Chii Chakaitika Kuchiremera?

VANHU vanofunga vanoona kudikanwa kwechiremera. Pasina rudzi rwakati rwechimiro chechiremera, chaunga chavanhu chaizokurumidza kuva chakanyongana. Nokudaro, bhuku chairo rinoshandiswa rechiFrench pamusoro pebumbiro remitemo rinoti: “Muboka ripi neripi ravanhu, mapoka maviri avanhu anofanira kuwanikwa: avo vanoraira naavo vanoteerera, avo vanopa mirairo naavo vanowirirana, vatungamiriri nemitezo, vadzori navadzorwi. . . . Kuvapo kwechiremera kunogona kucherechedzwa muchaunga chipi nechipi chavanhu.”a

Zvisinei, zvimiro zvendangariro kuchiremera zvakachinja chifo cheHondo yeNyika II uye zvikurukuru chifo chama 1960. Ichitsinhira pamusoro penhambo iyoyo, Encyclopædia Universalis yechiFrench inotaura nezve“njodzi yokurwisana nedare rinotonga neyokurwisana nechiremera.” Njodzi yakadaro haishamisi kuvadzidzi veBhaibheri. Muapostora Pauro akadeya kutaura, kuti: “Rangarira, nhambo yokupedzisira yenyika ino inofanira kuva nguva yenyongano! Hapana chichada vanhu kunze kwavo vamene nemari; vachava vanoganza, vanozvitutumadza, uye vanotuka; vasingateereri vabereki . . . ; vachava vasingaregi muruvengo rwavo, . . . vasingadzorwi navana masimba masimba, . . . vakazara nokuzvikoshesa. Vachada mifarwa yavo zvikuru kupfuura Mwari wavo.”—2 Timotio 3:1-4, The Revised English Bible.

Chiremera Chava Munjodzi

Uporofita uhwu hunosanorondedzera zuva redu nenhambo. Chiremera chinodenhwa pamwero yose—mhuri, chikoro chehurumende, yunivhesiti, bhizimisi, hurumende yomunzvimbomo neyorudzi. Chinjo muvatano, nziyo dzerap dzinotsanangura vatano zvakajeka, kuratidzira kwavadzidzi, kuramba kushanda kwoupengo, kusateerera kwavagari vemo, uye zviito zvougandanga zvose zviratidzo zvokuputsika mukuremekedza chiremera.

Pahurukuro dzokusiyirana dzakarongwa muParis neFrench Institute of Political Science neLe Monde yezuva nezuva yeParis, Purofesa Yves Mény akati: “Chiremera chinogona kuvapo bedzi kana chichitsigirwa nokuteerera mutemo.” Chikonzero chimwe chenjodzi yanhasi yechiremera ndechokuti vakawanda vanopanikira kuteerera mutemo kwaavo vane simba. Ndiko kuti, vanopanikira maruramiro avo okuva nechiremera. Kunzvera kwakazivisa kuti mukuvamba kwama 1980, 9 muzana yavagari vemo veUnited States, 10 muzana muAustralia, 24 muzana muBritain, 26 muzana muFrance, uye 41 muzana muIndia vakarangarira hurumende yavo kuva isiri yapamutemo.

Kutsvaka Kwomunhu Chiremera Chapamutemo

Mukuwirirana neBhaibheri, munhu pakuvamba akanga ari muchiremera chakananga chaMwari. (Genesi 1:27, 28; 2:16, 17) Zvisinei, pakuvambavamba zvikuru, vanhu vakada rusununguko rwetsika kuno Musiki wavo. (Genesi 3:1-6) Varamba ubati ushe hwaMwari, kana kuti kutonga kwaMwari, vaifanira kuwana mimwe mitoo yechiremera. (Muparidzi 8:9) Vamwe vakazivisa chiremera chavo nesimba. Nokuda kwavo, simba rakanga riri maruramiro. Kwakanga kwakakwana kuti vakanga vakasimba zvakakwana kumanikidzira kuda kwavo. Vakawanda zvikurusa, kunyanguvezvo, vakanzwa dikanwo yokuita kuti maruramiro avo okutonga ave pamutemo.

Kubva panguva dzapakuvamba zvikurusa vatongi vakawanda vakaita ikoku nokutaura kuti vakanga vari vanamwari kana kuti zvimwe vakanga vagamuchira simba kuna vanamwari. Uyu ndiwo mufungo wengano “woumambo hunoyera,” wakataurwa navatongi vapakuvamba veMesopotamia navanaFarao veEgipita yakare.

