwari dzavo. Aiwanzopukunyuka nepaburi retsono kurwiswa nechisimba nemhomho yevanhu uye rufu rwechisimba. Kunyange zvazvo akamanikidzirwa kuenda panzvimbo nenzvimbo kuti anzvenge vaimutevera, Origen haana kurega kudzidzisa kwake. Kusatya uye kuzvipira kwakadaro kwakaorora Demetrius, bhishopi weArekizandiriya. Nokudaro, Origen paakanga ava nemakore 18 chete, Demetrius akamugadza kuva mukuru wechikoro chemirayiridzo yezvechitendero muArekizandiriya.
Nokufamba kwenguva, Origen akava nyanzvi inozivakanwa uye munyori wemabhuku akawanda. Vamwe vakati akanyora mabhuku 6 000, kunyange zvazvo uku kungadaro kuri kuwedzeredza. Akakurumbira zvikuru neHexapla yake, zibhuku ziguru remavhoriyamu 50 reMagwaro echiHebheru. Origen akaronga Hexapla muzvikamu zvitanhatu zviri padivi nepadivi zvine: (1) mashoko echiHebheru neechiAramaiki, (2) mashoko iwayo akanyorwa nemabhii echiGiriki, (3) shanduro yechiGiriki yaAquila, (4) shanduro yechiGiriki yaSymmachus (5) Septuagint yechiGiriki, iyo Origen akadzokorora kuti inyatsoenderana nemashoko echiHebheru, uye (6) shanduro yechiGiriki yaTheodotion. “Nokubatanidza magwaro uku,” yakanyora kudaro nyanzvi yeBhaibheri John Hort, “Origen aitarisira kupa tsananguro yakajeka yezvinoreva ndima dzakawanda umo muverengi wechiGiriki aizokangaidzika kana kuti kutsauswa kana aingova neSeptuagint yakanga iripo chete.”
‘Kupfuura Zvinhu Zvakanyorwa’
Kunyange zvakadaro, kuvhiringidzika kwechitendero kwezana remakore rechitatu kwakakanganisa zvikuru nzira yaOrigen yokudzidzisa Magwaro. Kunyange zvazvo chiKristudhomu chakanga chichangotanga, chakanga chatosvibiswa nedzidziso dzisiri mumagwaro, uye chechi dzacho dzakanga dzakapararira dzakanga dzichidzidzisa dzidziso dzakasiyana-siyana.
Origen akabvuma dzimwe dzedzidziso idzi dzisiri mumagwaro achitaura kuti dzidziso idzi dzaiva dzevaapostora. Asi ainzwa akasununguka kufungisisa mimwe mibvunzo. Panguva iyoyo vadzidzi vake vakawanda vakanga vachirwisana nenhau dzouzivi dzepanguva iyoyo. Achiedza kuvabatsira, Origen akanyatsoongorora vanhu vakasiyana-siyana vaiva nepfungwa dzouzivi vakanga vachiumba mafungiro evadzidzi vake vaduku. Akatanga kupa vadzidzi vake mhinduro dzinogutsa kumibvunzo yavo youzivi.
Achiedza kuwiriranisa Bhaibheri nouzivi, Origen aitsamira zvakanyanya panzira yokududzira Magwaro yokuti zvakanyorwa zvose hazvifaniri kungotorwa sezvazviri. Aifungidzira kuti nguva dzose Rugwaro rune zvarunoreva zvokumudzimu asi kwete kuti runofanirawo kureva chinhu ruchitorwa sezvaruri. Sezvakacherechedzwa neimwe nyanzvi, izvi zvakapa Origen “nzira yokuisa muBhaibheri chero pfungwa dzipi dzisiri dzeBhaibheri dzaienderana nemaitiro ake ezvechitendero, nepo achitaura (uye pasina mubvunzo achizvifungidzira zvechokwadi) kuti mududziri anodisisa uye akatendeka wezvinorehwa neBhaibheri.”
Imwe tsamba yakanyorwa naOrigen kumumwe wevadzidzi vake inoita kuti tinzwisise zvaaifunga. Origen akataura kuti vaIsraeri vakagadzira midziyo yetemberi yaJehovha vachishandisa ndarama yokuIjipiti. Muizvi akawana chinomutsigira nenzira yokufananidzira pakushandisa kwaaiita uzivi hwechiGiriki kudzidzisa chiKristu. Akanyora kuti: “Zvinhu zvakaunzwa kubva kuIjipiti zvaibatsira zvikuru vana vaIsraeri, zvakanga zvisina kushandiswa zvakakodzera nevaIjipiti, asi vaHebheru vakazvishandisa nokuda kwebasa raMwari, vachitungamirirwa nouchenjeri hwaMwari.” Nokudaro Origen akakurudzira mudzidzi wake ku“tora muuzivi hwevaGiriki chero chingashanda senhau yokudzidza kana kuti chokugadzirira chiKristu.”
Nzira iyi isingadzorwi yokududzira Bhaibheri yakaita kuti zvinosiyanisa dzidziso yechiKristu nouzivi hwechiGiriki zvisanyatsooneka. Somuenzaniso, mubhuku rake rinonzi On First Principles, Origen akarondedzera Jesu so‘Mwanakomana akaberekwa ari mumwe oga, akazvarwa, asi asina mavambo api naapi.’ Uye akawedzera kuti: ‘Kutanga kwake hakugumi uye hakuperi. Haaitwi Mwanakomana nokuti akafemerwa mweya woupenyu, kwete nechiito chipi nechipi chokunze, asi naMwari pachake.’
