Rashi—Mutsinhiri weBhaibheri Aiva Nesimba

NDERIPI rakanga riri rimwe ramabhuku okutanga kudhindwa muchiHebheru? Bhuku rokutsinhira Pentateuch (mabhuku mashanu aMosesi). Rakabudiswa muReggio Calabria, Italy, muna 1475. Ndiani akarinyora? Murume aizivikanwa saRashi.

Nei bhuku rokutsinhira raizoremekedzwa zvakasiyana kudaro? Mubhuku rake rinonzi Rashi—The Man and His World, Esra Shereshevsky anotaura kuti bhuku rokutsinhira raRashi “rakava mashoko anokosha mumusha wechiJudha nomuimba yokufundira. Hapanazve rimwe basa remabhuku echiJudha rakamboonekwazve nenzira iyoyo . . . Mabhuku okutsinhira anopfuura 200 anowedzera nokutsanangura mashoko akanyorwa anobata zvakananga nebhuku raRashi rinotsinhira Pentateuch anozivikanwa.”

VaJudha chete ndivo vakatapurwa nebhuku rokutsinhira raRashi here? Nyange zvazvo risina kunzwisiswa nevakawanda, bhuku rokutsinhira Magwaro echiHebheru raRashi rakapesvedzera vashanduri veBhaibheri kwemazana emakore. Asi Rashi aiva ani, uye akasvika sei pakuva nesimba rakakura zvakadaro?

Rashi Aiva Ani?

Rashi akaberekerwa kuTroyes, France, mugore ra1040.a Ari jaya, akaenda kuzvikoro zvechiJudha zvechitendero paWorms neMainz muRhineland. Ikoko akadzidziswa nedzimwe nyanzvi dzakakurumbira zvikuru dzechiJudha muEurope. Ava nemakore anenge 25, mamirire ake ezvinhu akaita kuti afanire kudzoka kuTroyes. Ava kutozivikanwa senyanzvi pane dzimwe nyanzvi, Rashi akakurumidza kuva mutungamiriri wechitendero wevanhu vechiJudha vomunharaunda yake uye akatanga chikoro chake pachake chechitendero. Nekufamba kwenguva, iyi nzvimbo itsva yoruzivo rwechiJudha yakatozova nesimba zvikuru kupfuura dziya dzevadzidzisi vaRashi muGermany.

Panguva iyoyo vaJudha vaiva muFrance vakava nerugare rwakati nokuwirirana nevavakidzani vavo vaizviti vaKristu, vachibvumira rusununguko rukuru rwokuronda unyanzvi kwaRashi. Asi, akanga asiri nyanzvi inozvitsaura. Pasinei zvapo nechinzvimbo chake somudzidzisi nomutungamiriri wechikoro chacho, Rashi airarama somugadziri wewaini. Urwu ruzivo rukuru rwemabasa anoitwa nomunhu wese wese rwakamuita kuti awirirane zvikuru nevaJudhawo zvavo, zvichimubatsira kunzwisisa nokunzwira urombo mamiriro avo ezvinhu. Nzvimbo yakanga yakavakirwa Troyes yakaitawo kuti Rashi anzwisise. Riri panzira huru dzezvokutengeserana, guta racho rakava nzvimbo inowanikwa vanhu vanobva kunyika dzakasiyana-siyana, uye izvi zvakaita kuti Rashi akwanise kunyatsoziva maitire netsika dzemarudzi akasiyana-siyana.

Nei Bhuku Rokutsinhira Raidiwa?

VaJudha vaizivikanwa sevanhu vebhuku. Asi “bhuku”—Bhaibheri—raiva muchiHebheru, uye “vanhu” zvino vakanga vava kutaura chiArabhu, chiFrench, chiGerman, chiSpanish, uye mimwe mitauro yakawanda. Nyange zvazvo vaJudha vakawanda vakanga vachiri kudzidziswa chiHebheru kubva vari vaduku, vakanga vasinganyatsonzwisisi mashoko akawanda eBhaibheri. Uyezve, kwemazana emakore muitiro wakasimba waiva muchiJudha chavanarabhi wakaita kuti vanhu vasaongorora zvinonyatsorehwa nerugwaro rweBhaibheri. Mifananidzo nengano zvine chokuita nemashoko eBhaibheri nendima zvakawanda. Tsinhiro dzakawanda dzakadaro nenyaya zvakanyorwa mumanyoro angaumba mavhoriyamu, pamwe chete ainzi Midrash.b