Alexander Mukuru, madzimambo echiGiriki ayo akamutsiva, uye vakawanda vamadzimambo eRoma vakataurawo kuva vanamwari uye kunyange kuraira kunamatwa. Mitoo muvatongi vakadaro yaizivikanwa se“tsika dzavatongi,” uye donzo rayo rakanga riri rokusimbisa chiremera chomutongi pamuvhenganiswa wamarudzi akakurirwa. Kuramba kunamata mutongi kwaishurikidzwa sechiito chokurwisana neHurumende. MuThe Legacy of Rome, Purofesa Ernest Barker akanyora, kuti: “Kuitwa mwari kwamambo we[Roma], uye ruvimbiko rwaanogamuchira nemhaka youmwari hwake, sezviri pachena ndihwo hwaro, kana kuti zvisinei hazvo chinosimbisa, choumambo.”

Ikoku kwakaramba kuri kwechokwadi kunyange pashure pokunge “chiKristu” chaitwa chapamutemo naMambo Constantine (akatonga 306-337 N.V.) uye gare gare chakagamuchirwa sorudzidziso rweHurumende yoUmambo hweRoma naMambo Theodosius I (akatonga 379-395 N.V.). Mamwe amadzimambo e“chiKristu” ainamatwa savanamwari kutozosvikira muzana ramakore rechishanu chaimo N.V.

“Masimba Maviri,” “Minondo Miviri”

Sezvo gadziriro yavanapapa yakava yakasimba zvikuru, zvinetso pakati peChechi neHurumende zvakakomba. Nokudaro, pamugumo wezana ramakore rechishanu N.V., Papa Gelasius I akaratidzira nheyo ya“masimba maviri”: chiremera chinoyera chavanapapa chaivapo panguva imweyo nesimba roumambo ramadzimambo—madzimambo ari pasi pavanapapa. Iyi nheyo gare gare yakakura kuva dzidziso ye“minondo miviri”: “Munondo womudzimu vanapapa vakashandisa vamene, vachipa munondo wenyika kuvatongi venyika, asi vapashure kunyanguvezvo vanofanira kushandisa munondo wenyika mukuwirirana nenhungamiro dzapapa.” (The New Encyclopædia Britannica) Pahwaro hweiyi dzidziso, mukati meMiddle Ages, Chechi yeKaturike yakataura maruramiro okugadza madzimambo namadzishe kuitira kuti chiremera chawo chive chapamutemo, nokudaro ichipfuuridzira ngano yakare yo“umambo hunoyera.”

Ikoku hakufaniri, zvisinei, kuvhiringidzwa naanonzi maruramiro oumwari amadzimambo, chinoitika chapashure chakanga chakanangidzirwa pakusunungura vatongi vezvamatongerwe enyika mukuzviisa pasi pegadziriro yavanapapa. Rondedzero yamaruramiro oumwari inodavira kuti madzimambo anowana chiremera chawo chokutonga zvakananga kuna Mwari, kwete kupfurikidza napapa weRoma. New Catholic Encyclopedia inoti: “Panguva apo papa akanga achishandisa simba romudzimu munzvimbo yose uye kunyange renyika pavatungamiriri venyika, pfungwa yamaruramiro oumwari yakaisa madzimambo enyika dzorudzi munzvimbo yokururamisa chiremera chawo sechoumwari zvakaenzana neicho chapapa.”b

Ngano Dzouchangamire Hwakakurumbira

Sezvo nguva yakapfuurira, vanhu vakakarakadza mamwe manyuko echiremera. Mamwe aiva uchangamire hwavanhu. Vakawanda vanodavira kuti iyi pfungwa yakavambira muGirisi. Hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeGirisi yakare, zvisinei, yakashandiswa bedzi mumaguta enyika mashomanene, uye kunyange muna iwaya vagari vemo varume bedzi vaivhota. Vakadzi, varanda, uye vokumwe vanogaramo—vaifungidzirwa kuva hafu kusvikira kuzvikamu zvina zvezvishanu zvavagari vemo—vaisiyiwa. Hwakanga husitongori uchangamire hwakakurumbira!

Ndiani akasimudzira pfungwa youchangamire hwavanhu? Nenzira inoshamisa, yakatangwa muMiddle Ages navafundisi veRoma Katurike. Muzana ramakore rechi 13, Thomas Aquinas aidavira kuti nepo uchangamire huchivamba naMwari, hwakaiswa muvanhu. Iyi pfungwa yakabvumikisa kuva yakakurumbira. New Catholic Encyclopedia inoti: “Iyi pfungwa yavanhu samanyuko echiremera yakatsigirwa navoruzhinji zvikurusa vavafundisi veKaturike vezana ramakore rechi 17.”

