Medhia nePersia—Simba Renyika Guru Rechina Renhau yeBhaibheri

VaMedhia navaPersia vakabatanidzwa muzvinoitika zvakawanda izvo zvinorondedzerwa muBhaibheri. Ivo vanodudzwawo muchiverengero chakati chamauporofita eBhaibheri. Ungada here kuziva zvakawanda pamusoro paaya marudzi akare naanofadza?

VAMEDHIA navaPersia vakare vakanga vachifamba! Aivatungamirira akanga ari Koreshi mukuru, uyo aitodzora umambo. Zvino iye akanangidzira ngwariro yake paBhabhironi rine simba, simba guru renyika rezuva iroro.

Mukati medzimbahwe reBhabhironi, mambo Bhershazari, uyo Bhaibheri rinoti akanga “abatwa newaini,” akanga ane mutambo wavaenzi vakuru vane chiuru. Mumufaro, ivo vakarumbidza vamwari vavo vezvidhori vachinwira mumidziyo inoyera yakanga yatorwa mutembere yaJehovha muJerusarema. (Dhanieri 5:1-4) Ivo vakanzwa vakakotsekana mukati mamasvingo akasimba eBhabhironi.

Kunze, zvisinei, hondo yaKoreshi yakanga yatsausa mvura dzoRwizi rwaYufratesi rwaipfuura nomuBhabhironi. Mhinganidzo yomusikirwo iyoyo yabviswa, varwi vake vakachakwaira vachikwira mugova—vachipfuura chaizvo masvingo eBhabhironi ndokupinda muguta napamasuo akazaruka akanga akatarisa rwizi. Zuva risati rabuda, Bhershazari akanga afa, Bhabhironi rakanga rawa, uye Medhia nePersia zvakanga zvava simba renyika guru rechina renhau yeBhaibheri! Asi ndivanaani vaiva ava vaMedhia navaPersia?

VaMedhia vaibva munharaunda yerwenze ine makomo kumabvazuva kweAsiria. Mifananidzo yakawanwa muAsiria inovaratidzira vakapfeka anoratidzika kuva mabhachi amakanda amakwai pamusoro pamachunika nejombo, zvakafanira nokuda kwebasa ravo rokufudza parwenze rwakakwirira. VaMedhia vanodokuva vasina kusiya zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa. Zvizhinjisa zveizvo tinoziva pamusoro pavo zvinodzidzwa muBhaibheri, mumagwaro eAsiria, uye kuvezvenhau vamabhuku echiGiriki. VaPersia pakuvamba-vamba vairarama kazhinji kazhinji upenyu hwokudzungaira munharaunda iri kuchamhembe kwePersian Gulf. Sezvo umambo hwavo hwakakura, ivo vakakudziridza chishuvo chakatanhamara choumbozha.

Pakutanga vaMedhia vaidzora, asi muna 550 P.N.V., Koreshi Mukuru wePersia akawana rukundo rwokukurumidza pana mambo weMedhia Astyages. Koreshi akabatanidza tsika nemitemo zvamarudzi maviri, akabatanidza maumambo avo, uye akakudza rukundo rwavo. Kunyange zvazvo vaMedhia vaiva vaduku kuvaPersia, umambo hwacho hwakanga huri chaizvoizvo hworudzi rwamaviri. VaMedhia vaiva nenzvimbo yakakwirira ndokutungamirira hondo dzavaPersia. Vokumwe vaitaura nezvavaMedhia navaPersia, kana kuti kana vakashandisa shoko rimwe, rakanga riri “Medhia.”

VaMedhia navaPersia vasati vadenha Bhabhironi, muporofita Dhanieri akanga apiwa chiono chegondohwe rine nyanga mbiri iro rakamirira rudzi rwamativi maviri. Dhanieri akanyora, kuti: “Nyanga mbiri dzakanga dzakareba, asi rumwe rwakanga rwakapfuura rumwe nokureba; rwakanga rwakareba ndirwo rwakabuda shure.” Pakanga pasina panikiro pamusoro pokuzivikanwa kwegondohwe, nokuti ngirozi yakaudza Dhanieri, kuti: “Gondohwe rawakaona, rakanga rine nyanga mbiri, ndiwo madzimambo avaMedhia navaPersia.”—Dhanieri 8:3, 20.