Origen haana kuwana pfungwa iyi muBhaibheri, nokuti Magwaro anodzidzisa kuti Mwanakomana akaberekwa ari mumwe oga waJehovha i“dangwe rezvisikwa zvose” uye “wokutanga wezvakasikwa naMwari.” (VaKorose 1:15; Zvakazarurwa 3:14) Maererano nomunyori wezvechitendero zvakaitika kare Augustus Neander, Origen akasvika papfungwa yo“kuberekwa kusingagumi” no“kudzidza uzivi muchikoro chaPlato” kwaakaita. Nokudaro, Origen akaputsa iyi nheyo inokosha yomuMagwaro yokuti: “Musapfuura zvinhu zvakanyorwa.”—1 VaKorinde 4:6.
Akanzi Mupanduki
Mumakore ake okutanga ari mudzidzisi, Dare revafundisi romuArekizandiriya rakatorera Origen ropafadzo dzake dzokuva mupristi. Zvimwe izvi zvakaitwa nokuti Bhishopi Demetrius aiitira shanje mukurumbira waiwedzera waOrigen. Origen akatamira kuParestina, uko kuyemurwa kwake somudziviriri akatendeka wedzidziso yechiKristu kwakaramba kuchiwedzera, uye ikoko akapfuurira ari mupristi. Chaizvoizvo, apo “dzidziso dzenhema” dzakatanga kuMabvazuva, rubatsiro rwake rwakatsvakwa kuti atendise mabhishopi aikanganisa kuti adzoke kudzidziso dzakagara dziripo. Pashure pokufa kwake muna 254 C.E., zita raOrigen rakabva ratanga kuita mukurumbira wakashata zvikuru. Nei?
Pashure pokunge chiKristu chezita chava chitendero chakakurumbira, zvaigamuchirwa nechechi sedzidziso yakanga yagara iripo zvakatanga kusanyatsotsanangurwa zvakajeka. Nokuda kweizvi, zvizvarwa zvakazotevera zvenyanzvi dzezvechitendero hazvina kugamuchira pfungwa dzakawanda dzaOrigen dzokufungidzira uye dzimwe nguva dzouzivi dzisina kujeka. Naizvozvo dzidziso dzake dzakaparira makakatanwa makuru muchechi. Ichiedza kugadzikisa makakatanwa aya uye kuchengeta kubatana kwayo, chechi yakapa Origen mhosva yokudzidzisa nhema.
Origen akanga asiriye oga akakanganisa. Chaizvoizvo, Bhaibheri rakanga rafanotaura kutsauka kukuru padzidziso dzakachena dzaKristu. Kuramba kutenda uku kwakatanga kupararira pedyo nokupera kwezana remakore rokutanga, vaapostora vaJesu vafa. (2 VaTesaronika 2:6, 7) Pakupedzisira, vamwe vaizviti vaKristu vakazvigadza kuva ivo “vechokwadi,” vachizivisa vamwe vose kuva “vadzidzisi venhema.” Asi chaizvoizvo, chiKristudhomu chakatsauka kwazvo pachiKristu chechokwadi.
“Inonzi ‘Zivo’ Zvenhema”
Pasinei zvapo nokufungidzira kwakawanda kwaOrigen, mabhuku ake ane zvimwe zvinhu zvinobatsira. Somuenzaniso, Hexapla yakachengetedza zita raMwari riri mumabhii aro mana echiHebheru epakuvamba, anonzi Tetragrammaton. Izvi zvinopa uchapupu hunokosha hwokuti vaKristu vepakuvamba vaiziva uye vaishandisa zita raMwari pachake—Jehovha. Kunyange zvakadaro, muvambi wechechi wezana remakore rechishanu ainzi Theophilus akambonyevera kuti: “Mabhuku aOrigen akaita somunda wemarudzi ose emaruva. Kana ndikawana ruva ripi neripi rakanaka imomo, ndinoritanha; asi kana ndikaona chipi nechipi chichiita sechinobaya ndinochirega sezvandaizoita munzwa.”
Nokusanganisa dzidziso dzeBhaibheri nouzivi hwechiGiriki, dzidziso dzechitendero dzaOrigen dzakasvibiswa nezvikanganiso, uye migumisiro yacho yaiva nengozi kuchiKristudhomu. Somuenzaniso, kunyange zvazvo kwakawanda kwokufungidzira kusina hwaro kwaOrigen kwakarambwa gare gare, pfungwa dzake pamusoro “pokuberekwa kusingagumi” kwaKristu dzakabatsira kuvaka nheyo yedzidziso isiri muBhaibheri yoUtatu. Bhuku rinonzi The Church of the First Three Centuries rinoti: “Kuda zvouzivi [kwakatangwa naOrigen] kwaizovapo kwenguva refu zvikuru.” Nomugumisiroi? “Kujeka kwokutenda kwechiKristu kwakakanganiswa, uye zvikanganiso zvisingaperi zvakapinda muChechi.”
Kana ari Origen, angadai akateerera zano romuapostora Pauro ndokudzivisa kubatsira pakuramba kutenda uku noku“furatira kutaura kusina maturo kunoshatisa zvinhu zvitsvene nokupokanidzana kweinonzi ‘zivo’ zvenhema.” Asi, nokuvakira kudzidzisa kwake kwakawanda pa“zivo” yakadaro, Origen “akatsauka pakutenda.”—1 Timoti 6:20, 21; VaKorose 2:8.
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 31]
“Hexapla” yaOrigen inoratidza kuti zita raMwari raishandiswa muMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki
[Kwazvakatorwa]
Published by permission of the Syndics of Cambridge University Library, T-S 12.182
[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 29]
Culver Pictures