Chitsauko 9

Ndiani Achatonga Nyika?

1-3. Rondedzera hope nezviono zvakaonekwa naDhanieri mugore rokutanga rokutonga kwaBhershazari.

UPROFITA hwaDhanieri hune simba zvino hunotidzosera shure kugore rokutanga raMambo weBhabhironi Bhershazari. Dhanieri agara chaizvo ari nhapwa muBhabhironi, asi haana kumbotsuguduka pakuvimbika kwake kuna Jehovha. Zvino makore ake ave kuma70, muprofita akatendeka wacho achi“rota, akaratidzwa zvimwe mumusoro make ari panhoo dzake.” Uye zviono izvozvo zvinomutyisa sei!—Dhanieri 7:1, 15.

² “Tarirai,” Dhanieri anodaro. “Mhepo ina dzokudenga dzakamutsa gungwa guru. Mhuka huru ina dzikakwira dzichibuda mugungwa dzisina kufanana.” Imhuka dzinoshamisa sei! Yokutanga yacho ishumba ine mapapiro, uye yechipiri yacho yakaita se[bheya, NW]. Kwozouya ingwe ine mapapiro mana nemisoro mina! Mhuka yechina yakasimba kwazvo ine mazino makuru outare nenyanga gumi. Pakati penyanga dzayo gumi panobuda runyanga “ruduku” rune “meso omunhu” uye “muromo wakanga uchitaura zvinhu zvikuru.”—Dhanieri 7:2-8.

³ Zviono zvaDhanieri zvinotevera zvave zvokudenga. Wakakwegura Pamazuva anogara pachigaro achibwinya soMutongi muDare rokudenga. ‘Pane zviuru zvine chiuru zvinoramba zvichimushumira, uye zviuru gumi zvakapetwa zviuru gumi zvinoramba zvimire pamberi pake chaipo.’ Achitonga mhuka dzacho zvakaomarara, anodzitorera simba rokutonga ndokuparadza mhuka yechina. Kutonga nokusingaperi “vanhu vose namarudzi ose namarimi ose” kunopiwa “mumwe akafanana nomwanakomana womunhu.”—Dhanieri 7:9-14.

4. (a) Dhanieri akaenda kuna ani kuti awane mashoko aaigona kuvimba nawo? (b) Nei zvakaonekwa nokunzwiwa naDhanieri usiku ihwohwo zvichikosha kwatiri?

⁴ “Kana ndiri ini,” anodaro Dhanieri, “mweya wangu wakatambudzika mukati momuviri wangu, uye zvandakaona mumusoro mangu zvakandivhundusa.” Naizvozvo anobvunza ngirozi “kududzirwa kwazvokwadi kwezvinhu izvo zvose.” Ngirozi zvechokwadi inomuudza “kududzirwa kwezvinhu izvo.” (Dhanieri 7:15-28) Zvakaonekwa naDhanieri nezvaakanzwa usiku ihwohwo tinozvifarira zvikuru, nokuti zvakarondedzera zvaizoitika munyika zvichisvika munguva yedu, apo “mumwe akafanana nomwanakomana womunhu” anopiwa ushe pa“vanhu vose namarudzi ose namarimi ose.” Tichibetserwa neShoko nemudzimu waMwari, nesuwo tinogona kunzwisisa zvinorehwa nezviono zvouprofita izvi.a

MHUKA INA DZINOBUDA MUGUNGWA

5. Gungwa rakamutswa nemhepo rinomirirei?

⁵ “Mhuka huru ina dzikakwira dzichibuda mugungwa,” akadaro Dhanieri. (Dhanieri 7:3) Chii chaifananidzirwa negungwa rakamutswa nemhepo? Makore mazhinji gare gare, muapostora Johane akaona chikara chakanga chine misoro minomwe chichibuda mu“gungwa.” Gungwa iroro raimirira “vanhu, navazhinji namarudzi, nendimi”—vanhu vose zvavo vasingadi Mwari. Gungwa, kana zvakadaro, mufananidzo wakakodzera wemhomho yevanhu vakaparadzana naMwari.—Zvakazarurwa 13:1, 2; 17:15; Isaya 57:20.

6. Mhuka ina dzinofananidzirei?

⁶ “Mhuka idzi huru,” yakadaro ngirozi yaMwari, “idzo ina, ndiwo madzimambo mana achamuka panyika.” (Dhanieri 7:17) Sezviri pachena, ngirozi yacho yakazivisa mhuka ina dzacho idzo Dhanieri akaona se“madzimambo mana.” Saka, mhuka idzi dzinomirira masimba enyika. Asi api acho?

7. (a) Vamwe vatsinhiri veBhaibheri vanoti chii pamusoro pechiono chomuhope chaDhanieri chemhuka ina nehope dzaMambo Nebhukadhinezari dzechifananidzo chikuru? (b) Rimwe nerimwe remativi mana echifananidzo chesimbi rinomirirei?

⁷ Vatsinhiri veBhaibheri vanowanzobatanidza chiono chomuhope chaDhanieri chemhuka ina nehope dzaNebhukadhinezari dzechifananidzo chikuru. Somuenzaniso, The Expositor’s Bible Commentary inoti: “Chitsauko 7 [chaDhanieri] chakafanana nechitsauko 2.” The Wycliffe Bible Commentary inoti: “Vanhu vazhinji vanobvumirana kuti kutevedzana kweumambo huna hweVanhu veMarudzi . . . ndiko kumwe chete kuri [pana Dhanieri chitsauko 7] nokunorangarirwa muna [Dhanieri] chitsauko 2.” Masimba mana enyika anomirirwa nesimbi ina dzehope dzaNebhukadhinezari akanga ari Umambo hweBhabhironi (musoro wendarama), Medhia nePersia (chipfuva chesirivha nemaoko), Girisi (dumbu rendarira nezvidya), uye Umambo hweRoma (makumbo edare).b (Dhanieri 2:32, 33) Ngationei kuti umambo uhwu hwakafanana sei nemhuka huru ina idzo Dhanieri akaona.

INOTYISA SESHUMBA, ICHIMHANYA SEGONDO

8. (a) Dhanieri akarondedzera sei mhuka yokutanga? (b) Mhuka yokutanga yaimirira umambo hupi, uye yakaita seshumba sei?

⁸ Mhuka dzakaonekwa naDhanieri dzakakura! Achirondedzera imwe yacho, akati: “Yokutanga yakanga yakafanana neshumba, ine mapapiro egondo; ndikaramba ndakatarira kusvikira mapapiro ayo ataurwa, ikasimudzwa ichibva panyika, ikamiswa namakumbo maviri somunhu, ikapiwa mwoyo womunhu.” (Dhanieri 7:4) Mhuka iyi yaifananidzira kutonga kumwe chete souko kwaimirirwa nomusoro wendarama wechifananidzo chikuru, Simba reNyika reBhabhironi (607-539 B.C.E.). Kufanana ne“shumba,” inodya dzimwe mhuka, Bhabhironi rakaparadza marudzi nokusatya, kubatanidza vanhu vaMwari. (Jeremia 4:5-7; 50:17) Sokunge nemapapiro egondo, “shumba” iyi yakamhanya ichikurira nesimba.—Mariro 4:19; Habhakuki 1:6-8.

9. Kuchinja kwerudzii kwakaitika pamhuka yakafanana neshumba, uye izvi zvakaitapura sei?

⁹ Pashure penguva yakati, shumba inoshamisa ine mapapiro yaka“taurwa” mapapiro ayo. Pedyo nokuguma kwokutonga kwaMambo Bhershazari, Bhabhironi rakaderera pakukurumidza kukunda kwaro uye ukuru hwaro hwakaita seshumba pane mamwe marudzi. Rakanga risingachafambi kupfuura munhu anofamba nemakumbo maviri. Richipiwa “mwoyo womunhu,” rakapera simba. Risisina “mwoyo wakafanana noweshumba,” Bhabhironi rakanga risingachagonizve kuita samambo “pakati pemhuka dzomudondo.” (Enzanisa na2 Samueri 17:10; Mika 5:8.) Imwe mhuka huru yakaiparadza.

INORURA SEBHEYA

10. “Bheya” raimirira dzinza revatongi vapi?

¹⁰ “Ndikaonazve,” akadaro Dhanieri, “imwe mhuka, yechipiri, yakafanana ne[bheya, NW]; iyo yakanga yakasimudza rumwe rutivi rwayo, uye mumuromo mayo yakanga yakaruma mbabvu nhatu pakati pameno ayo; vakati kwariri: Simuka, upedze nyama zhinji.” (Dhanieri 7:5) Mambo aimirirwa ne“bheya” ndiyeye aimirirwa nechipfuva chesirivha nemaoko zvechifananidzo chikuru—dzinza revatongi veMedhia nePersia (539-331 B.C.E.) kutangira pana Dhariusi muMedhia naKoreshi Mukuru zvichiguma naDhariusi III.