Dhanieri akanga ari mukati meJerusarema apo iro rakawa, uye akapupurira kusvika kwavaMedhia navaPersia. Dhariusi muMedhia, mutongi wokutanga weguta rakanga richangobva kukurirwa, akagadza vadziviriri voumambo 120 ndokuisa vakuru vakuru vatatu pamusoro pavo. Dhanieri akanga ari mumwe wavatatu. (Dhanieri 5:30–6:3) Nemhaka yenzvimbo yokutungamirira yakakwirira yaDhanieri pose pari paviri pamberi napashure pokunge Bhabhironi rawa, kungava kwakaoma kufungidzira kuti Koreshi haana kuitwa kuti azive nezvouporofita hwechiHebheru hwokuti, mazana maviri amakore pachine nguva mberi, hwakanga hwataura kuti Bhabhironi raizokurirwa nomurume ane zita rinonzi Koreshi.—Isaya 45:1-3.

Jerusarema Rinodzorerwa

Kuwa kweBhabhironi kwakagadzirira kumuka kwerimwe guta—Jerusarema. Iro rakanga rava matongo kwamakore anodokusvika 70 chibviro choruparadziko rwaro rwakaitwa navaBhabhironi muna 607 P.N.V. Mauporofita eBhaibheri akanga ataura kuti kupfurikidza naKoreshi, Jerusarema raizovakwa patsva uye nheyo dzetembere rayo dzichivanzarikwa.—Isaya 44:28.

Ikoku kwakaitika here? Hungu. Muprista, nyanzvi, uye munyori Ezra anoshuma kuti Koreshi akaraira kuti vanamati vaJehovha vaigona “kukwira kuJerusarema, iro riri muna Judha, uye kuvakazve imba yaJehovha Mwari waIsraeri—iye ndiye Mwari wechokwadi—iyo yakanga iri muJerusarema.” (Ezra 1:3) Vanhu vanenge 50 000 vakaita rwendo rwemwedzi mina vachidzokera Jerusarema, vakatakura pfuma yetembere. Muna 537 P.N.V. nyika yakavambazve kugarwa—makore 70 chete pashure pokunge Jerusarema rawa.—Jeremia 25:11, 12; 29:10.

Ruzivo rwokuchera matongo rwakasimbisa kuti murairo wakadaro waiva mutsinhirano nomuitiro waKoreshi. Pahwendefa rakawanwa mumatongo eBhabhironi, Koreshi anoti: “Ndakadzorera ku(aya) maguta anoyera . . . nzvimbo tsvene dzawo dzakanga dzave dziri matongo kwenguva refu, mifananidzo (yaisi)gara mukati madzo ndokudzivakira nzvimbo tsvene dzechigarire. Ini(wo) ndakaunganidza vagari vadzo (vekare) ndokudzorera (kwavari) nzvimbo dzavo.”

Vavengi veSamaria vavaJudha gare gare vakaparira kuvakwazve kwetembere kumiswa nerambidzo yamambo. Vaporofita vaJehovha Hagai naZekaria vakanyandura vanhu, uye basa rokuvaka rakatangwazve. “Dhariusi mambo” akaraira nzvero yokuwana murairo wapakuvamba waKoreshi unobvumidza kudzorerwa kwetembere. Bhaibheri rinotaura kuti paEcbatana, nzvimbo yokugara yezhezha yaKoreshi, mupumburu wamanyoro wakawanwa waiva neshoko rinosimbisa kuva rapamutemo kwebasa retembere. Basa iroro rakapedzwa mugore rechitanhatu ramambo wePersia Dhariusi I.—Ezra 4:4-7, 21; 6:1-15.