Muzukuru waRashi, Rabhi Samuel ben Meir (Rashbam), aivawo nyanzvi yeBhaibheri. Paaitsinhira Genesi 37:2, akataura kuti “vatsinhiri vakanga vagara varipo [Rashi asati avapo]. . . vakanga vachingoda zvokuparidza mharidzo (derashot), dzavaiona sokuti ndicho chaiva chinangwa chinokosha zvikuru, [asi] vakanga vasina kurovedzana nokunyatsoongorora zvinonyatsoreva rugwaro rweBhaibheri.” Achitsinhira pamusoro pomuitiro uyu, Dr. A. Cohen (munyori mukuru weSoncino Books of the Bible) anonyora kuti: “Ichokwadi kuti vanaRabhi vakagadza mutemo wokuti hapana kududzira kwakanga kusingawirirani nepeshat kana zvinorehwa norugwaro zviri pachena kwaifanira kubvumwa; asi havana kunyanyofunga nezvemutemo uyu pane zvavaiita.” Akapoteredzwa nezvechitendero kudai, muJudhawo zvake ainzwa asingabatsiri paaivhura rugwaro rweBhaibheri ndokunzwa kuti anoda chinhu chinotsanangura.

Vavariro Nemitoo zvaRashi

Vavariro youpenyu hwose yaRashi yakanga iri yokuita kuti mashoko orugwaro rwechiHebheru anzwisiswe nevaJudha vose. Kuti aite izvi, akatanga kuunganidza mabhuku ezvinonyorwa etsinhiro dzemashoko akati nendima zvaaifunga kuti zvaizonetsa muravi. Zvakanyorwa naRashi zvinodudza zvaitsanangurwa nevadzidzisi vake ndokutsanangura kubva muruzivo rwake rwakakura rwemabhuku ose echirabhi akatevedzana zvakazara. Rashi akapedza mabhuku ose aiwanikwa, achitsvaka zvinhu zvine chokuita nomutauro. Akanyanyotarisa kuti zviratidzo zvokunongedzera uye zvokukwidza kana kudzikisa zvevaMasorete zvaibatsira sei kunzwisiswa kwerugwaro. Kuti ritsanangure zvakajeka zvinorehwa neshoko, bhuku rake rinotsinhira Pentateuch rinowanzotaura nezveshanduro yechiAramaiki (Targum of Onkelos). Rashi akaratidza kuchinjika nounyanzvi zvaaiongorora zvinhu zvaigona kuitika zvakanga zvisina kumboongororwa pakutsanangura mashoko anotangira mazita, mashoko anobatanidza mashoko, zvinoreva zviito, uye mamwe mativi egirama nokurongwa kwamashoko. Tsinhiro dzakadaro dzakabatsira kuti kurongwa kwemashoko negirama zvomutauro wechiHebheru zvinzwisiswe.

Mukusiyana nomuitiro wakanga wakakurumbira muchiJudha chavanaRabhi, Rashi nguva dzose aida kusimbisa zvinoreva rugwaro chaizvo, zviri nyore. Asi mabhuku akawanda eMidrash, ainyatsozivikanwa nevaJudha, aisagona kufuratirwa. Rutivi runofadza rwebhuku rokutsinhira raRashi inzira yaanowiriranisa nayo manyoro eMidrash chaiwo akanga adzikatidza zvinonyatsoreva rugwaro rweBhaibheri kakawanda.

Achitsinhira Genesi 3:8, Rashi anotsanangura kuti: “Kune midrashim dzakawanda dzechiaggadahc dzakatorongwa zvakanyatsonaka neVachenjeri vedu muBereshit Rabbah nedzimwe nyaya dzakaunganidzwa dzemidrash. Zvisinei, ini ndinonyanyonetseka nerevo yakananga (peshat) yendima yacho, uye neaggadot yakadaro sokutsanangura nhoroondo yeMagwaro mumashoko ayo akapoteredza.” Nokusarudza uye kunyora midrashim dziya idzo chete mukufunga kwake dzinojekesa zvinoreva mashoko akapoteredza endima, Rashi akasiya, kana kuti haana kunyora, midrashim yaiparira kupesana nokuvhiringidzika. Somugumisiro wokunyora uku, zvizvarwa zvaizouya zvevaJudha zvakarovedzana kunyanya nechisarudzo chaRashi cheMidrash.

Nepo akanga achirumbidza zvikuru vadzidzisi vake, Rashi akanga asingatyi kupikisa paaifunga kuti kutsanangura kwavo kwaipesana nokutsanangura rugwaro kwakajeka. Paakanga asinganzwisisi ndima yakati kana kuti paaifunga kuti akanga amboitsanangura nenzira isiriyo, akanga achida kubvuma izvi, nyange kutodudza zviitiko apo vadzidzi vake vakabatsira kugadziridza kunzwisisa kwake.

Akapesvedzerwa Nenguva Yaakararama

Rashi akanga ari munhu aifambirana nenguva zvikuru. Mumwe munyori akazvitaura nenzira iyi: “Kubatsira kukuru [kwaRashi] paupenyu hwechiJudha kwaiva kushandurazve kwaakaita ndima dzose dzinokosha achiisa mumutauro womunyika macho wezuva racho, mumutauro wakajeka zvakadaro, wounyanzvi, noushamwari hwakadaro netsitsi, nemano neunyanzvi zvakadaro zvisiri zvenguva dzose, zvokuti mabhuku ake okutsinhira akava anoremekedzwa semagwaro nokudiwa semabhuku. Rashi akanyora chiHebheru noruzivo norunako, sezvinonzi chakanga chiri chiFrench. Pose paaishaya shoko rechiHebheru rakananga, aishandisa hake shoko rechiFrench, achiriperetera nemabhii echiHebheru.” Mashoko aya echiFrench akapereterwa muchiHebheru—Rashi akashandisa anopfuura 3 500 awo—azova chokushandisa chinokosha chevadzidzi vemutauro nemadudzirwe echiFrench Chekare.

Nyange zvazvo upenyu hwaRashi hwakatanga norunyararo rwakati, makore ake apashure akaona kupesana kunowedzera pakati pevaJudha nevaizviti vaKristu. Muna 1096 Hondo yevaKristu Yokutanga yakaparadza maigara vanhu vechiJudha kuRhineland, kwakanga kwafundira Rashi. Zviuru zvevaJudha zvakaurayiwa. Zvinoita sokuti mashoko okuuraya uku ane zvaakaita pautano hwaRashi (uhwo hwakaramba huchiderera kusvikira afa muna 1105). Kubvira panguva iyoyo zvichienda mberi, pakava nokuchinja kukuru mumabhuku ake okutsinhira Magwaro. Mumwe muenzaniso mukuru ndiIsaya ganhuro 53, inotaura nezvemuranda waJehovha anotambura. Pakutanga, Rashi akashandisa magwaro aya kuna Mesiya, sezvinoita Talmud. Asi zvinoita sokuti Hondo dzevaKristu dzapera, akafunga kuti ndima idzi dzaishanda kuvanhu vechiJudha, vakanga vatarisana nokutambura kusina kunaka. Apa ndipo pakatangira vaJudha kuchinja kushandurwa kwemagwaro aya.d Saka, maitire asiri echiKristu echiKristudhomu akanga achibvisa vakawanda, kubatanidza vaJudha, pachokwadi chinotaura nezvaJesu.—Mateo 7:16-20; 2 Petro 2:1, 2.

Akapesvedzera Sei Kushandurwa kweBhaibheri?

Simba raRashi nenguva isipi rakanzwiwa kupfuura chiJudha. Mutsinhiri weBhaibheri weFranciscan yechiFrench Nicholas weLyra (1270-1349) akataura ataurazve nezvepfungwa dza“Rabbi Solomon [Rashi]” zvokuti akadanwa nezita remadunhurirwa rokuti“Anotevedzera Solomon.” Ukuwo, vatsinhiri vakawanda nevashanduri vakapesvedzerwa naLyra, kubatanidza vakatangira vashanduri veKing James Version yechiNgezi nemuvandudzi Martin Luther, wakachinja kushandurwa kweBhaibheri muGermany. Luther akavimba zvikuru naLyra zvokuti mutinhimira wakakurumbira waiti: “Dai Lyra asina kuridza rudimbwa, Luther angadai asina kutamba.”

Rashi akapesvedzerwa zvikuru nepfungwa yavanarabhi isingawirirani nechokwadi chechiKristu. Asi, nenzwisiso yake huru mumashoko eBhaibheri echiHebheru, kurongwa kwemashoko, uye girama uye kutamburira kwake nguva dzose kuti anzwisise zvinonyatsorehwa nerugwaro zvakajeka, Rashi anogovera vaongorori veBhaibheri nevashanduri chokuenzanisa nacho chine musoro.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 26]

Mashoko: Per gentile concessione del Ministero dei Beni Culturali e Ambientali