Neiko vafundisi vechechi umo vanhu vakanga vasitongorina maruramiro muchisarudzo chapapa, bhishopi, kana kuti muprista vaizosimudzira pfungwa youchangamire hwavanhu? Nemhaka yokuti mamwe madzimambo eEurope akanga achiva asingazorori nenzira inowedzera muudzori hwapapa. Rondedzero youchangamire hwakakurumbira yakapa papa simba rokupidigura mambo kana kuti mutongi kana kwakaratidzika kuva kuri madikanwa. Vezvenhau Will naAriel Durant vakanyora, kuti: “Vadziviriri vouchangamire hwakakurumbira vaibatanidza vaJesuit vakawanda, avo vakaona muuyu murangariro mutoo wokunetesa nawo chiremera choumambo mukurwisana nechapapa. Kana, akarangarira kudaro Cardinal Bellarmine, chiremera chamadzimambo chichiwanwa kuvanhu, uye naizvozvo chiri pasi pavo, nenzira iri pachena chiduku kuchiremera chavanapapa . . . Luis Molina, muJesuit weSpain, akagumisa kuti vanhu, samanyuko echiremera chenyika, nomutoo une nhevedzano—asi nenzira yakarongeka—vangabvisa mambo asina kururama.”

“Mutoo une nhevedzano” waizova, chokwadika, unorongwa napapa. Ichisimbisa ikoku, Histoire Universelle de l’Eglise Catholique yeKaturike yechiFrench inonokora mashoko eBiographie universelle, iyo inoti: “Bellarmine . . . anodzidzisa sedzidziso inozivikanwa yeKaturike kuti machinda anowana simba rawo muchisarudzo chavanhu, uye kuti vanhu vanogona kushandisa aya maruramiro mupesvedzero yapapa bedzi.” (Kutsveyamisa mashoko ndokwedu.) Uchangamire hwakakurumbira nokudaro hwakava chishandiso icho papa aigona kushandisa kupesvedzera chisarudzo chavatongi uye, kana kudikanwa kukavapo, kuvaita kuti vabviswe. Munguva dzazvino uno zvikuru, hwakabvumira dare reKaturike kupesvedzera vavhoti veKaturike muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzinomirira.

Muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzazvino uno kuva pamutemo kwehurumende kwakavakirwa pakunonzi “kubvuma kwavatongwi.” Zvikurukuru, kunyanguvezvo, uku ndiko “kubvuma kwavoruzhinji,” uye nemhaka yokusakendenga kwavavhoti uye ujarijari hwamatongerwe enyika, ava “voruzhinji” kazhinji kazhinji zvomenemene ndivorushoma bedzi vechiverengero chavagari vemo. Nhasi, “kubvuma kwavatongwi” kazhinji kazhinji kunoreva zvishomanene zvikuru kupfuura “kubvuma chinyararire, kana kuti kurega, kwavatongwi.”

Ngano Youchangamire Hworudzi

Ngano youmambo hunoyera yakasimudzirwa navanapapa vapakuvamba yakaipira gadziriro yavanapapa apo yakachinja kuva maruramiro oumwari amadzimambo. Rondedzero youchangamire hwakakurumbira nomutoo wakafanana yakaipira Chechi yeKaturike. Mukati mamazana amakore rechi 17 nerechi 18, vazivi venyika, vakadai savarume veEngland Thomas Hobbes naJohn Locke uye murume weFrance Jean-Jacques Rousseau, vakarangarira pamusoro pepfungwa youchangamire hwakakurumbira. Ivo vakatanga zvimiro zverondedzero ye“chibvumirano chenzanga” pakati pavatongi navanotongwa. Nheyo dzavo dzakanga dzakavakirwa kwete paumwari asi pa“mutemo womusikirwo,” uye murangariro wacho wakagumira mupfungwa idzo dzakakuvadza zvakakomba Chechi yeKaturike negadziriro yavanapapa.

Chinguvana pashure porufu rwaRousseau, Mukiro yeFrance yakatanga. Iyi mukiro yakaparadza pfungwa dzakati dzokuva pamutemo, asi yakatanga itsva, pfungwa youchangamire hworudzi. The New Encyclopædia Britannica inotsinhira, kuti: “VaFrench vakaramba maruramiro oumwari amadzimambo, udzori hwavanokudzwa, ropafadzo dzeChechi yeRoma Katurike.” Asi, inodaro Britannica, “Mukiro yakanga yaunza gadziriro itsva, nyika yorudzi, kuukuru.” Vamukiri vaida iyi “gadziriro” itsva. Neiko?