Ufakazi Hwoukuru

Muchiono chadudzwa pakuvamba, Dhanieri akanga aona “gondohwe [rine nyanga mbiri reMedia nePersia] richitunga kumativi amavira zuva, nokumusoro, nezasi; hakune zvipfuwo [mamwe marudzi] zvaigona kuramba zvimire pamberi paro, uye kwakanga kusina waigona kurwira pasimba raro; asi rakaita parakada napo rikazvikudza.” (Dhanieri 8:4) Panenge pakasvika nguva yaDhariusi, ichi chiono chakanga chazadzikwa. Muchipupuriro kumabasa ake, Dhariusi Mukuru akazviita amene kuti aratidzirwe pamufananidzo muhombe unogona kungoonwa pakakwirira pamawere paBisitun, pamugwagwa wekare uri pakati peBhabhironi neEcbatana. Mukuwedzera kukukurira Bhabhironi, “gondohwe” reMedhia nePersia rakanga rabata nyika mumativi makuru matatu: kumusoro muAsiria, kumadokera nomuAsia Minor, uye kumaodzanyemba kupinda muEgipita.

Mamaira 400 kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kwohugaro hwavo hwezhezha paEcbatana, madzimambo ePersia akavaka dzimbahwe hombe paPersepolis. Mufananidzo uripo unoratidza Dhariusi ari pachigaro chake choumambo, uye parunyoro iye anoganza, achiti: “Ndini Dhariusi, mambo mukuru, mambo wamadzimambo, mambo wenyika . . . uyo akavaka iri dzimbahwe.” Makoramu marefu mashomanene eiri dzimbahwe rakaisvonaka achakamira nhasi. Rimwe dzimbahwe raiva paSusa (Shushani), raiva pakati pakati peBhabhironi, Ecbatana, uye Persepolis. Imomo Dhariusi Mukuru akavaka rimwe dzimbahwe rakaisvonaka.

Dhariusi akatsiviwa nomwanakomana wake Xerxes, uyo sezviri pachena akanga ari Ahashvheroshi” webhuku reBhaibheri raEstere. Iro rinotaura kuti Ahashvheroshi “waibata ushe kubva paIndia kusvikira Etiopia, pamativi enyika ane zana ramakumi maviri namanomwe” sezvaakagara “pachigaro chake choushe chakanga chiri paShushani panhare yamambo.” Pakanga pari ipapo apo Ahashvheroshi akaita Estere muduku akaisvonaka vahosi vake. (Estere 1:1, 2; 2:17) Mumiyiziemu yeLouvre muParis, unogona kuona pamusoro pekoramu pakaisvonaka pakanga pari pamusoro pekoramu refu muiri dzimbahwe, pamwe chete nezvishongedzero zverusvingo zvinomirira vapfuri vanodada vePersia nemhuka dzakaisvonaka. Midziyo yamabwe machena, matombo anokosha, uye zvimwe zvinhu izvo zvakawanwamo zvinokodzera zvakanaka kutaura kweBhaibheri pamusoro pokubatwa kukurukuru kworunako kwakapiwa Estere, pamwe chete noumbozha hwaivapo muShushani.—Estere 1:7; 2:9, 12, 13.

Nhau dzakataurwa navavengi vechiGiriki vaXerxes dzakabatanidza zvitambudzo zveroorano nokudzorwa kwaifungidzirwa kwamambo wePersia navakati vavarindiri vake. Kunyange zvazvo maidi angave akavhiringidzwa ndokumonyaniswa, idzi nhau dzinoratidzika kuva dzinoratidzira mapfundo makuru ebhuku raEstere, iro rinoti mambo akaderedza vahosi Vhashti vanozvikudza ndokuvatsiva naEstere, uye kuti hama yaEstere Mordhekai yakawana nzvimbo yechiremera chikuru muumambo.—Estere 1:12, 19; 2:17; 10:3.

Mutsa Unoratidzwa Kuvanamati vaJehovha

Mugore ra 468 P.N.V., mutsivi waXerxes Artashasta (Longimanus) akabvumira muprista Ezra, uyo aigara muBhabhironi pashure pokusunungurwa kwokutanga kwavaJudha naKoreshi, kudzokera kuJerusarema ndokufambisira mberi namatwo yakachena yaJehovha imomo. Varume vane 1 500 nemhuri dzavo—zvichida vane 6 000 pamwe chete—vakaperekedza Ezra, vachiuya nomupiro mukuru nokuda kwetembere yaJehovha.—Ezra 7:1, 6, 11-26.

Makanga muriwo mudzimbahwe paShushani apo Artashasta mumwe cheteyu, mugore rake rechi 20 (455 P.N.V.), akabvuma chikumbiro chaNehemia chokudzorerwa kundovaka patsva Jerusarema namasvingo aro. Iwoyu wakaratidzira mavambo a“mavhiki ane makumi manomwe” amakore ouporofita hwaDhanieri, ayo akanongedzera kukuonekwa kwaJesu sa“Mesia Mutungamiriri” panguva chaipoipo mugore ra 29 N.V.a—Dhanieri 9:24, 25, NW; Nehemia 1:1; 2:1-9.

Zvimwe zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa papapyrus mumutauro wechiAramaiki zvakawanwa paElephantine, chitsuwa chiri muRwizi rweNire rweEgipita. Izvi zvinyorwa zvinoratidzira ururami uhwo vanyori veBhaibheri Ezra naNehemia vanoratidzira nahwo zvose zviri zviviri migariro nekurukurirano yapamutemo mukati mokutonga kwePersia. MuBiblical Archaeology, Professor G. Ernest Wright anoti: “Zvino . . . tinokwanisa kuona kuti chiAramaiki chaEzra ndicho chaizvoizvo icho chezera racho, nepo zvinyorwa zvehurumende zviri zvorudziwo zvarwo zvatakarovedzana nazvo kubatanidza nehurumende yePersia.” Chimwe chezvinyorwa chaiva nomurairo woumambo wePersia pamusoro pechengetwo yePaseka yakaitwa nekoroni yechiJudha muEgipita.

Medhia nePersia Zvinotera kuGirisi

Muchiono, Dhanieri akanga aona Medhia nePersia zvichimirirwa segondohwe rine nyanga mbiri. Tevere, mazana amakore maviri kusati kwaitika, iye akaona “nhongo ichibva kumavirazuva [madokero]” uye ichifamba nokukurumidza kwazvo zvokuti yakanga “isingatsiki pasi.” Nhongo inofamba nokukurumidza yakapfuurira “ikatunga gondohwe, ikavhuna nyanga dzaro mbiri; gondohwe rakanga risina simba rokumira pamberi payo.” (Dhanieri 8:5-7) Ko nhau inoratidza here kuti ikoku kwakaitika chaizvoizvo kuMedhia nePersia?

Hungu, mugore ra 334 P.N.V., Alexander Mukuru akabuda muGirisi kumadokero. Nokumhanya zvikuru kufanana nouko kwenhongo, iye akapinda nomuAsia, achiwana rukundo pashure porukundo pavaPersia. Pakupedzisira, muna 331 P.N.V., paGaugamela, iye akaparadzira uto rePersia ravarume vane mirioni imwe. Mutungamiriri waro, Dhariusi III akatiza, gare gare akaurawa neshamwari dzapaimwe nguva. Simba renyika rechina rakanga raparadzwa, nyanga dzaro dzichivhuniwa, uye umambo hwaAlexander hwakava hwechishanu hwamasimba makuru enyika enhau yeBhaibheri. Ichakurukurwa muchinyorwa chedu chaApril 15, 1988.

Simba reNyika reMedhia nePersia rakanga ravapo kwaanopfuura mazana amakore maviri chete—kuvambira pausiku uhwo rakakurira Bhabhironi muna 539 P.N.V. kutozosvikira rawa kuna Alexander. Uhwu hunenge urefu humwe chetehwo hwenguva uhwo hwakapfuura chibviro cheFrench Revolution kana kuti kugadzwa kweUnited States of America. Mukati menhambo pfupi zvikuru iyoyo yenguva, vaMedhia navaPersia nenzira isiri yamaune vakava nezvakawanda zvokuita nokushanda kwamadonzo aJehovha Mwari nezadziko yamauporofita ake asingakundikani.

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(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

Medo-Persian empire

INDIA

Ecbatana

Susa (Shushan)

Persepolis

Babylon

Jerusalem

EGYPT

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Matongo edzimbahwe raKoreshi, Umambo hweMedhia nePersia

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Guva raKoreshi muIran