11. Kusimukira kune rumwe rutivi kwebheya rokufananidzira nokuva kwaro nembabvu nhatu mumuromo maro zvaimirirei?

¹¹ Bheya rokufananidzira rakanga ‘rakasimukira kune rumwe rutivi,’ zvichida kugadzirira kurwisa ndokukunda marudzi ndokuramba riri simba renyika. Kana kuti chimiro ichi chingava chakaitirwa kuratidza kuti dzinza revatongi vePersia raizokunda mambo mumwe weMedhia, Dhariusi. Mbabvu nhatu dzakanga dziri pakati pemazino ebheya dzingagona kuve dzaimirira mativi matatu kwaraiwedzera nako nyika yaro. “Bheya” reMedhia nePersia rakaenda kumusoro kuti ripambe Bhabhironi muna 539 B.C.E. Rakaenda kumadokero nomuAsia Minor uye richipinda muThrace. Pakupedzisira, “bheya” racho rakaenda zasi kunokurira Egipita. Sezvo nhamba yetatu pane dzimwe nguva ichimirira kusimbisa, mbabvu nhatu dzinogonawo kusimbisa kukara nyika kunoita bheya rokufananidzira.

12. Chii chakaguma chaitika pakateerera bheya rokufananidzira murayiro wokuti: “Simuka, upedze nyama zhinji”?

¹² “Bheya” racho rakauraya marudzi richiteerera mashoko okuti: “Simuka, upedze nyama zhinji.” Nokuparadza Bhabhironi maererano nokuda kwaMwari, Medhia nePersia dzaikwanisa kuitira vanhu vaJehovha basa rinokosha. Uye dzakadaro! (Ona “Mambo Anoshivirira,” papeji 149.) Vachishandisa Koreshi Mukuru, Dhariusi I (Dhariusi Mukuru), naArtashasta I, Medhia nePersia dzakasunungura nhapwa dzechiJudha dzeBhabhironi ndokudzibetsera kuvakazve temberi yaJehovha nokugadziridza masvingo eJerusarema. Pakupedzisira, Medhia nePersia dzakasvika pakutonga maruwa 127, uye murume waMambokadzi Estere, Ahasuerosi (Xerxes I), akanga achi“bata ushe kubva paIndia kusvikira Etiopia.” (Estere 1:1) Zvisinei, kumuka kweimwe mhuka kwakanga kwava pedyo.

INOMHANYA SENGWE INE MAPAPIRO!

13. (a) Mhuka yechitatu yaifananidzirei? (b) Chii chinogona kutaurwa pamusoro pokumhanya kwemhuka yechitatu noumambo hwayaitonga?

¹³ Mhuka yechitatu yakanga “yakafanana nengwe, yakanga ine mapapiro mana pamusana wayo akafanana neeshiri; mhuka iyi yakanga ine misoro minawo; ikapiwa simba.” (Dhanieri 7:6) Kufanana nedumbu rendarira nezvidya zvechifananidzo chehope dzaNebhukadhinezari—ingwe ine mapapiro mana iyi, nemisoro mina yaimirira dzinza revatongi veMakedhonia kana kuti veGirisi, kutanga naAlexander Mukuru. Achikurumidza nokumhanya seingwe, Alexander akafamba nomuAsia Minor, zasi achipinda muEgipita, uye achienda kumuganhu wokumadokero weIndia. (Enzanisa naHabhakuki 1:8.) Umambo hwake hwakanga hwakakura kupfuura hwe“bheya,” nokuti hwaibatanidza Makedhonia, Girisi, neUmambo hwePersia.—Ona “Mambo Muduku Anokunda Nyika,” papeji 153.

14. “Ingwe” yakazova sei nemisoro mina?

¹⁴ “Ingwe” yakava nemisoro mina Alexander afa muna 323 B.C.E. Vatungamiriri vemauto ake vana pakupedzisira vakamutsiva muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvoumambo hwake. Seleucus akabata Mesopotamia neSiria. Ptolemy aidzora Egipita neParestina. Lysimachus aitonga Asia Minor neThrace, uye Cassander akatora Makedhonia neGirisi. (Ona “Umambo Hukuru Hunokamurwa,” papeji 162.) Ipapo ngozi itsva yakamuka.

MHUKA INOTYISA INORATIDZA KUTI YAKASIYANA

15. (a) Rondedzera mhuka yechina. (b) Mhuka yechina yakanga ichifananidzirei, uye yakapwanya sei nokuparadza zvose zvayaisangana nazvo?

¹⁵ Dhanieri akarondedzera mhuka yechina se“yaityisa nokuvhundusa, ine simba guru kwazvo.” Akapfuurira achiti: “Yakanga ine meno makuru outare; ikapedza, nokuvhuna-vhuna, nokupwanya zvakanga zvasara netsoka dzayo; iyi yakanga yakasiyana nemhuka dzose dzakaitangira; yakanga ine nyanga gumi.” (Dhanieri 7:7) Mhuka inotyisa iyi yakatanga sesimba rezvamatongerwe enyika nehondo reRoma. Pashoma nepashoma yakatora zvikamu zvechiHellen zvina zvoumambo hweGirisi, uye pakasvika gore ra30 B.C.E., Roma yakanga yava simba renyika rinotevera reuprofita hweBhaibheri. Huchitora chose chahwaisangana nacho nesimba rehondo, Umambo hweRoma pakupedzisira hwakakura hukapararira nharaunda yaibva kuBritish Isles huchipinda nomuEurope, huchinopoterera nokuMediterranean, ndokupfuura Bhabhironi kusvika kuPersian Gulf.

16. Ngirozi yakapa mashoko api pamusoro pemhuka yechina?

¹⁶ Achida kuti ave nechokwadi nemhuka iyi yai“tyisa zvikuru,” Dhanieri akanyatsoteerera ngirozi yacho zvayaitsanangura kuti: “Kana dziri nyanga [dzayo] dzine gumi, paushe uhwu pachamuka madzimambo ane gumi, asi mumwezve uchamuka shure kwavo; iye uchasiyana nevamwe vokutanga, uchakunda madzimambo matatu.” (Dhanieri 7:19, 20, 24) “Nyanga dzine gumi,” kana kuti “madzimambo ane gumi” aya aiva vanaani?

17. “Nyanga dzine gumi” dzechikara chechina dzinofanidzirei?

¹⁷ Roma sezvayakawedzera kupfuma uye ichiramba ichiderera patsika nemhaka yokusazvibata kweboka raitonga, yakaderera sesimba rehondo. Pashure penguva yakati, kuderera kwesimba rehondo reRoma kwakava pachena zvikuru. Umambo hukuru pakupedzisira hwakaputsika hukava umambo hwakawanda. Sezvo Bhaibheri richiwanzoshandisa nhamba yechigumi kuratidza kukwana, “nyanga dzine gumi” dzemhuka yechina dzinomirira umambo hwose hwakabuda pakuparara kweRoma.—Enzanisa naDheuteronomio 4:13; Ruka 15:8; 19:13, 16, 17.

18. Roma yakaramba sei ichitonga Europe kwemazana emakore pashure pokubviswa kwamambo wayo wokupedzisira?

¹⁸ Zvisinei, Simba reNyika reRoma harina kuguma nokubviswa kwamambo waro wokupedzisira muRoma muna 476 C.E. Kwemazana mazhinji emakore, Roma ichitungamirirwa napapa yakapfuurira kushandisa simba rezvamatongerwe enyika uye zvikurukuru rezvechitendero chayo muEurope. Yakaita kudaro iri pasi pamambo aiva pasi pomumwe mambo, sezvakanga zvakaita vagari vazhinji veEurope vakanga vari pasi pashe, nokuna mambo. Uye madzimambo ose aibvuma simba rapapa. Saka Umambo hweRoma Hutsvene hwakanga huna papa weRoma somukuru wahwo hwakadzora zvinoitika zvenyika yose munguva yose iyoyo yakapfuura inonzi Dark Ages.

19. Maererano nomumwe munyori wenhau dzakaitika Roma yakanga yakasiyana sei nohumwe umambo hwakanga hwapfuura?

¹⁹ Ndiani anogona kuramba kuti mhuka yechina yakanga ya“kasiyana nehumwe ushe hwose”? (Dhanieri 7:7, 19, 23) Pamusoro penyaya iyi, munyori wenhau H. G. Wells akanyora kuti: “Simba idzva reRoma iri . . . muzvinhu zvinoverengeka rakanga riri chinhu chakasiyana nohumwe umambo hukuru hwose hwakanga hwambotonga kusvika panguva iyoyo munyika yamazuvano. . . . [Hwa]ibatanidza vanenge vanhu vechiGiriki vose vari munyika, uye vanhu vahwo vekumusoro kweAfrica nokuAsia vaiva vashoma pane veumambo hwose hwakahutangira . . . Kusvika panguva iyoyo hwakanga huri chinhu chitsva . . . Umambo hweRoma hwakanga huri bukirwa, bukirwa idzva risina kurongwa; vanhu veRoma vakaerekana vabatanidzwa vasingazvizivi mukuedza kutungamirira vanhu vakawanda.” Asi mhuka yechina yaizofanira kuwedzera kukura.

RUNYANGA RUDUKU RUNOKUNDA

20. Ngirozi yakati chii pamusoro pokubukira kworunyanga ruduku mumusoro wechikara chechina?

²⁰ “Ndikacherekedza nyanga,” akadaro Dhanieri, “ndikaona rumwe runyanga ruchibuda pakati pedzimwe ruri ruduku, dzimwe nyanga nhatu pane dzokutanga dzikadzurwa nemidzi yadzo pamberi parwo.” (Dhanieri 7:8) Pamusoro pebukirwa iri, ngirozi yakaudza Dhanieri kuti: “Asi mumwezve uchamuka shure kwavo [madzimambo gumi]; iye uchasiyana navamwe vokutanga, uchakunda madzimambo matatu.” (Dhanieri 7:24) Mambo uyu ndiani, akamuka rini, uye madzimambo api matatu aakakunda?

21. Britain yakasvika sei pakuva runyanga ruduku rwokufananidzira rwemhuka yechina?

²¹ Funga nezvezvakaitika zvinotevera. Muna 55 B.C.E., Mutungamiriri wemauto eRoma Julius Caesar akapinda nechisimba muBritain asi akakundikana kuwana pokugara pechigarire. Muna 43 C.E., Mambo Claudius akatanga kukunda zasi kweBritain zvechigarire. Ipapo muna 122 C.E., Mambo Hadrian akatanga kuvaka rusvingo kubva kuTyne River kusvika kuSolway Firth, achiratidza pakagumira Umambo hweRoma kumusoro. Pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechishanu, mauto eRoma akabva pachitsuwa chacho. “Muzana ramakore rechitanhatu,” akatsanangura kudaro mumwe munyori wenhau dzakaitika, “England yakanga iri simba rakaderera. Upfumi hwayo hwakanga huri hushoma kana huchienzaniswa nehweNetherlands. Vaigaramo vakanga vari vashoma zvikuru kana vachienzaniswa neveFrance. Mauto ayo (kubatanidza emunyanza) akanga asingasviki pane eSpain pasimba.” Sezviri pachena Britain yakanga iri umambo husina maturo panguva iyoyo, ichiita runyanga ruduku rwokufananidzira rwemhuka yechina. Asi izvozvo zvaizochinja.

22. (a) Ndedzipi dzimwe nyanga nhatu dzemhuka yechina idzo runyanga “ruduku” rwakakunda? (b) Ipapo Britain yakavei?

²² Muna 1588, Philip II weSpain akatanga Spanish Armada yokurwisa Britain. Uyu mudungwe wezvikepe 130, zvakanga zvakatakura vanhu vanopfuura 24 000, zvakafamba zvichikwira neEnglish Channel, kuti zvingonokundwa neuto rezvikepe reBritain uye kurwisana nemhepo nemafungu anotyisa eAtlantic zvaienda kwavaibva. Chiitiko ichi “chakaratidza kuchinja kweshasha yehondo yemumvura yaimbova Spain ichiva England,” akadaro mumwe munyori wenhau dzakaitika. Muzana ramakore rechi17, vaDutch vakagadzira zvikepe zvokutakura zvinhu zvebhizimusi zvinopfuura zvimwe zvose munyika yose. Zvisinei, nyika dzayaidzora zvadzakaramba dzichiwanda mhiri kwemakungwa, Britain yakakunda umambo ihwohwo. Muzana ramakore rechi18, Britain neFrance zvakarwisana kuNorth America nekuIndia, zvichitungamirira kuTreaty of Paris muna 1763. Chibvumirano ichi, akadaro mumwe munyori anonzi William B. Willcox, “chakabvuma nzvimbo itsva yeBritain sesimba guru reEurope munyika kupfuura muEurope moga.” Ukuru hweBritain hwakaratidzwa pachena nokurakasha kwayakaita Napoléon weFrance muna 1815 C.E. Naizvozvo, “madzimambo matatu” ayo Britain ‘yakanyadzisa’ akanga ari Spain, Netherlands, neFrance. (Dhanieri 7:24) Somugumisiro, Britain yakava simba guru renyika yose rokudzora dzimwe nyika nerezvekutengeserana. Hungu, runyanga ru“duku” rwakakura rukava simba renyika yose!

23. Runyanga ruduku rwokufananidzira rwaka“paradza pasi pose” sei?

²³ Ngirozi yacho yakaudza Dhanieri kuti mhuka yechina, kana kuti umambo hwechina, hwaizo“pedza nyika yose.” (Dhanieri 7:23) Izvozvo zvakaitikawo kuruwa rweRoma rwaimbonzi Britannia. Pakupedzisira hwakazova Umambo hweBritain ndoku‘pedza pasi pose.’ Pane imwe nguva, umambo uhwu hwakatora chikamu chimwe muzvina chenyika yose yapasi uye chikamu chimwe muzvina chevagari vose vepasi.

24. Mumwe munyori wenhau dzakaitika akati chii nezvekusiyana kweUmambo hweBritain nohumwe?

²⁴ Sezvo Umambo hweRoma hwakanga hwakasiyana nemasimba enyika akanga apfuura, mambo aimirirwa nerunyanga “ruduku” aizovawo aka“siyana navamwe vokutanga.” (Dhanieri 7:24) Pamusoro poUmambo hweBritain, munyori wenhau dzakaitika H. G. Wells akati: “Hapana chinhu chakadai chakambovapo kare. Chokutanga uye chaiva chikuru mugadziriro yacho hwaiva ‘umambo hwuna mambo akagadzwa’ hweUnited British Kingdoms . . . Hapana chero bazu rimwe rehurumende uye hapana chero ndangariro yakanga yanzwisisa Umambo hweBritain hwose zvahwo. Hwakanga huri muvhenganiswa wezvibukirwa nokuunganidza hwakanga hwakasiyana zvachose nechinhu chipi nechipi chakanzi umambo kare.”

25. (a) Panguva ino chii chinoumba runyanga ruduku rwokufananidzira? (b) Runyanga “ruduku” rune ‘maziso akaita seemunhu’ ne‘muromo unotaura zvinhu zvikuru’ pakudii?

²⁵ Pakanga pane zvakawanda parunyanga “ruduku” zvinopfuura Umambo hweBritain. Muna 1783, Britain yakabvumira kuzvimiririra kwenyika dzayo dzayaidzora 13 dzeAmerica. United States of America pakupedzisira yakazova mutsigiri weBritain, ichibuda muHondo Yenyika II yava nyika inodzora pasi. Ichakabatana zvakasimba neBritain. Simba renyika mbiri reBritain neAmerica rinoumba ‘nyanga ine maziso.’ Zvechokwadi, simba renyika iri rinoona, rakangwarira! Rino‘taura zvinhu zvikuru,’ richipa mitemo rutivi rukuru rwenyika yose uye richiita somutauriri wayo, kana kuti “muprofita wenhema.”—Dhanieri 7:8, 11, 20; Zvakazarurwa 16:13; 19:20.

RUNYANGA RUDUKU RUNORWA NAMWARI NEVATSVENE VAKE

26. Ngirozi yakafanotaurei nezvekutaura kwerunyanga rwokufananidzira nezviito zvarwo kuna Jehovha nevabatiri vake?

²⁶ Dhanieri akapfuurira kurondedzera chiono chake, achiti: “Ndikatarira ndikaona runyanga urwu ruchirwa navatsvene, nokuvakunda.” (Dhanieri 7:21) Pamusoro po“runyanga” urwu, kana kuti mambo, ngirozi yaMwari yakafanotaura kuti: “Uchataura mashoko okumhura Wokumusorosoro, ucha[tambudza] vatsvene, uye uchatsvaka mano okushandura nguva nemirayiro; ivo vachaiswa mumaoko ake kusvikira nguva imwe nedzimwe nguva, nehafu yenguva.” (Dhanieri 7:25) Chikamu ichi chouprofita chakazadzika rini uye sei?

27. (a) “Vatsvene” vanotambudzwa norunyanga “ruduku” ndivanaani? (b) Runyanga rwokufananidzira rwaida “kushandura nguva nemirayiro” sei?

²⁷ “Vatsvene” vanotambudzwa norunyanga “ruduku”—Simba reNyika reBritain neAmerica—vateveri vaJesu vakazodzwa nomudzimu vari pasi pano. (VaRoma 1:7; 1 Petro 2:9) Kwemakore akawanda Hondo Yenyika I isati yaitika, vakasara vevakazodzwa ava vakanyevera pachena kuti muna 1914 ndimo maizoguma “nguva dzavahedheni dzazadzika.” (Ruka 21:24) Pakaitika hondo mugore iroro, zvakanga zviri pachena kuti runyanga “ruduku” rwakanga rusina kuteerera nyevero iyi, nokuti rwakaramba ruchitambudza “vatsvene” vakazodzwa. Simba reNyika reBritain neAmerica rakatorwisa zvavaiedza kuita kuti vateerere zvinodiwa naJehovha (kana kuti, “m[u]rayiro”) wokuti mashoko akanaka oUmambo aparidzwe munyika yose nezvapupu zvake. (Mateo 24:14) Saka runyanga “ruduku” rwakaedza “kushandura nguva nemirayiro.”

28. “Nguva imwe nedzimwe nguva, nehafu yenguva” dzakareba sei?

²⁸ Ngirozi yaJehovha yakataura nezvenguva yechiprofita ye“nguva imwe nedzimwe nguva, nehafu yenguva.” Dzakareba sei idzodzo? Vatsinhiri veBhaibheri vakawanda vanobvumirana kuti mashoko aya anoreva nguva nhatu nehafu—mubatanidzwa wenguva imwe, nguva mbiri, nehafu yenguva. Sezvo “nguva nomwe” dzaNebhukadhinezari dzokupenga dzakasvika makore manomwe, nguva nhatu nehafu makore matatu nehafu.c (Dhanieri 4:16, 25) An American Translation inoti: “Vachaiswa kwaari kwegore, makore maviri, nehafu yegore.” Shanduro yaJames Moffatt inoti: “Kwemakore matatu nehafu.” Nguva imwe chete iyoyo inotaurwa pana Zvakazarurwa 11:2-7, iyo inotaura kuti zvapupu zvaMwari zvaizoparidza zvakapfeka masaga kwemwedzi 42, kana kuti mazuva 1 260, zvozourawa. Nguva iyi yakatanga nokuguma rini?

29. Nguva nhatu nehafu dzouprofita dzakatanga rini uye sei?

²⁹ KuvaKristu vakazodzwa, Hondo Yenyika I yaiva nguva yaiedza. Pakapera 1914, vakanga vachitarisira kutambudzwa. Kutaura chokwadi, rugwaro rwegore chairwo rwakasarudzirwa 1915 rwakanga ruri mubvunzo waJesu kuvadzidzi vake, “Munokwanisa kunwa mukombe wangu here?” Rwakanga ruchibva pana Mateo 20:22, King James Version. Saka, kubva muna December 1914, boka duku iroro rezvapupu rakaparidza “rakapfeka masaga.”

30. VaKristu vakazodzwa vakatambudzwa sei nesimba renyika reBritain neAmerica mukati meHondo Yenyika I?

³⁰ Sezvo dambudziko rehondo rakasimbirira, vaKristu vakazodzwa vakasangana nekushorwa kwairamba kuchiwedzera. Vamwe vavo vakaiswa mujere. Vamwe, vakadai saFrank Platt muEngland naRobert Clegg muCanada, vakatambudzwa nevakuru vakuru vehurumende vane utsinye. Musi wa12 February 1918, British Dominion of Canada yakarambidza vhoriyamu yechinomwe yakanga ichangobva kubudiswa yeStudies in the Scriptures, ine musoro wokuti The Finished Mystery, pamwe chete nematirakiti ane musoro unoti The Bible Students Monthly. Mwedzi wakatevera wacho, Department of Justice reUnited States rakazivisa kuti kuparadzirwa kwevhoriyamu rechinomwe racho kwaiva kunze kwomutemo. Zvakaguma sei? Chokwadi, dzimba dzakavhendenyurwa, mabhuku akatorwa, uye vanamati vaJehovha vakasungwa!

31. “Nguva imwe nedzimwe nguva, nehafu yenguva” dzakaguma rini uye sei?

³¹ Kutambudzwa kwevakazodzwa vaMwari kwakanyanyisa musi wa21 June 1918, apo puresidhendi wacho, J. F. Rutherford, nenhengo dzaizivikanwa zvikuru dzeWatch Tower Bible and Tract Society dzakatongerwa kugara mujere kwenguva refu dzichipomerwa mhosva zvenhema. Ruchida “kushandura nguva nemirayiro,” runyanga “ruduku” rwakanga rwanyatsouraya basa rokuparidza rakarongwa. (Zvakazarurwa 11:7) Naizvozvo nguva yakafanotaurwa ye“nguva imwe nedzimwe nguva, nehafu yenguva” yakaguma muna June 1918.

32. Nei ungataura kuti “vatsvene” havana kupedzwa vose norunyanga “ruduku”?

³² Asi “vatsvene” havana kupedzwa vose nokutambudzwa norunyanga ruduku. Sezvakaprofitwa mubhuku raZvakazarurwa, pashure pechinguva chiduku chokusaita basa, vaKristu vakazodzwa vakamukazve ndokushingaira. (Zvakazarurwa 11:11-13) Musi wa26 March 1919, purezidhendi weWatch Tower Bible and Tract Society nevamwe vake vakasunungurwa mujere, uye gare gare vakazonzi vakanga vasina mhaka dzavaipomerwa zvenhema. Izvozvo zvichangopera, vakasara vakazodzwa vakatangazve kuronga nokuda kwerimwe basa. Zvisinei, chii chaizoitika kurunyanga “ruduku”?

WAKAKWEGURA PAMAZUVA ANOUMBA DARE

33. (a) Wakakwegura Pamazuva ndiani? (b) Chii chaiva ‘bhuku dzakazarurwa’ mudare rokudenga?

³³ Azivisa mhuka dzacho ina, maziso aDhanieri anobva pamhuka yechina kuenda kunoona zvokudenga. Anoona Wakakwegura Pamazuva achigara pachigaro chinobwinya soMutongi. Wakakwegura Pamazuva haasi mumwe munhuwo zvake kunze kwaJehovha Mwari. (Pisarema 90:2) Sezvo Dare rokudenga rinogarwa, Dhanieri anoona ‘mabhuku achizarurwa.’ (Dhanieri 7:9, 10) Sezvo kuvapo kwaJehovha kuchidzokera shure kunguva isingaperi, anoziva zvakaitika kuvanhu vose sezvinonzi zvakanyorwa mubhuku. Akaona mhuka dzokufananidzira ina dzose uye anogona kudzitonga semazivire ake kwete nokuudzwa.

34, 35. Chii chichaitika kurunyanga “ruduku” nemamwe masimba akaita semhuka?

³⁴ Dhanieri anopfuurira kuti: “Ndikaramba ndakatarira nenguva iyo nemhaka yokudana kwamashoko makuru akanga achitaurwa norunyanga; ndikaramba ndakatarira kusvikira mhuka yaurawa, muviri wayo uchiparadzwa, uchiiswa kumoto kuti upiswe. Kana dziri dzimwe mhuka, dzakatorerwa ushe hwadzo, asi upenyu hwadzo hwakawedzerwa kusvikira nhambo nenguva.” (Dhanieri 7:11, 12) Ngirozi inoudza Dhanieri kuti: “Asi kutonga kuchatanga, vachabvisa simba rake, kuti varipedze nokuriparadza kusvikira pakuguma.”—Dhanieri 7:26.

³⁵ Nomurayiro woMutongi Mukuru, Jehovha Mwari, runyanga rwakamhura Mwari ndokutambudza “vatsvene” vake ruchaona chakaona Umambo hweRoma, hwakatambudza vaKristu vepakuvamba. Kutonga kwahwo hakungapfuuriri. Kunyangewo kwa“madzimambo” akaderera akaita sorunyanga akabuda muUmambo hweRoma. Zvisinei, zvakadini nezvekutonga kwakabva mumasimba akapfuura akaita semhuka? Sezvakafanotaurwa, upenyu hwahwo hwakarebeswa kwe“nhambo nenguva.” Nzvimbo dzahwo dzahwaitonga dzichiri kugarwa nanhasi. Iraq, somuenzaniso, iri muyaichimbova Bhabhironi. Persia (Iran) neGirisi zvichiriko. Zvisaririra zvemasimba enyika aya ndizvo zvimwe zveSangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzapasi Pose. Umambo uhwu huchapararawo nokuparadzwa kwesimba renyika rokupedzisira. Hurumende dzose dzevanhu dzichaparadzwa pa“hondo yezuva guru raMwari Wamasimba Ose.” (Zvakazarurwa 16:14, 16, NW) Asi zvino, ndiani achatonga nyika?

KUTONGA KUSINGAPERI KURI PAMBERI APA!

36, 37. (a) “Mumwe wakafanana nomwanakomana womunhu” ndiani, uye ndirini paakaonekwa muDare rokudenga uye nokuda kwechinangwa chei? (b) Chii chakagadzwa muna 1914 C.E.?

³⁶ “Ndikaona pane zvandakaratidzwa usiku ndikaona!” akadanidzira kudaro Dhanieri. “Mumwe wakafanana nomwanakomana womunhu achiuya namakore okudenga, akasvika kune Wakakwegura Pamazuva ake, vakamuswededza pamberi pake.” (Dhanieri 7:13) Paakanga ari pano pasi, Jesu Kristu akazviti “Mwanakomana womunhu,” achiratidza kuva kwake mambo wavanhu. (Mateo 16:13; 25:31) KuSanihedhrini, kana kuti dare rapamusoro rechiJudha, Jesu akati: “Muchaona Mwanakomana womunhu agere kurudyi rwesimba, achiuya namakore okudenga.” (Mateo 26:64) Naizvozvo muchiono chaDhanieri, aizouya, asingaoneki nemaziso evanhu, uye achisvika kuna Jehovha Mwari akanga ari Jesu Kristu akamutswa, akapiwa mbiri. Izvi zvakaitika rini?

³⁷ Achishandisa Jesu Kristu, Mwari akaita sungano yoUmambo, sezvaakamboita imwe naMambo Dhavhidhi. (2 Samueri 7:11-16; Ruka 22:28-30) Apo “nguva dzavahedheni” dzakaguma muna 1914 C.E., Jesu Kristu somugari wenhaka youmambo hwaDhavhidhi, nenzira yakakodzero aigona kupiwa Umambo. Chinyorwa chouprofita chaDhanieri chinoti: “Akapiwa simba, nokubwinya, noushe, kuti vanhu vose namarudzi ose namarimi ose vamushumire; simba rake roushe isimba risingaperi, risingazopfuuri, uye ushe hwake haungazoparadzwi.” (Dhanieri 7:14) Saka Umambo hwaMesiya hwakagadzwa kudenga muna 1914. Zvisinei, kutonga kwacho kunopiwawo vamwe.

38, 39. Ndiani achanzi atonge nyika yose nekusingaperi?

³⁸ “Vatsvene voWokumusorosoro vachapiwa ushe,” yakadaro ngirozi. (Dhanieri 7:18, 22, 27) Jesu Kristu ndiye mutsvene mukuru. (Mabasa 3:14; 4:27, 30) Vamwe “vatsvene” vachatongawo, vaKristu vakatendeka vakazodzwa nomudzimu 144 000, vachagara nhaka yoUmambo pamwe chete naKristu. (VaRoma 1:7; 8:17; 2 VaTesaronika 1:5; 1 Petro 2:9) Vanomutswa murufu semidzimu isingafi kuti vatonge pamwe naKristu paGomo reZioni rokudenga. (Zvakazarurwa 2:10; 14:1; 20:6) Saka, Kristu Jesu nevaKristu vakazodzwa vanomutswa vachatonga nyika inogarwa nevanhu.

³⁹ Pamusoro pokutonga kweMwanakomana womunhu nevamwe “vatsvene” vanomutswa, ngirozi yaMwari yakati: “Ipapo ushe nesimba noukuru hwoushe hwose pasi pedenga rose, zvichapiwa vanhu vavatsvene voWokumusorosoro; ushe hwake ndohwokusingaperi, masimba ose achamushumira nokumuteerera.” (Dhanieri 7:27) Zvikomborero zvakadini izvo vanhu vanoteerera vachawana mukutongwa noUmambo ihwohwo!

40. Tinogona kubetserwa sei nokufungisisa hope nezviroto zvaDhanieri?

⁴⁰ Dhanieri akanga asingazivi nezvokuzadzika kunoshamisa kwose kwezviono zvake zvaakapiwa naMwari. Akati: “Ndiko kuguma kweshoko. Kana ndirini Dhanieri pfungwa dzangu dzakandivhundusa kwazvo, chiso changu chikashandurwa mukati mangu; asi ndakachengeta shoko iri mumwoyo mangu.” (Dhanieri 7:28) Zvisinei, isu tiri kurarama panguva apo tinogona kunzwisisa kuzadzika kwezvakaonekwa naDhanieri. Kufungisisa uprofita uhwu kuchasimbisa kutenda kwedu ndokutsigira chivimbo chedu chokuti Umambo hwaMesiya hwaJehovha huchatonga nyika.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

WANZWISISEI?

• Chii chinofananidzirwa neimwe neimwe ye‘mhuka ina dzinobuda mugungwa’?

• Chii chinoumba runyanga “ruduku”?

• “Vatsvene” vakatambudzwa sei nerunyanga ruduku rwokufananidzira mukati meHondo Yenyika I?

• Chii chichaitika kurunyanga ruduku rwokufananidzira nemamwe masimba akaita semhuka?

• Wabetserwa sei nokufungisisa hope dzaDhanieri nezviono zve“mhuka ina”?

[Bhokisi/Mifananidzo iri papeji 149-152]

MAMBO ANOSHIVIRIRA

MUMWE munyori wechiGiriki wemuzana ramakore rechishanu B.C.E. akamuyeuka samambo aishivirira aiva akanaka. MuBhaibheri anonzi “muzodzwa” waMwari uye “gondo” rinobva “kumabvazuva.” (Isaya 45:1; 46:11) Mambo ari kutaurwa nezvake ndiKoreshi Mukuru, wePersia.

Kufambira mberi kwokuva nomukurumbira kwaKoreshi kwakatanga munenge muna 560/559 B.C.E. apo akatsiva baba vake Cambyses I pachigaro choumambo hweAnshan, guta kana kuti ruwa rwaiva muPersia yekare. Anshan ipapo yakanga ichidzorwa naMambo weMedhia Astyages. Achimukira kutonga kweMedhia, Koreshi akakurumidza kukunda nemhaka yokuti uto raAstyages rakachinjira kune raKoreshi. Naizvozvo Koreshi akavimbwa naye nevaMedhia. Pashure paizvozvo, vaMedhia navaPersia vakarwa vakabatana vachitungamirirwa naye. Ndokuvapo kwakaita kutonga kwevaMedhia navaPersia uko gare gare kwakazowedzera umambo hwakwo kubva kuGungwa reAegean kusvika kuRwizi Indus.—Ona mepu.

Nemauto akabatanidzwa evaMedhia navaPersia, Koreshi akatanga kuenda kunodzora painetsa pacho—rutivi rwokumadokero rweMedhia uko Mambo weLydia Croesus akanga achiwedzera umambo hwake achipinda munharaunda yeMedhia. Achiwedzera achienda kumuganhu wokumabvazuva kweUmambo hweLydia iri muAsia Minor, Koreshi akakunda Croesus ndokutora guta rake guru, Sardis. Koreshi ipapo akapamba maguta eIonia ndokuisa Asia Minor yose mukati meUmambo hweMedhia nePersia. Nokudaro akava muvengi mukuru weBhabhironi namambo waro, Nabonidus.

Koreshi ipapo akagadzirira kurwisana neBhabhironi rine simba kwazvo. Uye kubvira ipapo, akabatanidzwa mukuzadzika kwouprofita hweBhaibheri. Achishandisa muprofita Isaya, anenge mazana maviri emakore akanga apfuura, Jehovha akanga ataura Koreshi nezita somutongi aizokunda Bhabhironi ndokusunungura vaJudha muusungwa. Yakanga iri mhaka yokufanogadzwa uku kuti Magwaro anotaura nezvaKoreshi se“muzodzwa” waJehovha.—Isaya 44:26-28.

Apo Koreshi akaenda kunorwa neBhabhironi muna 539 B.C.E., akatarisana nebasa guru. Rakapoteredzwa nemasvingo makuru nemigero yakadzika uye yakafara yerwizi Yufratesi, guta racho rairatidzika serakanga risingapindiki. Apo Yufratesi rwaipinda nomuBhabhironi, rusvingo rwakaita segomo rwaiva nemasuo makuru endarira aitevedza mahombekombe erwizi rwacho. Koreshi aigona kutora Bhabhironi sei?

Rinopfuura zana remakore kare, Jehovha akanga afanotaura nezve“kuoma kuri pamusoro pemvura yaro” uye akataura kuti “ichapwa.” (Jeremia 50:38) Sezvakataura uprofita chaizvo, Koreshi akatsausa mvura yeRwizi Yufratesi makiromita mashoma nechokumusoro kweBhabhironi. Zvino uto rake rakachakwaira nomurwizi, rikakwira mukwidza waienda kumasvingo, rikapinda muguta racho nyore nyore nemhaka yokuti masuo endarira akanga asiiwa akavhurika. Kufanana ne“gondo” rinobvuta charinenge rawana, mutongi uyu ‘kubva kumabvazuva’—kubva kumabudazuva—akapamba Bhabhironi usiku humwe!

KuvaJudha vaiva muBhabhironi, kukunda kwaKoreshi kwaireva kusvika kwekusunungurwa muusungwa kwaiva kwakamirirwa kwenguva refu uye kuguma kwemakore 70 okuva dongo kwekumusha kwavo. Vanofanira kuva vakafara sei apo Koreshi akabudisa murayiro waivabvumira kudzokera kuJerusarema kundovakazve temberi! Koreshi akavadzorerawo midziyo yaikosha yomutemberi iyo Nebhukadhinezari akanga atakura achienda nayo kuBhabhironi, akabvumirawo samambo kuti vatenge miti kubva kuRebhanoni, uye akavabvumira mari yakabva muimba yamambo kuti ishandiswe basa rokuvaka.—Ezra 1:1-11; 6:3-5.

Koreshi aiwanzonzwira tsitsi nokushivirira vanhu vaaikunda. Chimwe chaikonzera muitiro uyu chingagona kuva chaiva chitendero chake. Zvichida, Koreshi aiteerera dzidziso dzomuprofita wePersia Zoroaster uye ainamata Ahura Mazda—mwari aifungwa kuti ndiye aiva musiki wezvakanaka zvose. Mubhuku rake rinonzi The Zoroastrian Tradition, Farhang Mehr anonyora kuti: “Zoroaster akarondedzera Mwari seakakwana patsika. Akaudza vanhu kuti Ahura Mazda haatsivi asi akarurama, saka haafaniri kutyiwa asi kudiwa.” Kudavira mwari akanga ane tsika neakarurama kunogona kuva kwakatapura tsika dzaKoreshi ndokukurudzira kukanganwira nokururamisira.

Mambo wacho, zvisinei, akanga asinganyanyoda mamiriro okunze omuBhabhironi. Chirimo chaikoko chaipisa kwazvo zvokuti aisada kugarako. Naizvozvo kunyange zvazvo Bhabhironi rakaramba riri guta ramambo reumambo hwacho, pamwe chete nomuzinda wechitendero chavo netsika, asi raingoshanda pano neapo somuzinda wake muchando. Chaizvoizvo, pashure pokukunda Bhabhironi, Koreshi akakurumidza kudzokera kumuzinda wake wemuchirimo, Ecbatana, yaiva iri pakakwirira nemamita 1 900 kubva pagungwa, muri mujinga meGomo Alwand. Ikoko, nguva yechando inotonhora pamwe nechirimo chinofadza ndizvo zvaaida. Koreshi akavakawo musha wake wakanaka kwazvo muwaichimbova muzinda wake, Pasargadae (pedyo nePersepolis), makiromita 650 zasi kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweEcbatana. Nzvimbo yake yaaigara ikoko ndiko kwaaivanda.

Saka Koreshi akasiya chiratidzo chake semukundi akasimba namambo anoshivirira. Kutonga kwake kwemakore 30 kwakaguma paakafa muna 530 B.C.E. paakanga ari mubishi rehondo. Mwanakomana wake Cambyses II akamutsiva pachigaro chePersia.

WANZWISISEI

• Koreshi wePersia akaratidza sei kuti akanga ari “muzodzwa” waJehovha?

• Ibasai rinokosha iro Koreshi akaitira vanhu vaJehovha?

• Koreshi aibata sei vanhu vaaikunda?

[Mepup]

(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

UMAMBO HWEMEDHIA NEPERSIA

MAKEDHONIA

Memphis

EGIPITA

ETIOPIA

Jerusarema

Bhabhironi

Ecbatana

Susa

Persepolis

INDIA

[Mufananidzo]

Guva raKoreshi, paPasargadae

[Mufananidzo]

Chivezwa chiri paPasargadae, chinoratidza Koreshi

[Bhokisi/Mifananidzo iri papeji 153-161]

MAMBO MUDUKU ANOKUNDA NYIKA

ANENGE makore 2 300 akapfuura, mumwe mutungamiriri wemauto aive nebvudzi rakatsvukuruka akanga ave nemakore okuma20 akamira pamhenderekedzo dzeGungwa reMediterranean. Meso ake akanga akati ndee paguta rechitsuwa rakanga riri inenge kiromita kubva ipapo. Pashure pokunge arambidzwa kupinda, mutungamiriri wemauto akanga akatsamwa akanga ashinga kuti akunde guta racho. Akaronga kudenha sei? Akaronga kuvaka bhiriji raienda pachitsuwa chacho ndokurayira mauto ake kurwisa guta racho. Kuvakwa kwebhiriji kwakanga kwatotanga kare.

Asi shoko rakabva kuna mambo mukuru weUmambo hwePersia rakadzongonyedza mutungamiriri wemauto muduku uyu. Neshungu dzokuda kuyanana, mutongi wePersia akavimbisa kupa zvinhu zvinoshamisa: Matarenda 10 000 endarama (madhora anopfuura mabhiriyoni maviri emari yekuAmerica tichienzanisa nemari yanhasi), kupa mumwe wevanasikana vamambo kuti amuroore, uye kutonga rutivi rwemadokero rwose zvarwo rweUmambo hwePersia. Izvi zvose zvaizopiwa kuti zvitsivane nemhuri yamambo, iyo mutungamiriri wemauto wacho akanga abata.

Mukuru wemauto akatarisana nechisarudzo chokubvuma kana kuti kuramba zvaaizopiwa akanga ari Alexander III weMakedhonia. Aifanira kugamuchira zvaaipiwa here? “Yakanga iri nguva yakaoma yenyika yekare iyoyo,” anodaro munyori wenhau dzakaitika Ulrich Wilcken. “Migumisiro yechisarudzo chake, zvechokwadi yakapfuura nomuMiddle Ages kusvika kuzuva redu, kuMabvazuva nekuMadokero.” Tisati tambofunga nezvemhinduro yaAlexander, ngationei kuti zviitiko zvipi zvakatungamirira kunguva yakaoma iyi.

KUKURA KWEMUKUNDI

Alexander akaberekerwa muPella, Makedhonia, muna 356 B.C.E. Baba vake vakanga vari Mambo Philip II, uye mai vake, Olympias. Mai vacho vakadzidzisa Alexander kuti madzimambo eMakedhonia aibva mudzinza raHercules, mwanakomana wamwari wevaGiriki Zeus. Maererano naOlympias, tateguru waAlexander akanga ari Achilles, gamba remunhetembo yaHomer inonzi Iliad. Saka akanga aumbwa nevabereki vake kuti akunde nokuva mambo ane mbiri, Alexander ari muduku akanga asinganyanyofarira zvimwe zvinhu. Abvunzwa kana aizomhanya paMitambo yeOlympic, Alexander akaratidza kuti aizodaro kudai aizomhanya nemadzimambo. Shungu dzake dzakanga dziri dzokuita mabasa makuru kupfuura ababa vake ndokuwana mbiri nemhaka yezvaaiita.

Ave nemakore 13, Alexander akadzidziswa nomuzivi wechiGiriki Aristotle, uye akamubetsera kuti atange kufarira uzivi, zvemishonga yokurapa, uye sayenzi. Kuti dzidziso dzeuzivi dzaAristotle dzakachinja sei mafungire aAlexander inhau isingabvumiranwi. “Kupedza nharo kungoti vaviri ava vakanga vasingabvumirani pane zvakawanda,” akadaro Bertrand Russell, mumwe muzivi wemuzana remakore rechi20. “Maonero aAristotle zvinhu zvematongerwe enyika akanga ari enyika ine guta nemaruwa zvechiGiriki zvakanga zvava kutopera.” Pfungwa yehurumende duku yenyika ine guta nemaruwa yaisazofadza muchinda aiva neshungu aida kuvaka umambo hwakakura. Alexander anofanirawo kuve akanga asingafariri mafungire aAristotle okubata vakanga vasiri vaGiriki senhapwa, nokuti akanga achitarisira kuona umambo hwemubatanidzwa unobudirira pakati pevaikunda nevaikundwa.

Hapana mubvunzo zvisinei, kuti Aristotle akakurudzira Alexander kuti afarire kurava nokudzidza. Alexander akaramba ari munhu aifarira kurava muupenyu hwake hwose, achida zvikuru zvinyorwa zvaHomer. Kunotaurwa kuti akadzidza Iliad—pamwe chete mitsetse 15 693 yenhetembo—nomusoro.

Kudzidziswa naAristotle kwakangoguma kamwe kamwe muna 340 B.C.E. apo muchinda wacho akanga ane makore 16 akadzokera kuPella kuti anotonga Makedhonia baba vake vasipo. Uye aizova mambo uyu haana kupedza nguva mukuzviratidza mune zvehondo. Nokukurumidza akariga rudzi rwechiThrace rweMaedi rwakanga rwamukira, akatora guta ravo guru vasina kumbozvifungira ndokutumidza nzvimbo yacho kuti Alexandroúpolis, kubva pazita rake, izvi zvakafadza Philip.

ANOPFUURIRA NOKUKUNDA

Kuurayirwa chigaro kwaPhilip muna 336 B.C.E. kwakaguma nokuita kuti Alexander akanga ane makore 20 agare nhaka yechigaro cheMakedhonia. Achipinda muAsia nepaHellespont (zvino pave paDardanelles) muchando cha334 B.C.E., Alexander akavamba bishi rokukunda neuto duku asi rine unyanzvi remauto etsoka 30 000 nemauto emabhiza 5 000. Uto rake raiperekedzwa nemainjiniya, masavheya, maachitekicha, masayendisiti, nevanyori venhau.

PaRwizi Granicus nechekumusoro kwakadziva kumadokero kweAsia Minor (zvino yava Turkey), Alexander akahwina hondo yake yokutanga yokurwa navaPersia. Muchando ichocho akakunda rutivi rwemadokero rweAsia Minor. Matsutso akatevera acho imwe hondo yakasimba nevaPersia yakaitika paIssus, zasi kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAsia Minor. Neuto revarume vanenge hafu yemiriyoni, Mambo mukuru wePersia Dhariusi III akauya ipapo kuti azosangana naAlexander. Achinyanyisa kuzvivimba Dhariusi akauyawo namai vake, mudzimai wake, nevamwe vemhuri yake kuti vazoona kwaizodai kwakava kukunda kunoshamisa. Asi vaPersia vakanga vasina kugadzirira kurwisa kwaizoitika chiriporipo uye kwekarikiriki kwevaMakedhonia. Mauto aAlexander akanyatsokunda mauto evaPersia zvisina mubvunzo, uye Dhariusi akatiza, achisiya mhuri yake mumaoko aAlexander.

Panzvimbo pokutevera vaPersia vakanga vachitiza, Alexander akaenda akananga zasi achitevedza Mahombekombe eMediterranean, achipamba nzvimbo dzezvikepe dzaishandiswa nehondo ine simba yevaPersia. Asi guta repachitsuwa reTire rakaramba kutorwa. Atsunga kurikunda, Alexander akatanga kukomba kwakapedza mwedzi minomwe. Panguva yokukomba yacho ndipo pakauya Dhariusi nezvaaida kumupa kuti vayanane sezvataurwa kare. Zvaaida kumupa zvacho zvaikwezva kwazvo zvokuti kunonzi Parmenio mumwe munhu aipa Alexander mazano uye waaivimba naye akati: ‘Dai ndirini Alexander, ndaibvuma.’ Asi mutungamiriri wemauto muduku uyu akapindura achiti: ‘Neni ndaizodaro, dai ndaiva Parmenio.’ Achiramba kuti vataurirane Alexander akapfuurira nokukomba kwacho ndokuparadza nyika iyoyo yaizvitutumadza yainzi mambokadzi womugungwa muna July 332 B.C.E.

Achisiya Jerusarema, iro rakakanda mapfumo pasi kwaari, Alexander akaramba achidzika zasi, achikunda Gaza. Yaneta nokutongwa nePersia, Egipita yakamugamuchira somununuri. PaMemphis akabayira zvibayiro kuhandira inonzi Apis, saka akafadza vapristi veEgipita. Akavakawo guta reAlexandria, iro gare gare rakazokwikwidzana neAtene senzvimbo yokudzidzira uye richine zita rake.

Pashure peizvi, Alexander akatendeukira kumusoro kwakadziva kumabvazuva, achipinda nomuParestina akananga kuRwizi Tigirisi. Mugore ra331 B.C.E., akapinda muhondo huru yechitatu navaPersia, paGaugamela, kusiri kure nehungwanja-ngwanja hwematongo eNinevhe. Pano varume vaAlexander 47 000 vakakurira uto rePersia rakanga rarongwa patsva revanhu vanenge 250 000! Dhariusi akatiza uye gare gare akazopondwa nevanhu vake.

Afadzwa nokukunda, Alexander akadzokera zasi ndokutora muzinda wePersia wemuchando Bhabhironi. Akatorawo maguta makuru anoti Susa nePersepolis, achitora upfumi huzhinji hwePersia uye achipisa muzinda mukuru waXerxes. Pakupedzisira, guta guru reEcbatana akarikunda. Mukundi anokurumidza uyu ipapo akatora nesimba umambo hwePersia hwose, achienda kumabvazuva kusvika kurwizi Indus, rwuri muPakistan yamazuva ano.

Pakuyambuka Indus, munharaunda yakaganhura ruwa rwePersia Taxila, Alexander akasangana nomuvengi asingakundiki, mambo weIndia Porus. Alexander akarwa naye hondo yake huru yechina uye yokupedzisira, muna June 326 B.C.E. Uto raPorus raibatanidza varwi 35 000 nenzou 200 dzaityisa mabhiza evaMakedhonia. Hondo yacho yakanga ichityisa uye yakateura ropa asi mauto aAlexander akakunda. Porus akakanda mapfumo pasi ndokuva mutsigiri.

Pakanga papfuura makore masere kubva apo uto reMakedhonia rakanga rayambukira kuAsia, uye varwi vacho vakanga vaneta uye vave kufunga kumusha. Vapedzwa simba nehondo inotyisa naPorus, vakanga vave kuda kudzokera kumusha. Kunyange zvazvo akanga asingadi pakutanga, Alexander akabvumirana nezvido zvavo. Girisi zvechokwadi yakanga yava simba renyika. Nenyika dzaitongwa neGirisi dzakanga dzamiswa munyika dzayakakunda, mutauro wechiGiriki netsika zvakapararira munyika yose.

MURUME ARI SERI KWENHOO

Simba raibatanidza uto reMakedhonia pamwe chete mumakore ose okukunda rakanga riri unhu hwaAlexander. Pashure pehondo Alexander aive nomuitiro wokushanyira vainge vakuvara, aitarisa maronda avo, airumbidza varwi nokuda kwezviito zvavo zvoushingi, uye aivaonga nemari inoenderana nezvavainge vaita. Kana vari vaya vaifa muhondo, Alexander aironga kuti vavigwe zvakanaka kwazvo. Vabereki nevana vevanhu vaifa vacho vaibva vanzi varege kuripa mutero kana kuita mabasa ose ehurumende. Kuitira kuvarairwa pashure pehondo, Alexander aiita mitambo nemakwikwi. Pane imwe nguva, akatorongera varume vakanga vachangobva kuroora zororo, zvichivagonesa kunopedza nguva yechando nevakadzi vavo, kuMakedhonia. Zviito zvakadaro zvakamuita kuti adiwe nokuyemurwa nevanhu vake.

Pamusoro pokuroora kwaAlexander Princess Roxana weBactria, munyori weupenyu hwevanhu wechiGiriki Plutarch anonyora kuti: “Zvirokwazvo kwakanga kuri kuya kunonzi kudanana, panguva imwe chete kunoratidzika sekwaizomubetsera pachinangwa chake. Nokuti zvakafadza vanhu vaakakunda kumuona achisarudza mukadzi pakati pavo, uye zvakaita kuti vamude kwazvo, kuziva kuti mukudanana bedzi uko uyu murume akadzikama akanga aita, asi akazvibata kusvikira amutora zviri pamutemo uye nenzira inokudzwa.”

Alexander airemekedzawo michato yevamwe. Kunyange zvazvo mudzimai waMambo Dhariusi akanga ari musungwa wake, akava nechokwadi chokuti aibatwa nenzira yokuremekedza. Nenzira yakafanana, paakaziva kuti varwi vaviri veMakedhonia vakanga vabata zvisina kufanira vadzimai vevamwe vanhu vavakanga vasingazivi, akarayira kuti vaurawe kana vaizowanikwa vane mhosva.

Kufanana namai vake, Olympias, Alexander akanga achiita zvokunamata zvikuru. Aibayira zvibayiro asati aenda uye adzoka kuhondo uye aibvunza n’anga dzake pamusoro pezvairehwa nemamwe mashura. Aibvunzawo svikiro raAmmon, muLibya. Uye kuBhabhironi akaita zvakarayirwa nevaKardhea pamusoro pechibayiro, zvikurukuru kuna mwari weBhabhironi Bel (Marduk).

Kunyange zvazvo Alexander akanga ane mwero mutsika dzake dzokudya, akaguma ave kunyanyisa kunwa. Aitaurisa pakapu yewaini yoga yoga uye aizvikudza pamusoro pezvaaive aita. Chimwe chezvakaipisisa zvikuru zvakaitwa naAlexander atsamwa akadhakwa, kuponda shamwari yake Clitus. Asi Alexander akazvisvora kwazvo zvokuti kwemazuva matatu akarara pamubhedha wake, asingadyi kana kunwa. Pakupedzisira shamwari dzake dzakakwanisa kumunyengetedza kuti adye.

Nokufamba kwenguva, kuda mbiri kwaAlexander kwakaparira mimwe miitiro isina kunaka. Akatanga kusatana kubvuma kupomera kwenhema uye akatanga kupa zvirango zvakakomba. Somuenzaniso, amanikidzwa kudavira kuti Philotas akanga achiedza kumuuraya, Alexander akamuurayisa iye nababa vake, Parmenio, vaya vaimupa mazano vaaimbovimba navo.

PAAKANGOKUNDWA CHETE

Achangodzokera kuBhabhironi, Alexander akarwara nefivha yemarariya, haana kuzombonaya kubva ipapo. Musi wa13 June, 323 B.C.E., akafa ave nemakore 32 nemwedzi 8 bedzi, Alexander akakanda mapfumo pasi kumuvengi asingakundiki, rufu.

Zvakaita sezvakataurwa nomumwe murume akachenjera wokuIndia chaizvo kuti: “Haiwa Mambo Alexander, munhu mumwe nomumwe ane nzvimbo yake yepasi rino yakakura seapa patimire; uye imi sezvamuri munhu sevamwe vose, kunze kwokuti munoshingaira musinganeti, munochakaira pasi pano pose kure nomusha wenyu, makazvinetsa, uye muchinetsa vamwe. Asi nokukurumidza muchafa, uye muchava nechikamu chepasi chinongokwana kuti muvigwe.”

WANZWISISEI?

• Upenyu hwekare hwaAlexander Mukuru hwakanga hwakadii?

• Achangogara nhaka chigaro choushe cheMakedhonia, Alexander akatanga kuita bishi rechii?

• Rondedzera kumwe kwokukunda kwaAlexander.

• Tingati chii nezveunhu hwaAlexander?

[Mepu]

(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

NYIKA DZAKAKUNDWA NAALEXANDER

MAKEDHONIA

EGIPITA

Bhabhironi

Rwizi Indus

[Mufananidzo]

Alexander

[Mufananidzo]

Aristotle nomudzidzi wake Alexander

[Mufananidzo unozadza peji yose]

[Mufananidzo]

Nyembe inonzi inoratidza Alexander Mukuru

[Bhokisi/Mifananidzo iri papeji 162, 163]

UMAMBO HUKURU HUNOKAMURWA

PAMUSORO poumambo hwaAlexander Mukuru, Bhaibheri rakafanotaura nezvekuparadzana nokukamuka “asi hahungaendi kuvazukuru vake.” (Dhanieri 11:3, 4) Saizvozvowo, makore 14 asati apera pashure porufu rwaAlexander rwakaitika kamwe kamwe muna 323 B.C.E., mwanakomana wake womumba Alexander IV nemwanakomana wake wokunze Heracles vakaurayirwa chigaro.

Pakasvika gore ra301 B.C.E., vatungamiriri vemauto aAlexander vana vakazvigadza kuti vatonge umambo hukuru uhwo mukuru wavo akanga avaka. Mutungamiriri wemauto Cassander akatora Makedhonia neGirisi. Mutungamiriri wemauto Lysimachus akagamuchira Asia Minor neThrace. Kuna Seleucus I Nicator ndiko kwakaenda Mesopotamia neSiria. Uye Ptolemy Lagus kana kuti Ptolemy I, akatonga Egipita neParestina. Saka kubva paumambo hukuru humwe hwaAlexander pakabuda umambo huna hwechiHellen, kana kuti hwechiGiriki.

Paumambo huna hwechiHellen, kutonga kwaCassander ndiko kusina kugara pane hwose. Makore mashomanene pashure pokunge Cassander ava kutonga, vanakomana vake vakafa, uye muna 285 B.C.E., Lysimachus akatora rutivi rwacho rweEurope rweUmambo hweGirisi. Makore mana gare gare, Lysimachus akaurawa muhondo neuto raSeleucus I Nicator, zvichimupa simba rokudzora rutivi rukuru rwenharaunda dzeAsia. Seleucus akava wokutanga wedzinza remadzimambo ekwaSeleucus muSiria. Ndiye akavaka Antiokia iri kuSiria ndokuita iyoyo muzinda wake mutsva. Seleucus akaurayirwa chigaro muna 281 B.C.E., asi imba yeumambo yaakatanga yakapfuurira ichitonga kusvika muna 64 B.C.E. apo Mutungamiriri wemauto eRoma Pompey akaita Siria ruwa rweRoma.

Pazvikamu zvina zveumambo hwaAlexander, umambo hwaPtolemy ndihwo hwakagara kupfuura hwose. Ptolemy I akatanga kunzi mambo muna 305 B.C.E. uye akava mambo wokutanga wemadzimambo eMakedhonia, kana kuti vanaFarao veEgipita. Achiita Alexandria muzinda wake, nokukurumidza akatanga gadziriro yokuvaka taundi. Rimwe remabasa ake makuru okuvaka rakanga riri Raibhurari yeAlexandria yakakurumbira. Kuti atarisire basa guru rokuvaka iri, Ptolemy akauya neNyanzvi yekuAtene, Demetrius Phalereus kubva kuGirisi. Zvinonzi pakasvika zana ramakore rokutanga C.E., raibhurari yacho yakanga ine mipumburu yemanyoro inokwana miriyoni. Imba yeumambo yaPtolemy yakaramba ichitonga muEgipita kusvikira yakundwa neRoma muna 30 B.C.E. Ipapo Roma yakatsiva Girisi sesimba renyika rinotonga.

WANZWISISEI?

• Umambo hwaAlexander hukuru hwakakamurwa sei?

• Dzinza remadzimambo rekwaSeleucus rakaramba richitonga muSiria kusvikira rini?

• Umambo hwaPtolemy hweEgipita hwakaguma rini?

[Mepu]

(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

KUPARADZANA KWEUMAMBO HWAALEXANDER

Cassander

Lysimachus

Ptolemy I

Seleucus I

[Mifananidzo]

Ptolemy I

Seleucus I

[Dhiagramu/Mufananidzo uri papeji 139]

(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

MASIMBA ENYIKA OUPROFITA HWADHANIERI

Chifananidzo chikuru (Dhanieri 2:31-45)

Mhuka ina dzakabuda mugungwa (Dhanieri 7:3-8, 17, 25)

BHABHIRONI kubva muna 607 B.C.E.

MEDHIA NEPERSIA kubva muna 539 B.C.E.

GIRISI kubva muna 331 B.C.E

ROMA kubva muna 30 B.C.E.

SIMBA RENYIKA REBRITAIN NEAMERICA kubva muna 1763 C.E.

NYIKA ISINA KUBATANA munguva yomugumo

[Mufananidzo unozadza peji yose uri papeji 128]

[Mufananidzo unozadza peji yose uri papeji 147]