Nemhaka yokuti mumuitiro Rousseau akanga areverera, vagari vemo vose vaizova namaruramiro akaenzana muchisarudzo chavatongi. Ikoku kungadai kwakaguma nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakavakirwa pamaruramiro okuvhota avose—chimwe chinhu vatungamiriri veMukiro yeFrance vakanga vasingadi. Purofesa Duverger anotsanangura, kuti: “Nenzira yakarurama kwakanga kuri kudzivisa uyu muuyo, wairangarirwa kuva usingadikanwi, kuti, kuvambira muna 1789 kusvikira muna 1791, mitezo inopesvedzera yeConstituent Assembly yakaita rondedzero youchangamire hworudzi. Vakazivisa vanhu no‘Rudzi,’ urwo vakarangarira sechinhu chaichoicho, chakasiyana namativi acho anoumba. Rudzi rwoga, kupfurikidza navamiriri varwo, rwuna maruramiro okushandisa uchangamire . . . Ichioneka kuva Hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, dzidziso youchangamire hwenyika haitongori chaizvoizvo hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu chaizvoizvo nemhaka yokuti inogona kushandiswa kururamisa chinodokuva chimiro chipi nechipi chehurumende, zvikurukuru hurumende youdzvinyiriri.” (Kutsveyamisa mashoko ndokwedu.)

Nhamburiko Dzomunhu Ikundikano

Kugamuchirwa kweHurumende yoRudzi samanyuko apamutemo echiremera kwakatungamirira kuurudzi. The New Encyclopædia Britannica inoti: “Urudzi hunowanzofungwa kuva hwekare zvikuru; pane dzimwe nguva hunorangarirwa nokukanganisa sechisakiso chechigarire mumuitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika. Zvomenemene, mukiro dzeAmerica neFrance dzingarangarirwa seratidzirwo yarwo yokutanga ine simba.” Chifo chemukiro idzodzo, urudzi hwakatekeshera mumaAmerica, Europe, Africa, uye Asia. Hondo dzinotyisa dzakaitwa dzapamutemo muzita rourudzi.

Wezvenhau weBritain Arnold Toynbee akanyora, kuti: “Mudzimu woUrudzi imbiriso yakashata yewaini itsva yeHurumende inosarudzwa navanhu iri mumabhotoro ekare oUrudzi. . . . Iyi bvumirano pane zvisina kufanira yechienzi pakati peHurumende inosarudzwa navanhu noUrudzi yave ine simba zvikuru mune zvamatongerwe enyika zvinoshanda zveNyika yokuMadokero yedu yazvino uno kupfuura Hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu imene.” Urudzi hahuna kuparira nyika ine rugare. Toynbee akati: “Hondo dzoRudzidziso dzakateverwa, pashure pokuzorora kudukusa, neHondo dzoUrudzi; uye muNyika yedu yokuMadokero yazvino uno mudzimu wokunyanyisa kworudzidziso nomudzimu wokunyanyisa kworudzi sezvinooneka isimba rimwe chetero.”

Kupfurikidza nengano dzo“umambo hunoyera,” “maruramiro oumwari amadzimambo,” “uchangamire hwakakurumbira,” uye “uchangamire hworudzi,” vatongi vakaedza kuita kuti chiremera chavo chive chapamutemo pavanhu biyavo. Pashure pokurangarira chinyorwa chavatongi vavanhu, zvisinei, muKristu haagoni kuita chimwe chinhu kunze kwokugoverana mufungo wakataurwa naSoromoni: “Munhu akadzora munhu kukuvadziko yake.”—Muparidzi 8:9, NW.

Panzvimbo pokunamata Hurumende yezvamatongerwe enyika, vaKristu vanonamata Mwari ndokuziva maari manyuko apamutemo echiremera chose. Vanobvumirana nowezvamapisarema Dhavhidhi uyo akati: “Ukuru, simba, kubwinya, mazuva mazhinji nembiri ndezvenyu, Yave, chinhu chiri chose chiri mudenga napasi ndechenyu. Uchangamire ndohwenyu, Yave; makakwirira, mukurusa pazvose.” (1 Makoronike 29:11, The New Jerusalem Bible) Bva, nokuzviisa pasi paMwari, vanoratidza ruremekedzo rwakafanira nokuda kwechiremera mumativi ose ari maviri enyika neomudzimu. Kuti vanogona sei uye nei ivo vachiita izvozvi nomufaro kuchanzverwa munyaya mbiri dzinotevera.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 15]

Chechi yeKaturike yakataura chiremera chokugadza madzimambo namadzishe

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Consecration of Charlemagne: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris